IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


as  WEST  MAIN  STREIT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14910 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIViH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


C*n*dian  ImtituM  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Imtltut  canadlen  de  microrapioductiont  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notea  techniques  et  bibliographiquos 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
originai  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
0 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gtographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  wtthin  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  MA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  innage  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modif  icati  "tn  dans  la  methods  normale  de  f  ilmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 


n 


n 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


The 
tot! 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6colortes,  tachettes  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachtes 


The 
posi 
of  tl 
film 


Ori| 
beg 
the 
sion 

Oth4 

firsi 
slot 
or  11 


r^   Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I     I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  e:  rata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  Image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  la  mellieure  image  possible. 


The 
shal 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff( 
enti 
beg 
righ 
reqi 
met 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

1 

12X 

16X 

20X 

a4x 

28X 

32X 

ilaira 
IS  details 
Iquas  du 
nt  modifiar 
xigar  una 
ie  filmaga 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  hat  baan  raproducatj  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Library 
Agriculture  Canada 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  iagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grAca  h  la 
gtnirositA  da: 

BibliotMque 
Agriculture  Canada 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  At*  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatt  da  i'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


d/ 
quias 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  bacic  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Las  axamplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  en 
papiar  ast  ImprimAa  sont  f  ilmte  9n  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnidra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  9n  commandant  par  la 
pramiira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'lllustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  talle 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  --»>  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  y  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha,  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — ►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 


taira 


Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
entirely  included  in  one  exposurs  ara  filmad 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  t^p  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiilmds  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diff Arants. 
Lorsqua  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciichA.  il  est  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthoda. 


by  e:  rata 
nad  to 

lent 

une  palura, 

fa^on  A 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Bulletin 

u 


INSEC 


AN 


f.-^/.  G 


M    Bulletin  No.  5.— New  Series. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOUV. 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS: 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  IMPORTANCE 
IN  NORTH  AMEIIICA, 


WITH 


MENTION  OF  RELATED  FORMS  OCCURRING  ON 
OTHER  ANIMALS, 


TKEPAKED  UNDER  THE  DIKECTION  (jV  TUE  EN'rOMOLDCIST, 


By  HERBERT  OSBORN, 

I'rofeasor  of  Zoology  and  ICntomologn,  Iowa  Agricultural 
College,  Jines,  Iowa. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFIOB. 

1896. 


?A^r 


SlU:   1 
attWrtiiif?  » 
prepared  1 
State  Agi 
iijileld  ageii 
eii«aj;e<l,  < 
iiK'iit,  ill  tl 
statement, 
irrofessor 
^report,  in  i 
vl'iofessor 
durinji'  tlie 
read  and  i 
Industry, 
jijnd  is  a  ^ 
^andaofa 
p,  new  seii 
Resj 

Hon.  J. 


\^o' 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Siu: 


II.   S.    l)ErART3IKNT   OF   AgBICULTURE, 

Division  oi-'  l^iNTOMOLooY, 
Washiufiton,  D.  C\,Ju1y  S,  1890. 
1  traiianiit  herewith  the  manuscript  of  a  report  upon  insects 


attectiiifjf  <h)niestic  animals  in  the  United  States.    Tliis  report  has  been 

prepared  l)y  Prof.  Herbert  ()sborn,of  the  Zooh)gical  Department  of  tiie 

State  Agricnltural  (.'olleye  at  Ames,  Iowa.     Professor  Osborn  was  a 

liehl  a^ent  of  this  Division  for  some  years  \mov  to  1<S1>3,  and  was 

;enjiaj;ed,  daring  part  of  the  time  of  liis  employment  by  the  Depart- 

huent,  in  the  ju'eparation  of  this  report.    As  explained  in  the  prefatory 

'5;tiiteineiit,  it  was  the  intenticm  of  Professor  Riley  to  collaborate  with 

[rrofessor  Osborn   in   this  work,  but    other   duties  interfered.    The 

report,  in  its  present  condition,  is  largely  the  result  of  work  done  by 

Professor  Osborn.  untlcr  a  special  conunission  from  the  Departments 

luring  the  i)ast  winter.    The  chapter  on  remedies  has  been  carefully 

I'ead  and  revised  by  Dr.  D.  E.  Salmon,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 

[ndustry.    The  report  will  form  an  excellent  text-book  of  the  subject, 

nul  is  a  work  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  should  be  in  the 

mnds  of  all  stock  raisers.    I  reconnneud  its  i)ublication  as  liulletin  No. 

'|i,  new  series,  of  this  Division. 

Eespectfully,  L.  O.  lIowAKD, 

Untomologist. 
iou.  J.  Steblt>'(}  Morton, 

ISecrctary  of  Agriculture. 


V^CoO 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


The  report  herewith  submitted  was  originally  i)lanncd  in  1885  as  a 
conjoint  wmk  Avitb  Dr.  C.  V.  Jliley,  the  intention  beinj*-  that  the  writer 
should  make  a  first  draft  of  tlie  matter,  presenting  tlie  results  of  his 
own  studies,  and  tiiat  the  material  slioald  then  be  reviewed  by  J)r. 
Kiley  to  nnike  such  corrections  and  additions  as  the  material  in  his 
hands  might  i»ernut.  On  this  basis,  manuscript  was  prcpare<l  and 
transmitted  to  Washington  at  intervals  u^)  to  1800,  but  the  numerous 
duties  of  Dr.  Kiley,  especially  his  work  for  the  Paris  Exposition  in 
1889,  i)revented  his  giving  any  attention  to  this  matter,  and  in  189(),  at 
his  suggestion,  the  cuai)ter  on  "  I'ediculi  and  Mallophaga,"  which  had 
been  my  special  study,  was  put  ir.  shape  for  the  press  and  issued 
shortly  alter  as  IJulletin  7  of  the  series  of  Division  Bulletins.  Tiie 
other  matter  was  held  in  reserve,  tliough  receiving  attention  at  times 
when  other  work  ijcrnutted. 

After  Dr.  Kiley's  death  his  successor,  Dr.  Howard,  found  the  writer's 
incompleted  manuscripts  and  proposed  that  they  shouhl  be  revised, 
completed,  brought  up  to  date,  and  jjublished — a  proposition  whiiih  I 
was  very  glad  to  accept,  as  it  seemed  after  so  nnich  of  my  time  had 
been  given  to  this  work  while  in  the  eniphiy  of  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology it  was  but  right  that  there  should  be  some  publislied  results. 

In  completing  the  work  the  original  plan  an«l  scope  has  been  tbllowed 
in  most  respects,  but  it  has  been  found  necessary,  on  account  of  the 
mass  of  material  collected,  to  restrict  the  treatment  of  the  species, 
giving  special  prominence  only  to  those  forms  of  interest  to  the  Amer- 
ican stock  breeder  and  poulterer,  and  especially  in  the  bibliography  to 
limit  the  titles. 

Wiiile  a  large  number  of  the  figures  have  been  prepared  expressly 
for  this  work,  a  number  have  been  secured  from  other  sources,  and  will 
be  ^ound  duly  credited  in  each  instance.  Of  the  original  figures,  34, 
30,  50,  51,  and  52  were  prepared  in  the  Division  o("  Kntomology;  the 
others  have  been  drawn  by  Miss  Charlotte  M.  King,  under  ray  personal 
supervision. 

I  take  this  opportunity  to  a"knowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Professor 
Eiley  for  his  interest  and  assistance  in  die  inception  and  preparation  of 
the  report,  and  to  Dr.  M.  Francis,  J*rof  S.  A.  Forbes,  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard, 
Prof.  Lawrence  Bruner,  Dr.  A.  Ilassall,  Prof.  ,1.  H.  Coinstock,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Baker,  Mr.  S,  E.  Cassino,  and  others  who  have  kindly  aided  me  with 
the  use  of  cuts  or  with  specimens  for  study.  To  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard  1 
am  under  especial  obligations  for  most  valuabK  aid  ii.  the  final  ravision 
and  completion.  He  has  taken  great  i)ain8  to  furnish  me  references 
not  otherwise  at  command  and  to  provide  illustrations. 

Herbert  Osboen. 

Iowa  Agricultural  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 
i 


ClIAi'TKR   I. 

DcfV 

(I' 
1)11 

of 

(In 

CHAI'TKR  II. 

I'aniilj'  ( 

Pn 

Kairiily  C 

The  1 

Kainily  S 

L()M8( 

Vu 
of 

hal 

(1>- 
Til, 
]ii.s 

(!>■ 
(p. 

(!>• 

Family  T 

The 

63)- 

Kad 

(hi 

cosl 

tabi 

Family  1. 

Family  (]•: 

Tho  h 

Horso 

Th." 

injii 

atta 

Lif( 

flyc 

The  si 

Th.i  n 

105) 


led  in  1885  as  a 
:  that  the  writer 
e  results  of  his 
■eviewed  l)y  l>r. 

material  in  his 
s  prepared  and 
it  tlie  nunierons 
is  Exposition  in 
r,  and  in  1890,  at 
lajia,"  whicli  had 
ress  and  issued 

Bulletins.    The 
,ttention  at  times 

imnd  the  writer's 
lould  be  revised, 
•position  which  I 
1  of  my  time  had 
)ivision  of  Ento- 
blished  results, 
has  been  followed 
)u  account  of  the 
t  of  the  species, 
rest  to  the  Amer- 
ic  bibliography  to 

epared  expressly 

!•  sources,  and  will 

iginal  ligurea,  34, 

I'^ntomology;  the 

mder  my  personal 

(Iness  to  Professor 
ud  preparation  of 
)r.  A.  S.  Packard, 
)instock,  Mr.  C.  F. 
Uy  aided  me  witli 
r.  L.  O.  Howard  1 
.  the  tinal  revision 
ish  me  refereaces 

s. 

IBERT  OSBOEN. 


CONTENTS. 


rage. 
CJllAI'TKR   I.— INTIK  DUCTION 9 

Dofmitioim  and  'irriingenoiit  (p.  9) — Grouping  of  paranitic  insects 
(J).  11)— Lifo  liiHtoneH  of  parasites  in  general  (p.  14) — Origin  of  the 
parasitic  habit  (i>.  Itj)—l{e8ults  of  parasitism  (p.  16) — Distribution 
of  parasites  (p.  17. — Effects  of  jjaraBites  on  the  host  (p.  IS) — Losses 
line  to  jiarafites  (p.  20)— Popular  notions  about  parasites  (p.  21). 

Chaptkr  II.— Dii'TKHA  (nio8(|nitoes,  gnats,  ilies,  and  ticks) 25 

Family  CuMcitla'  (mosquitoes,  gnats,  etc. ) 25 

Prevention  and  remedy 28 

Family  CiiiHoyoMiD.K  (midges) 30 

The  blood-sucking  gnat  ( Tet-aexthcg  torrens) 30 

Family  SiMii.iiD.i:  (black  llies,  buffalo  gnats) 31 

Lo.«8es  from  l»uffalo  gnats  (i».  32) — F^ifo  history  and  habits  (p.  33) — 

i  Preventives  (p.  3(i)— Remedies  for  tlio  bites  (j).  37) — Natural  enemies 

I  of  buffalo  gnats  (p.  3S)— Descriptions  of  species,  with  notes  on  their 

,;  habits  (p.  3H) — The  columbacx  midge   (p.  3S) — Simuliuni  ornatum 

(p.  3!t)— The  black  fly  (p.  4C)— Tlie  Southern  buffahi  gnat  (i>.41)— 

The  turkey  gnat(p.  52)— The  Western  buffalo  gnat  (p.  55) — 8imulium 

i  piscicidium  (p.  5(5) — Simulium  cancscons  (p.  57) — Sinuilium  rivular.i 

i  (p.  57)  —  .Simulium   sp.  (in    Brazil)    (p.  57)  —  .Simulium   venustum 

I  (p.  57)— Simulium  sp.  (near  Washington)  (p.  58) — Simulium  pictipes 

!  (p.5M. 

Family  TahaniD/K  (horse  (lies,  gad  Hies,  etc. ) 58 

The  black  gad  (ly  or  breeze  Hy  (p.  (JO)- The  green-head  horse  lly  (]>. 

,  63)— Tabanus  stygius  (p.  66)— Tabanus  molestus  (p.  VtX) — European 

V  gad  fly  (p.  6K)— The  banded  breeze  Hy  (p.  69)— The  oar  fly  (p.  69)— 

I  Chrysops  nig«'r  (j).  70)— Chrysops  quadrivittatus  (p.  70)— t'hrysops 

I  costatus   (p.  70)— Chrysops    fugax    (p.  70)— The    hippoboscid-like 

Jtabanid  (p.  71). 
.J     Family  Lki'TI DM  (snijx!  flies) 71 

J      Family  (EsTKii).K  (bot-flies,  breeze  flies) 72 

The  horse  bot-fly  (p.  76)— The  ha'moirhoidal  bot-fly 84 

Horse  bot-fly  or  "chin  fly"  (p.  85)— Gastrophilus  pecorum 87 

The  bot-flies  of  cattle  (p.87)— Warble  flies:    F-xtent  and  manner  of 
„  injury  (p.  88)— Loss  on  hides  (p.  88)— Loss  in  milk  and  beef  from 

attack  of  bot-flies  (p.  88,— Occurrence  of  warbles  in  man  (p.  91) — 
Life  history  and  habits  (p.  91)— Remedial  measures  (p.  93)— Ox  bot- 
fly or  warble  fly  (p.  95)-  Ox  bot-fly  or  heel  fly  (p.  97). 

The  sheej)  bov-fly  or  head  maggot 102 

The  reindeer  bot  or  deer  hot  (p.  105)— The  emasculating  bot-fly  (p. 
105)— The  rabbit  bot-fly  (p.  108)— The  cotton-tail  bot  (p.  110)— Other 
species  (p.  110)-  -Bot-fly  of  man,  monkeys,  dogs,  etc.  (p.  110). 

5 


6 


CONTENTS. 


I'nco. 
CiiAiTKit  II. — l>ii'Ti;nA  (iiioHqiiitocs,  finatH,  llicH,  iiinl  ticks) — ('  intiniitid. 

I'iimily  Ml  ■scum:  (Iiiiiihh  llirs  iinil  nllii's) 114 

I'liclKiiii  ll.v(i>.  Ill)— 'I'lu'llnMl- (ly(i».  IL'D— Till' still. lotlx  (p.  l:.'2)— Tlio 
iiH'iit  liy  (nlilow  llv  (|».  r_':t)— lUm-liiittlc  ll,v(p.  llM)      riii'siirw-Wdnn 

iiy  (p.  iL';i)  -I'lii'  tsctso  iiy  (p.  i;<:{)— riH)  iiipiioiut.'s  iiics  (i:ti). 

I'aiiiily  llli'i'oiiuMih.i;  (loi.'st  llics.  titks) JHf. 

Tilt'  liird   ticks    ((Ulcrsiii  iiiid    ( MiiitlHimyiii )  (p.  lUT)— I'lic  drcr  tick 
(p.  i:!7)— I'lic  (dicHt  Iiy  nr  lidisf  t  ick  (p.  ili?)  -'I'lm  slu-cp  tiik  (p.  IIW). 

Family  N  VtTKltiiiiih  i   (Itat  IlicH) 110 

CiiAi'TKii  in  — SinioNArir.isA  (llcas) Ill 

Tile  .jiufji'l'  llt',1    or  (•lil;;o»'  (p.  I  IL')— I'll"  lull  lien  ( |i.  Ill)— Tllr  opossillll 

llcii  (p.  ill!)— 'riic  liKiisi'  lli'.i  (p.  117)— Tim  liii'd  lira  ( ji.  1 17)— Tlic  rat 
and  iiiouHf  Ilea  (p.  IIS) — Si|iiirnl  llcas  (p.  1  IS)— Thi' spciiniipliilt'  Ilea 
(p.  11!))— 'I'lic  doy;   and  cat,  Ilea   ( i>.  IT.O)— Ifal.liit  llcas  i  p.  l.'il.')- Tin' 
inolii  Ilea  (p.  l.">;!) — TIk"  pocket,  Kc'pl'cr  Ilea  (p.  I'd). 
CllAl'TKU  I\'.  — lii'.Mil'TKltA  (lni;;s  Mild  lice) 157 

Siiliorder  lli',ii:i!()i'i'i",iiA  •   I'ainily  AcAXiiiiihi,:  (Wed  liii;;  and  allied  tonus).        157 
The  coiiiiiioti  bed  liiii;  (p.  I."i7  ) — Thi'  "coriico,"' or  Mexican  chicken  liiiK 
(p.  IttO) — The  liani-swallow  liiij?  (j).  Itil). 

Family  1>|-.I>1  viiim. Ui3 

The  ldo()d-s»ckiu>;  cone-iiose  (]>.  lt)3). 

Siihordi  r  I'AKAsriA  ,  I'aniily  I'k.dk  i  i.in.i;— The  smdoiial  lice Kit 

The  crali  louse  (ji.  Iti5) — The  head  louse  (p.  1(!(!) — The  hody  louse  (j). 
1(17)— Louse  of  the  ai>e  (]i.  H!S)  -l.ice  inl'estinjr  the  monkey  ()i.  HIS) — 
Th(>  sucUiiif;  doK  louse  (ji.  I(»t>) — The  louse  (d'  the  camel  ()».  170) — idee 
iiif'estiiiK'  the  niratl'c,  deer,  and  anitdope  {]>.  170) — The  siiidvin^  louse 
of  the  jioat  (p.  17(0 — The  shoe])  foot  louse  (p,  170) — The  short-nosed 
ox  louse  (p.  I7L')— The  loiii^-nosed  (»\  louse  ( p.  I7(!i — The  iMiHalo  louse 
(]).  177) — The  ho;;  louse  (p.  17S) — The  sncklii;;  horse  louse  (p.  ISO) — 
Slicking  lice  of  rodents  (ji.  ISl ) — l.oiise  of  the  rat  (j).  ISl ) — Louse  of 
the  held  nioiise  (p.  ISl) — Louse  of  the  ralddt  and  hare  ( p.  ISl') — 
Louse  of  the  llyiii;;  siiiiiind  (]>.  ISL')— Louse  of  the  fox  siinirnd  (j). 
ISli)  Louse  of  the  ^''ay  s<iiiirrel  (]i.  ISl) — Louse  of  the  white-footed 
mouse  (]i.  ISl)  — Louse  of  tho  ^lountl  si|iiiri'ids  and  chipmunk  (p. 
isr>) — lIieinatopi'iUH  eiTaticu8(p.  ISti) — l''ulia'niato|>ii!us  :  Mole  louse 
(jt.  ISIl) — Fiiha'inati>]>iiius  uhnormis  (p.  1S7) — lla'mato]dnoides: 
Sucking  louse  of  the  pocket  j^ojiher  (p.  1S7) — The  ele)diant  louse 
(p.  ISS)— The  louse  of  the  harltor  seal  ()>.  ISS). 
CiiAi'TiK  V. — Suhonler  .MalloI'Iiaoa  (bird  li.e) 1S!» 

Family  I'iiiloi'Ikimdi, 1!M 

Louse  of  du(dis  and  geese  (p.  19li) — The  little  red  swan  louse  (p.  1!I2) — 
Lesser  chic  ken  lousi;  (j).  102) — Large  (diicken  louse  (ii.  UK?) — I'igeon 
louse  (p.  103) — The  peacock  goniocotcB  (p,  IDI) — (Jtuiiocotes  of  the 
jiheasant  (p.  litl) — Hurnett's  goniocotes  (p.  104) — The  chicken  gou- 
iodes  (]),  105) — (iiiinea  fowl  goniodes  (p.  105) — The  pigeon  gtmiodea 
(]>.  105) — The  little  j.igc.on  goniodes  (p.  l!l(i) — Louse  of  the  turkey 
(p.  10()) — The  peacock  goniodes  (p.  197) — The  pheasant  goniodes 
(]).  107)— GiMiiodes  gigas  (p.  107) — Idjienrus  of  the  chicken  and 
pheasant  (p.  107) — Guinea  fowl  lipeiiriiH  (j).  19S) — Louse  id'  the  shel- 
drake (p.  198) — The  i)igt^on  lipeurus  (]).  190)— Tho  H(iualid  duck 
louse  (p.  200) — Idpeurus  anseris  (p.  200)— The  lipeurus  of  the  goose 
(p.  2(X)) — The  turkey  louse  ''p.  201) — The  variable  chicken  louse 
^p.  202) — The  white  swan  louse  (p.  202)— The  louse  of  the  ('at  (p. 203) — 
The  biting  louse  of  the  dog  (]>.  203)— The  louse  of  the  bear  (p.  204) — 
The  louse  of  the  llama  (p.  204)— The  louse  of  the  goat  (p.204)— The 
louse  of  the  suoep  (p.  20(>) — The  biting  lice  of  horses,  mules,  asses, 
etc.    (p.  207) — Trichodectes  pilosus  (p.  208) — Trichodectes  panuu- 


1 


CONTENTS. 


I'nge. 
illtilllU^l. 
114 

IcscrrW-Worill 

IMfi 

Tile  (IciT  tick 
|i  tick  (|i.  I'-iX). 

110 

Ul 

-'I'lii'  opiisHimi 

,  1  J")—  Tilt!  lilt 
KM'inopllilt'  ll)Ml 

1  (|i.  l.V-M— Tlif 

157 

jillicd  forum).       157 
III  cliickt'ii  liii^ 

l(i:J 

ir« Itil 

lioilv  louse  (ji. 
iikoydi.  UW)— 
l(l>.  170)— Lice 
■  siifkinj;  inimti 

'lie  t*li(iI't-Ill)S«'(l 
IC  llllltillo  lollHC 

loiiHc  ()).  IHO)— 
ISl) — LoiiNo  of 
liiiri!  ()..  ISL')— 
ox  sqiiiriM'l  (p. 
Ho  \vliit»'-foot«>(l 

cliipiiiiiiik  (p. 
us :   Mole  lonse 

iiiiito])iiioi<les: 
ele|)iiant    louse 

W) 

litl 

louHo  (p.  v.m— 

p.  I!W)— I'iKt'on 
IlilX'Otos  of  the 
eliiekeii  Kon- 
iijieoii  goiiioilea 

of  the  turkey 
iHiiiit  <;oiiio<leH 
e  ehickeii  and 
use  of  the  sliel- 

H(|iiali(l  (luck 
118  of  the  goose 

eliicken  loHHo 
lieeat(p.203)— 

hear  (p.  204)— 
it  (p.204)— The 
!s,  mules,  asses, 
odeetes  paruni- 


Family  LioriiKiD.i: 

LuUHo  of  the  dove  (p.  210)— The  coniiiioii  \nm  loime  (]i.  210)— Menupoii 
biseriafiihi  (p.212)— 'i'he  pheasiiut  ineiiopoii  (p.  212)— The  peaeoek 
louse  (p.  212) — Louse  of  the  (iiiinea,  lioii  (p.  2i;{) — Louse  of  ducks 
(p,21!{) — Louse  of  the  ;;oosc  and  swan  ( j).  21U)— Louse  of  (he  yoose 
(p,  211)— The  pigeon  louse  ( p.  21 1 )— The  swan  louse  (p.  215)— Louse 
of  tlie  (iuiiiea  piu  (p.  215)— UyroiMis  ovalis  (p.  2lt!). 

.\]>pendix  to  MaMopha<ia 

Jjst  of  .s|ieeies  of  Mullo]>iui<::i  in  I'liited  States,  with  descriptions  of 
ui'W  species  (p.  210) — riiiiopteridie  (p.  210) — Liotheida-  (p.  24U). 

|C'llAi'ii;u  VI.— AUA(iiMi».v 

Order  .\(  auina  :   llarxest  mites;  clii^fK*'!'" 

Family  (Ja.masikk 

The  bird  tiik  ()>.  25;{)— The  i)oultry  tick  fp.  253). 

Tamily  Ixukik  i: 

The  ear  iiiito  (p.  255) — The  pigeon  tick  (p  2.55) — The  American  argas 
(p.  25(5) — The  cattle  tick  (p.  257) — The  dog  tick  or  wood  tick 
(p.  2'il)— The  lone  star  tick  (p.  201)— The  lahiiit  tick  (p.  2(il)— 
Ixodes  ricinus  (p.  2(i2). 

Family  SAi!CniTii>  i; 

The  itigcon  jdiime  mite(p.  202) — The  cystic  fowi  niite  (j).  2tiU) — Internal 

chicken  iiiKe  (p.  2(iH)— Mites  infesting  mice  (ji.  26:() — Tiie  ear  mite 

i  (ji.  2()1)— The  chorioptes  of  the  liorse  ami  ox  and  gout  (p.  2(W) — Foot 

I  M-ah  of  sheep  (p.  2ti0)—  Ihe  scab  mite  <d'  shoei>,  horses,  and  cattle 

^  (p.  2(i())— The  Itch  mi(e  (p.  20!l)— Itch  niitc  of  (he  cat  (p.  271)— The 

Itch  mite  of  fowls  (|).  272) — The  suioodi  siircop(es  (p.  271 ). 

Family  I)k.moi>i:(II>  i: 

The  follicle  mite  (p.  271). 

Order  LiNdiArii.iNA  

Linguatula  rhinaria  (p.  275). 

CllAI'ir.U   VII.  -K'iMl'.IilK.s  — I'RK.VKNTIVi:  TUi;ATMi;Nr 

I'reventive  measures 

Insecticidal  sulistances  (]».  277)— Methods  of  api>licatioii  of  remedies 
«  (p.  270)- Direct  capture  or  destruction  of  insects  ()).  270) — L'eiiova- 

■f  tion  of  henliouses  (p.  2S0)— I'umigation  (p.  281)— Washes  and  dips 

(p.  282). 

.CiiAi'TKK  VIII. — List  ok  l'AUAsrn;s  a»  (oiiDiMi  to  Musts 

J  .VOecting  m.in  (p.  280)— All'ecting  ajies  and  iiKUikeys  (p.  280)— Atl'octing 

I  the  dog  (i>.  2X0)— Atfecting  the  cat  (p.  2K0)— Aliccting  the  ferret 

I  (p.  28(;)— AU'ecting  the  horse,  ass.  and  mule  (p.  280)— AOecting  cattle 

I  (p.  287)— AlVecting   slice])  (i>.  287)-AMectiiig   the  goat  (p.  287)— 

AU'ecting  swine  (p.  287)— AOecting  ralihits  and  hares  (p.  287)— 
Allccting  chickens  (p.  287)— AOecting  the  turkey  (p.  287)— Aflectiug 
tlie  j)eafowl  (p.  287)— AO'cctiiig  pigeons  (p.  287)— AO'cotiug  ducks, 
geese,  and  swan  (p.  287). 

CiiAi'Ticu  I.\.— Lrri;uATt  UK 

I'arasKes  in  general  (ji.  288)— Diptera  (p.  289)— Simuliuhe  (p.  289)  — 
(Estridic  (p.  2!t0)-ruliclda'  (p.  291  )-l'e<liculidie  and  Mallophaga 
(lice)  (p.  292)-Arachuida  (p.293)— Kemedies  (i>.  293). 


I'nKc 
210 


210 


251 

251 
253 

255 


262 


i 


274 

274 

277 
277 


286 


288 


INSE 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I'ngr. 

PI.  T.  (iiiHtropliilim  (Mjiii  in  .st<)ina(!li  of  horse 76 

II.  hp«'c;i«'8  of  MallopLagu 218 

III.  Ar>;!isiiiii' 255 

IV.  Tim  ciittlo  tick  ( lioophiliiH  horin  Kiloy) 258 

V.  The  <'attlo  tick  (y/<»oj>/ii<u«  torts  Kiloy) 258 

8 


Therela 
kingdom  ]i 
tbese  relat 
^'In  tlie 
iosectH  w]ii 
Mlves  nil 
peper  of 
lust  llCIO  i 
sittectiiiii 
l^imalH  ill 
I  Insects  n 
^st,  by  oc< 
•  occasion 
ie  case  of 
p4rt  of  the 
tl|roughout 
nintc's  or  so 
imtriiuent  f 


INSECTS  AinniCTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


(^IIAPTKK  T. 


INTRODUCTION. 


I'llgr. 

70 

248 
255 
258 
258 


DEVINITIONH   AND   AURANOEMENT. 

Tlie  relations  whicli  iiiMects  bear  to  the  otlier  branrlies  of  tlie  animal 
kint^dom  are  of  no  little  complexity,  and  the  coniidete  statement  of 
these  relations  would  requirti  a  lengthy  (lisciission  of  detlnitions. 

lu  the  present  work  it  is  intended  to  discuss  i)articularly  those 
insects  which  by  direct  attack  upon  domesticated  animals  ren<ler  theni- 
selves  an  injurious  element  to  the  stock  breeder,  i)oultry  raiser,  and 
keeper  of  vari(ms  aninnils  for  pleasure  or  i>roflt.  Naturally,  reference 
ust  lu're  and  there  be  nuide  to  allied  forms  which  may  be  of  interest 
affecting  some  related  animals  or  as  possible  parasites  of  domestic 
l^imals  in  the  future. 

;  Insects  may  affect  domestic  animals  in  a  number  of  different  ways; 
flflrst,  by  occasional  attack  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  food ;  second, 
by  occasional  attacks  which  wimply  give  irritation  to  the  animal,  as  in 
the  case  of  certain  species  of  flies;  third,  by  living  as  parasites  during 
part  of  their  existence,  as  in  bots;  fourth,  by  living  as  parasites 
throughout  their  lifetime,  as  with  the  licse;  and,  fifth,  by  living  as  mess 
mates  or  scavengers  upon  the  bodies  of  the  animals  without  deriving 
nutriment  from  them,  as,  probably,  some  species  of  bird  lice. 
|ln  general,  the  insects  affecting  animals  are  termed  parasites,  but 
evidently  this  term  would  not  be  appropriate  for  all  the  forms  above 
aentioned.  It  is  by  no  means  easy  to  give  a  definition  which  shall  be 
operly  exclusive. 

We  nuiy  say  that  a  parasite  is  an  animal  whicli  lives  at  the  expense 
another,  but  this  wcmld  not  include  many  species  which  are  corn- 
only  considered  as  ])ara8ite8  and  which,  while  dependent  upon  a  host 
imal  for  existence,  take  nothing  that  is  of  value  to  the  host.    On 
e  other  hand,  if  we  say  the  parasite  is  an  animal  dependent  at  some 
iriod  of  its  life  upon  another  for  existence,  we  must  include  many 
ms  which  have  none  of  the  habits  whicli  we  commonly  associate 
th  parasitism, 
an  Beneden  has  proposed  three  groups — parasites,  messmates,  and 
tualists.    In  the  first  group  are  placed  all  those  forms  which  feed 
on  the  tissues  of  the  host.    In  the  second  group  are  placed  those 
lich  simply  take  the  food  collected  by  the  host,  but  do  not  demand  its 

9 


10 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


own  substance.  In  the  third  gi'oup  are  placed  those  which  simply  ask 
protection  or  an  opi)ortunity  to  procure  food  in  coniH'(!tion  with,  or  t( 
live  upon  cast-ofl'  portions  or  rejected  matter  from,  the  liost. 

In  liiter  writings,  many  of  which  have  appeared  since  the  first  writ 
ing  of  this  chapter,  tliis  grouping  has  been  more  or  less  modified,  and 
a caret'iil  summary  derived  from  thewoiksof  Ijcuckhart,  Looss,  lUancii 
anl.  Neumann.  I'ailliet,  and  otliers  is  given  1)y  I>r.  ('.  W.  Stiles  in  thi' 
Proceedings  oC  the  l-'ntomological  Society  of  Wasliingtou,     (Vol.  111. 
\).  (i.)     This  arrangement,  in  bi-ief,  is: 

./.  liasod  on  SyniMioHis  and  food:  (1)  MutnaiiHts:  (2)  ConiuiensuliHts;  vii)  Trnc 
parasites;  (li  I'sciidoiiarasites;  ("))  S]>iirions  jtar.'isitcH. 

7).  Jiascd  on  position :  (1)  lurtoparasites;  (U)  I'.iidopaiasitus. 

C.  liascd  upon  tho  auininl  or  plant :  ( 1)  Pliytoparasitcs:  (<()  in  or  upon  animals; 
(/))  in  or  npon  i)]ants;  (2)  Zoo-parasites;  (c)  in  or  upon  animals;  ((/)  in  or  n|ioii 
plants. 

/'.  liuBi'il  upon  tiiMo;  (1)  Temi)orarv  parasites;  (!.')  Stationary  ])arusitcs;  (</)  I'eri 
odii'ai  jiarasitos;  [h)  rermancnt  ]iarasitos. 

JC.  liased  npon  adaptation  or  necessity;  (1)  I'ai'nitativ  e  j>ar;isites;  iLM  Obli^atorx 
parasites. 

/■'.  Rased  \\]>tm  llio  unndter  of  liosts;  (1)  Monoxcnons  ]>arasiles;  (2)  Ileteroxenons 
])arasites. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  subject  will  show  that  none  of  these 
groupings  furnish  ii  satisfactory  basis  lor  a  systematic  plan  of  treat 
ment,  in  a  work  of  tliis  character  at  least,  since  we  may  have  a  numbe' 
of  these  roles  assumed  by  the  Siinu>  insect  at  different  periods  of  its 
existence  or  under  (lilfcrent  conditions. 

It  has  .seemed,  all  things  considered,  tiie  most  feasible  plan  for  thi> 
work  to  iiudude  all  insects  directly  injiu'ious  to  tlie  aniiuiil  economy, 
ordirecily  as.sociiited  with  domestic  jininiiils,  to  take  up  the  ditferent 
.species  in  their  zoological  (U'der,  so  that  similar  '>rms  may  be  tre;iteii 
together  and  repetition  may  be  avoided,  iind  ro  treat  each  specitss  a^ 
fudy  as  jxtssible,  giving  its  past  history,  extent  of"  injury,  habits,  and 
life  history,  ;ind  liually  methods  of  pr<'ventiug  or  relieving  its  injuries 

In  order  to  fuinisli  ii  convenient  key  to  the  ditferent  si»ecies  am 
enable  the  ditferent  forms  occiu-riug  upon  ttiie  aninud  to  be  .seei 
together,  a  tiibje  hits  been  arranged  according  to  animjils  inlested 
constituting  (Mmpter  V-'Ill.  Then  a  chapter  is  devoted  exclusively  to  ;> 
discussion  of  rcMuediiil  measures,  methods  of  prevention,  and  notice  (i: 
animals  wliich  have  p;iiasites  in  common. 

The  group  of  worms  is  excluded  from  this  work,  as  it  wcmld  toi 
greatly  exten<l  it,  and,  moreover,  the  most  imi)ortant  species  havi 
received  quite  thor(»ugh  treatment  in  vi^teriuary  works  and  spe(!i;i 
treati.ses  which  are  available  to  those  desiring  information  regardin, 
them.  jNIoreover,  tliese  jtarasites  are  less  under  the  coutrol  of  tin 
breeder  (except  in  the  way  of  prevention. 

In  order  to  sliow  more  fully  the  relations  of  the  i)arasitic  species. ; 
brief  review  of  the  chissitication  oftho.se  included  will  be  of  assistant 


■    The  gi 
the  oldei 
ihose  aui 
\>y  means 
|ody. 
I  This  ni 
|iisecta  1 
pida,  inci 
|rith  ant 
|liorax,a 
Elongate 
|he  Malai 
to  tro]>i<  i 
I  Of  tin 
eonnectio 
from  thei 
man  or  d( 
The.sul 
ndency 
rders  so 
ematicai 
ine  grou 
irders,  th 
curopter 
'I  These  o 
feii  (butt 
0oleopter; 
((Crickets 
nies,  etc.) 
aamira  (s] 
jA  In  the 
fomestic  ; 
fender  tht 
(|ntirely  in 
|ind  as  sui 
tinimal  att 
*ie  group. 
*  Of  the  1 
oths  are 
eated  in 
The  or<l( 
semipai 
having 
rudime 


HALS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


e  whi(!h  simply  ask 
iiK'ction  with,  or  tn 
the  host. 

iiiu-e  the  first  writ 
•  h?8S  modifled.  and 
lait,  Looss,  Ulaiicli 
V.  W.  Stiles  ill  thr 
lingtoii.     (Vol.  111. 

iiiiiiuMisalists;  (;{)  'I'ruc 

s. 

0  in  or  ii])()ii  nninials; 

iiiiiials;  ((/)  in  or  ii])oii 

;ny  ])ariisit('s :  (a)  Peri 

iriisitcs;  (LM  (>l)Hniitor\ 

sites;  (2)  llt^toroxenoiis 

tiiat  none  of  these 
■inatic  plan  of  treat 
n>ay  have  a  niinibe' 

erent  i»erio(ls  of  it> 

'easil)le  phiii  for  thi> 
lie,  aninial  economy, 
lUe  III)  tlie  (liiVereiit 

riiis  may  be  treated 
eat  each  specicss  a^ 

injury,  habits,  ami 
elievinj"'  its  injuries 

liferent  speeies  ami 

iiuimal  to  be  seei 

)  animals  infested. 

)t('(l  exclusively  to ; 

intion,  and  notice  a 


ik,  as  it  w«ml(l  tni 

rtant  species   liav^ 

works   and   si>e(!i;i 

Mination  regardiii: 

the  control  of  tin 


*■ 


( 


parasitic  species. ; 
vill  be  of  assistant  ( 


GBOUPINO  OF  TARASITIO   INSECTS. 

The  RToup  of  insects  taken  in  its  wider  se  >e  or  as  usually  s'iven  in 
the  older  text  books  (the  Tracheata  of  modern  systems)  includes  all 
those  animals  having  jointed  bodies  with  jointed  linibs  aiul  breathing 
j^y  meaus  of  trachea  or  respiratory  tubes  distributed  throughout  the 
|ody. 

%  This  nuiin  group  is  divided  into  four  siibgnmps:  The  Ilexapoda,  or 
ijisecta  proper,  including  all  the  six-footed,  winged  forms;  the  Arach- 
j^ida,  including  the  eiglit-footed  Ibrnis,  none  of  them  winged  or  provided 
yith  antenna",  and  with  the  body  not  distinctly  separated  into  head, 
fliorax,  and  alxlomen  (spiders,  mites,  ticks,  etc.) ;  the  IMyrh)i)oda,  having 
Elongate  bodies  and  numerous  legs  (centipedes  and  nnllipedes);  and 
he  Malacoi)oda,  containing  a  few  si>ecies  of  worm-like  forms  conliued 
^  tro]>i(  al  latitudes. 

!  Of  these  only  the  two  former  contain  si)ecies  to  be  considered  in  this 
Oonnection,  unless,  indeed,  reference  be  made  to  the  centipedes,  which, 
from  their  i)oisonous  nature,  may  at  times  have  an  injurious  etfect  on 
l|ian  or  domestic  animals. 

^  The  subgroup  Ilexapoda  is  divided  into  a  number  of  orders,  and  the 
lendency  among  recent  systematists  is  to  increase  the  number  of  these 
larders  so  that  from  sixteen  to  nineteen  are  recognized  in  different  sys- 
tematic arrangements.  For  the  purpose  of  this  work,  we  may  enumerate 
|iine  groiii)s  which  may  be  (;onsi<lered  as  equivalent  in  most  eases  to 
lirders,  though  some  of  them,  notably  the  Neuroptera  a.ud  the  Pscudo- 
^europtera,  include  several  of  the  orders  recently  established. 
:  These  orders  are  the  Hynu'uoptera  (bees  and  wasps);  the  Lepidop- 
^ra  (buttcrtlies  and  moths);  the  Diptera  (flies  and  mosquitoes);  the 
0oleoptera  (beetles);  Ileraiptera  (bugs  and  lice);  the  Orthoptera 
(crickets  and  grasshojjpers);  Pseudoneuroptera  (dragon  Hies,  l\lay 
iies,  etc.);  the  Neuroptera  (shad  flies,  caddice  flies,  etc.);  the  Tby- 
Kinura  (spriiigtails). 

in  tiie  lirst  of  these  orders,  Ilymenoptera,  no  species  parasitic  on 
oiiiestic  ar.imals  o(!curs.  Bees  and  wasps,  by  virtue  of  their  stings, 
fender  themselves  obnoxious  to  aninuils;  but  since  their  attacks  are 
|ntirely  in  the  way  of  self  defense,  and  never  in  the  form  of  i)arasitism, 
|im1  as  such  attacks  are  not  limited  to  any  species  either  of  insect  or 
animal  attacked,  we  deem  it  unnecessary  to  nnike  further  mention  of 
|lie  group. 

,  Of  tlie  Lepidoptera,  no  species  attack  the  higher  animals.  The  bee 
ttoths  are  sometimes  very  destructive  in  hives,  but  these  will  be  found 

eated  in  works  on  the  apiary. 

The  order  Diptera  includes  a  number  of  families  containing  parasitic 

seiniparasitic  species.    The  members  of  this  order  are  distinguished 

|y  having  oidy  one  ])air  of  wings,  the  second  pair  being  represented 

rudiments  called  halteres,  balancers,  pcisers,  etc.    The  Culicidie 


12 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


include  the  mosquitoes  which  are  notably  irritating  to  a  great  number 
of  domestic  animals  as  well  as  to  man.  They  are  distinguished  by  the 
slender  bodies  and  lancet  like  mouth  parts. 

The  Simuliida3  include  the  buffalo  gnats,  small,  heavy- bodied  insects, 
which,  by  their  persistent  attacks  upon  the  eyes,  ears,  and  other 
exposed  parts  of  the  body,  as  well  as  by  their  painful  and  frequently 
poisonous  bites,  cause  intense  suffering  and  often  death  to  their  victims. 

The  TabanidfB  include  the  large  horse-tiies.  They  have  a  very  seven- 
bite,  and  cause  much  discomfort  to  horses  and  cattle,  and  often  to  man 
as  well. 

The  CEstridte,  or  bot-flies,  are  truly  parasitic  during  part  of  their  life- 
time, occupying  various  localities — the  stomach  of  the  horse,  the  frontal 
sinus  of  the  sheep,  subcutaneous  tissue  of  cattle,  rabbits,  etc.,  and  the 
testes  of  squirrels.  In  the  adult  form  they  are  two-winged  insects, 
with  rudimentary  mouth  parts,  and  simply  deposit  their  eggs  in  proper 
places  for  the  young  to  gain  entrance  to  their  hosts.  In  this  form  they 
may  do  much  harm,  however,  by  worrying  animals  in  their  efforts  to 
accomplish  the  deposition  of  eggs.  As  larvio  they  live  within  the 
tissues  of  the  host,  passing  from  these  to  the  ground  to  enter  the  pupal 
stage,  and  from  this  they  issue  in  the  adult  form. 

The  Muscidiv,  a  large  family,  including  such  forms  as  the  common 
house  fly,  the  horn  fly,  and  others,  includes  a  number  of  species  that 
are  of  direct  importance  in  their  attacks  upon  domestic  animals.  In 
some  cases  it  is  the  irritation  or  bite  of  the  adult;  in  others,  as  with 
the  screw-worm  and  blow-fly,  the  larva  becomes  the  inimical  form. 

The  Hippoboscidic  include  the  sheep  ticks  and  the  bird  ticks.  Th<' 
latter  have  the  wings  common  to  the  other  flies;  the  former  is  wingless. 
They  have  mouth  parts  fitted  for  puncturing  the  skin  and  drawing  up 
the  liquid  contents  of  the  tissues. 

The  Nycteribiidic,  or  spider  flies,  are  found  only  on  bats,  and  are  con- 
stant parasites.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  slender,  spider-liko 
bodies.  They  deserve  mention  because  of  their  peculiar  structure  and 
special  adaptation  to  parasitic  life,  notwithtsanding  that  they  are  not 
found  upon  domesticated  animals  nor  likely  ever  to  be. 

The  Pulicida*,  or  fleas,  are  now  usually  placed  in  a  separate  order— 
the  Siphonaptera — though  in  some  respects  they  show  affinities  to  the 
Diptera.  T'lxey  occur  on  a  number  of  difl'erent  animals,  confining  them- 
selves in  most  cases  to  different  jjccies  of  hosts.  They  may  live,  hov\ 
ever,  much  of  the  time  free  from  the  host  and  the  larva?  develop  indo 
pendently  of  the  host,  though  in  many  <;ases  it  must  be  that  they  are 
confined  to  the  places  (xcupied  by  the  host. 

The  Hemiptera  are  distinguished  by  having  tlie  month  parts  adapted 
for  suction  and  llie  wings  either  membranous  or  with  the  basal  half  o! 
the  fore  wings  thickened  and  leathery.  The  order  contains  three  sub 
orders,  the  Het  .optera,  Ilomoptera,  and  Parasita.  The  first  includes 
thosehaving  the  fore  wings  thickened  at  base.  In  this  division  we  havo 
the  bed-bugs  and  cone-nose,  and  in  the  family  Belostomatidie  insects 


rhich  pi 

the  Beiu 

ner,  and 

ttili/atio 

in  a  Stat 

to  come 

•ttracte( 

liauie  of 

ibade  to 

ipecies  n 

l|hc  basis 

ikot  be  CO 

to  this  pi 

;  Jn  the 

to  be  of  i 

The  su 

oulidas  tl 

animals. 

species  of 

of  any  of 

fined  to  a 

V  The  grc 

f^hat  doul 

they  hav€ 

^ey  natu 

Book  lice  i 

I^oup  is  V 

tke  very  d 

to  go  into 

all  entire] 

cnlidie  by 

lAiey  are  i 

\^  far  the 

The  groi 

l^^  the  stn 

%.rsi  and  1 

developed 

I  The  Net 

i^t  contai 

l^ecting  d 

|The  Thy 

^ccies,  Pf, 
Che  Ara 

Kellogg,  i 
lily  Trich 
'  Lea  ParaE 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


ALS. 

to  a  great  number 
itinguished  by  the 

ivy- bodied  insects. 
J,  ears,  and  other 
nl  and  frequently 
th  to  their  victims, 
have  a  very  severe 
),  and  often  to  mau 

g  part  of  their  life- 
e  horse,  the  frontal 
.bbits,  etc.,  and  the 
svo-winged  insects, 
heir  eggs  in  proper 
In  this  form  they 
in  their  efforts  to 
ey  live  within  the 
I  to  enter  the  pupal 

nis  as  the  common 

ber  of  species  that 

nestic  animals.    In 

;  in  others,  as  with 

)  inimical  form. 

»e  bird  tic^ks.    The 

former  is  wingless. 

in  and  drawing  up 

bjits,  and  are  con- 

ender,  spider-like 

uliar  structure  and 

that  they  are  not 
be. 

I  separate  order— 
low  affinities  to  the 
als,  confining  them 
'hey  may  live,  how 
irvie  develop  inde 
st  be  that  they  arc 

outh  parts  adapted 
;h  the  basal  half  «! 
contains  three  sub 

The  first  includes 
lis  division  we  have 

stomatidie  insects 


hich  prey  upon  young  fish.  The  common  Belostoma  ameriranum  and 
the  Benactis  (/riseus  may  prove  at  times  quite  destructive  in  this  man- 
jier,  and  if  fish  (culture  should  become  an  important  industry  for  the 
Utilization  of  ponds  and  streams,  and  such  species  as  the  carp  be  kept 
in  a  state  of  practical  domestication,  such  insects  might  be  thought 
to  come  witliin  the  scope  of  our  work.  The  adult  insect  is  strongly 
attracted  by  electric  lights,  and  in  many  h)calities  has  received  the 
Banie  of  "  electric-light  bug."  Not  inf're«jueutly  curious  observers  are 
Blade  to  sufter  from  the  imnctures  of  its  powerful  beak.  ShouUl  the 
ipecies  require  practical  attention  its  gathering  at  lights  could  be  made 
l^e  basis  of  efJective  measures  for  its  reduction.  At  present  it  need 
]4ot  be  considered  as  requiring  notice  in  a  work  of  the  scope  assigned 
to  this  paper. 

In  the  hoiuopterous  division  of  tlie  Hemii)tera  no  species  are  known 
to  be  of  importance  in  this  connection. 

The  suborder  Parasita  includes  the  families  Polyctenida;  and  Pedi- 
culidas  the  latter  of  which  only  is  of  consetjueiice  as  affecting  domestic 
animals.  These  are  degraded,  wingless  forms  occurring  on  nearly  all 
species  of  mammals,  and  may  be  considered  as  the  most  truly  parasitic 
of  any  of  the  forms  we  shall  consider,  their  whole  existence  being  con- 
i|iied  to  and  dependent  upon  a  certain  host. 

,  The  group  of  Mallophaga,  including  the  bird  lice,  has  been  of  some- 
|rhat  doubtful  position,  but  at  present  authors  are  generally  agreed  that 
they  have  their  affinities  with  the  I'seudoneuroptera,  in  which  group 
fliey  naturally  fall  near  the  family  Psocidje,  which  includes  the  minute 
l^ok  lice  so  common  in  books,  herbariums,  insect  collections,  etc.  The 
g^oup  is  well  marked,  though  somewhat  aberrant,  doubtless  a  result  of 
t%e  very  distinct  i)arasitic  habit  of  all  the  species.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  go  into  a  discussion  of  its  zoological  position  here.  The  species  are 
all  entirely  wingless  and  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  the  Pedi- 
Cttlidie  by  their  biting  mouth-parts,  the  jaws  being  well  developed. 
!0iey  are  all  confined  to  warm-blooded  animals,  birds  and  mammals, 
\^  far  the  greater  number  being  parasitic  on  birds. 

The  group  contains  two  well-marked  families,'  quite  easily  separated 
i^  tlie  structure  of  the  feet.  The  PhilopteridiB  having  but  very  short 
^rsi  and  being  unable  to  travel  rapidly,  while  the  Liotheida'  have  well- 
4|eveloped  tarsi  and  run  with  great  rapidity  and  ease. 
i  The  Neuroptera  proper,  which  is  divisible  into  several  orders,  does 
^t  contain  any  species  that  are  to  be  counted  among  the  insects 
Mfectiug  domestic  animals  directly. 

|Tlie  Thysaiiura,  including  tlie  little  spring  tails,  would  scarcely  seem 
lively  to  present  any  parasitic  forms;  but  IMegnin^  has  described  a 

lecies,  PodurhippuH  intyriasicuti,  as  affecting  horses  parasitically. 
'he  Arachnida  are  for  the  most  i)art  readily  separated  from  the 


Kellogg,  in  his  "  New  Miillophaga,"  proposes  a  new  family  arrangement,  making  a 
ily  T^ichodectill!^^  for  uiamnialian  philopterids. 
Les  Parasites  and  les  Maladies  Farasituires,  p.  104. 


14 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


insects  proper  by  the  i>rc8eii('eof  four  pairs  of  Ief>s  aiitl  arc  represented   ,|  -p, 
by  the  familiar  spiders,  ticks,  mites,  scuu-pions,  etc.    Tlio  parasitic   ^v.    . 

Slicep  t 


forms,  however,  are  inchuled  in  the  order  Acarina,  and  in  this  ord(  i 
are  confined  to  tlie  families  Trombidiicbe,  Ganiasidic,  Ixodida',  aiul 
Acaridic,  the  latter  including  the  specially  parasitic  subfamily  Sarco]) 
tin;e.  The  tirst  family  can  scarcely  be  called  parasitica,  the  specie  > 
livinjj;  on  vejictation,  but  occasionally  attachinji"  themselves  to  aninmis 
and  cansinj;-  intense  sufl'eiinf;'.  The  Ixodida' also  breed  upon  vegeta 
tion,  but  dei)end  upon  attaching  themselves  to  mammals  in  the  latci 
stages  of  their  development,  and  with  some,  pt  least,  tliis  seems  esscii 
tial  in  the  maturity  of  tlie  reproductive  organs,  especially  the  develoj) 
nient  of  tlie  eggs  However,  certain  s[)ecies  will  be  found  to  infest 
regidarly  certain  species  of  mammals,  those  infesting  cattle,  rabbits, 
sfjuirrels,  etc.,  each  adhering  as  a  rule  to  its  particular  species  of  host. 
Some  of  these  reach  a  considerable  size,  as  the  dog  tick,  one-half  iucli 
or  so  in  length,  when  I'lilly  exteiulcd  with  eggs. 

The  Acarida'  are  v«'ry  minute  mites  which  produce  itcii,  scab. 
mange,  etc.,  some  of  them  living  on  the  surface  of  the  skin  and  other' 
burrowing  within  it. 


mode  of  r( 
must  be  d 

All  (.f  t 
siye  stage 
eigs.  conn 
llltch  into 
ittsi/e  an< 
a|d  the  ti 
n  detei 
ke  it  ui 

en  for  th 
foi-  the  dev 
ijAVe  knoA 
Fjfecpientlj' 
vermin  tha 
the  ordinal 
greatest  m 


LIFK   IIISTOUIKS   OF   PARASITKS   IN   (HONEKAL. 

In  their  general  life  history,  many  of  the  j)arasiti(t  insects  travo!  ^ethei*  th 
nearly  identical  courses,  owing  to  the  similarity  of  the  conditioii>  wson.  It 
under  which  they  liv«!.  l>ut  when  we  <'onsider  the  semiparasitii;  lbrni>  "^  siimme 
and  free  species  we  meet  a  great  variety  of  habit.  *^"^^  '^' 

The  mosquitoes,  horse-flies,  and  butfalo-gnats  are  troublesome  to  aiii  ''^'^^"»  ^'^'' 
mals  only  iu  the  adult  stage,  their  early  stages,  except  in  the  case  oi  Iw^'^ver,  on 
the  flesh-tlies  living  in  wounds,  or  of  the  bots,  being  passed  in  aiientirel}  "^^^^^^  ^''^  !*■' 
different  manner.  The  mosquitoes,  as  is  well  known,  live  in  water  ;!•  ®W!*^  ^^''1*^  " 
"  wigglers,"  then  become  pupa',  still  aquatic,  then  issue  in  t  he  full  wingiM  cojltend  wit 
form,  in  which  stage  they  make  their  attacks  upon  tlie  higher  animal-  vitkdity,  anc 
and  finally  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  surface  of  water.    The  horse-tlitv  **t'^  vesnlt. 


jmrsue  a  very  similar  round  of  life,  but  require  a  much  longer  time  i\>\ 


thv,  life 


the  various  stages  of  development.  "^   forms. 

The  bot-tlies,  on  the  contrary,  as  already  hinted,  do  all  their  injurious  ^V'^'y  ''^sii 
work,  except  that  resulting  from  fright,  in  the  larval  form,  at  this  tiiiit  W'^^'-i'vatiot 
being  parasitic  within  the  host  animal.  The  i.ui»a'  and  adults  an  ^fl'*^^'"  tliat 
incapable  of  harm  in  themselves.  It  must  be  stated,  however,  tha' 
the  adults  are  a  serious  annoyance  on  aitcount  of  the  terror  whicih  tin } 
inspire  in  horses,  sheej),  and  cattle  when  hovering  about  them  to  deposi; 
their  eggs.  Whether  this  terror  is  due  to  an  instinctive  knowledge  m 
the  part  of  the  animal  as  to  the  injurious  nature  of  the  insects,  as  lin" 
been  argued  by  some,  or  whether  because  of  their  resendilance  to  bet- 
or  wasps,  or  horse-flies,  which  experience  has  taught  to  be  capable  v 
causing  pain,  we  can  not  pretend  to  say  with  assurance.  (!ertainly,  tht 
effect  of  such  fright  is  anything  but  <lesirable,  except  as  it  serve 
protect,  in  some  degree,  the  terrified  beast. 


il 


hatching 
iparently  1 
ugh  iu  s< 
ve  very  I 
he  mit<^i: 
jerever  tl 
vest  niit( 
s  are  usu 
it  of  tin 
themseb 


klALS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


mil  arc  represented 
>U'.    The  parasitic 
,  and  in  this  ordd 
sida',  Ixodida',  ami 
;  subfamily  Sarcoji 
i-asitic,  the  specie  > 
iinselves  to  animals 
breed  upon  vegetu 
lunnials  in  tlie  hiti  i 
t,  this  seisms  esscn 
ecially  the  develop 
be  found  to  infesi 
ling  cattle,  rabbits, 
dar  spei^ies  of  host. 
•  tick,  one-half  iucl 

roduce    itch,    scab, 
the  skin  and  othei' 


isitic  insects  travc 
■  of  the  condition^ 
semii)arasitic  forni- 

tronblesome  to  ani 
iccept  in  the  case  (i; 
asscd  inanentirel} 
n,  live  in  water  a 
nein  thefull-wingci 
the  higher  animal- 
cr.  The  horse-Hir- 
uch  longer  time  fm 


<)  all  their  injurioii- 
1  form,  at  this  tiiiit 
)a'  and  adults  an 
fed,  however,  tha' 

',  terror  \vhi(!h  tin ) 
)ontthem  todeposi 
ctive  knowledge  <ii 

the  insectvS,  as  ha- 
esend)lance  to  bee 
ht  to  be  capable  « 
nee.    Certainly,  tilt 

ept  as  it  serve^^ 


ic 


5  Fleas  propagate  in  the  dust  of  dwellings,  in  the  litter  of  the  resorts 
dif  the  aninuds  they  infest,  or  attached  to  the  hair  of  animals. 

vShcei)  ticks  and  bat  ticks  have  acipiired  a  remarkably  specialized 
mode  of  reproduction  as  a  conseciuence  of  their  parasitit;  habits,  which 
must  be  dealt  m  ith  in  detail  in  discussing  that  particular  group. 

All  of  the  (liferent  kinds  of  suctorial  lice  pass  through  the  su(M'cs- 
sive  stages  of  growth  upon  the  particular  animals  they  infest.  The 
eggs,  commonly  called  "nits,"'  aie  attached  to  the  hair  of  the  host  and 
li^tch  into  young  lice  which  resend)Ie  closely  the  adults,  differing  only 
in  size  and  in  the  hardness  of  certain  ])arts.  Tlie  rate  of  propagation 
an<l  the  time  involved  in  passing  through  the  different  stages  have 
been  determined  for  but  one  species,  and  that  under  conditions  which 
make  it  uncertain  as  a  basis  for  calculating  possible  rate  of  increase 
eiren  for  that  species.  ]\Iuch  less  can  it  be  taken  as  a  basis  of  measure 
for  the  development  of  other  species. 

;,AVe  know,  however,  that  the  rate  of  increase  is  at  times  very  great. 
Ftecpiently  an  aninud  when  first  observed  is  so  thickly  covered  with 
vernnn  that  the  owner  thinks  they  must  have  come  by  some  other  than 
the  (H'dinary  means  of  reproduction.  The  lice  are  frecpiently  found  in 
greatest  nuiid)ers  in  tin;  spring  of  tins  yt'ar,  but  it  is  quite  doubtful 
whethei-  this  is  due  to  increased  rapidity  of  reproduction  in  the  Avinter 
season.  It  seems  most  likely  that  the  reproduction  is  more  rapid  dur- 
ing summer,  but  the  animals  are  then  in  a  thriving  condition,  con- 
stantly in  the  open  air,  and  by  their  own  efforts  keej)  the  lice  from 
making  su«-h  headway  as  to  produce  noticeable  results.  During  winter, 
h<|wever,  one  or  two  generations  even,  from  the  immerous  flock  i)resent 
wi|en  the  aiumals  are  housed,  furnishes  such  luimbers  that  their  pres- 
ence tells  upon  the  economy  of  tue  animal  ami  it  is  no  longer  abh^  to 
contend  with  its  foi's.  The  result  is  loss  of  hair,  poor  condition,  reduced 
vitality,  and,  finally,  unless  active  measures  are  adopted  for  its  relief,  a 
fatal  result. 

S'he  life  history  of  the  bird  lice  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  sucto- 
rial forms.  Kggs  are  attached  to  hairs  or  feathers  and  the  young,  con- 
stantly resident  upon  the  host,  grow  by  easy  stages  to  the  adult  form. 
Obsf-rvations  on  the  ])eriod  vcMpiired  for  the  incubation  of  the  egg  have 
i»i|owu  that  for  one  species,  \Hzm-lii((  i)iiHcaria,thet'nno  from  dei)osit ion 
tcS  hatching  is  from  fifteen  U)  twenty  <lays.  The  rate  of  increase  is 
apparently  here  less  rapid  than  tor  the  suctorial  species,  but  still  rapid 
e8K>ngh  in  some  si)ecie8,  as,  for  instance,  the  cattle  and  horse  li<!e,  to 
p^ve  very  troublesome  to  their  hosts. 

S'lie  antes,  ticks,  mange  insects,  etc.,  travel  similar  cycles  of  life 
w]|erever  they  are  confined  to  the  host  throughout  life;  but  for  the 
vest  nates  and  ticks,  whi(,'h  develoi)  for  a  time  on  vegetation,  the 
eflfcs  are  usually  deposited  loosely  on  the  animal  or  upon  vegetation  and 
lut  of  the  young  obtaining  a  portion  of  their  growtli  before  attach- 
liflr  tiiemselves  to  an  animal  host.    The  young  resemble  the  adults  iu 


16 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC.  ANIMALS. 


general  outline,  but  it  is  a  general  rule  tbat  they  have  but  thvee  pairs 
of  legs,  whereas  the  adults  as  a  rule  have  four.  When  gorged  wiiij 
blood  the  adults  may  become  distorted  in  shape,  when  the  resemblance 
to  the  young  becomes  less  marked. 

ORiaiN    OP   THE   I'AUASITK!   HABIT. 


M't'ulids, 
,e  sanui  t 
body  \ 
rasites. 
V#ry  great 
structures 


The  problems  of  the  origin  of  ])arasites,  or  the  adaptation  of  ceitaii 
forms  to  a  parasitic  life,  are  among  the  most  interesting  met  with  ii 
biological  investigation,  btit  we  can  suggest  merely  some  of  them  he:; 

It  may  be  said  from  the  biological  standpoint  that  all  parasites  havt 
been  derived  primarily  from  nonparasitic  forms — a  proposition  whiil 
is  supported  by  innumerable  facts  in  their  morphology  and  embryologv 
and  which  nmy  also  be  argued  deductively.  Since  many  species  ai 
confined  absolutely  to  certain  animals  as  hosts,  it  is  evident  that  the; 
could  not  have  existed  as  parasites  upon  such  species  at  least  befoi 
the  occurrence  of  the  host.  Unless,  therefore,  we  claim  an  independen 
origin  for  them  subsequent  to  the  origin  of  the  host  we  must  allow  ii 
adaptation  trom  some  free-living  8i)ecies  or  from  a  parasitic  specif  qi 
on  some  other  host,  and  following  this  back  for  its  origin,  we  mu>  fojnilvand 
ultimately  arrive  at  a  free  form  as  the  source.  Miiiwhosci 

In  many  cases  the  line  of  evolution  is  very  apparent,  as,  for  instance  |A.j>.. 
the  gradation    between   comi)ai'{itively  free   and   fixed    Mallophap  ^The  Ted 
Acnridic,  Pulicidtc,  etc.  jfedicinus 


rVith  rel 
t  each  {. 
h  specie 

irasite  fa 
onsider 

stridic  c( 
Primate 
linant  ii 
lippobo 
ersia  to 


llESULTS  OP   PARASITISM. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  iiuiuire  as  to  the  el!'ect  of  the  parasitic  lit 
upon  the  parasite  itself. 

The  natural  tendency  of  an  animal  once  started  in  the  direction  > 
parasitism  will  be  to  become  more  and  more  parasitic  in  habit,  an 
with  this  habit  a  greater  and  greater  specialization  of  parts  wit 
reference  to  this  habit  will  be  observed.  The  disuse  of  certain  organ 
as  wings  for  flight  and  feet  for  ordinary  locomotion,  results  in  reductio 
or  modification  of  these  organs,  and  lience  we  find  almost  mvariabl 
that  parasitic  species  are  wingless,  and  that  they  have  the  feet  adapte 
specially  for  locomotion  among  the  haiis  or  feathers  of  the  hosts.  Tli 
adaptation  is  often  looked  upon  as  degradation;  but  it  seems  to  ii 
preferable  to  consider  it  as  a  limitation  in  certain  directions  wii 
specialization  of  certain  organs.  We  consider  the  foot  of  the  hoi> 
highly  specialized,  and  we  must  admit  that  the  animal  is  limited  in  i 
use,  as  it  can  not  climo  trees,  but  we  do  not  call  the  horse  degrade 

It  is  true  that  the  limitations  for  many  i)arasites  are  so  great  tli 
they  are  absolutely  dependent  upon  certain  hosts,  and  the  presence 
certain  conditions  for  cheir  existence — there  is  reduction  or  degradatii 
of  certain  organs,  but  j^rogressive  specialization  of  those  organs  wliii 
remain  functional.  Often  such  specialization  assumes  a  parallel  clia 
acter  in  widely  divergent  groups,  as  the  clasping  organs  developed 


)dentia, 
[ants,  am 
Mie  .Afall 
jeption  o 
hfiiif'd  to 
f,  wliile  ( 
[birds  ha 
same  <. 
nijies  of 
i'cies  in 

I  i'iwo 

ig  on  the 

iThe  l»uli< 

nited  thai 

js  one  spc 

Intaiiis  sfi 

nirs  mail 

^he  Sarc 

Irasites  ai 

ige  of  ho 

itaiu  spe 

Burring  n 

Uguatulid 

4653- 


IMALS. 

lave  but  thvee  pct'rs 

When  gorged  wiiii 

hen  the  resemblauci 


I 


INTRODUCTION 


17 


IT. 

(laptation  of  ceitaii 
resting  met  with  ii 
y^  soiiie  of  them  he;, 
at  all  parasites  havt 
-a  proposition  wind 
ogy  and  embryology 
ce  many  species  ai 
is  evident  that  the 
ecies  at  least  befoi 
ilaim  an  intlependeii 
>8t  we  must  allow  ;i 
1  a  parasitic  specie 
•  its  origin,  we  muf 

rent,  as,  for  instance 
fixed    Mallopha^ii 


of  the  parasitic  111 

d  in  the  direction  > 
rasitic  in  habit,  an 
'.ation  of  parts  wit 
se  of  certain  organ 
,  results  in  reductio 
id  almost  mvariab! 
ave  the  feet  adapts 
8  of  the  hosts.  Tli 
but  it  seems  to  n 
tain  directions  wii 
je  foot  of  the  hoi* 
liiiial  is  limited  in  i 
the  horse  degrade 
.es  are  so  great  tli 
,  and  the  presence 
i»,tion  or  degradatii 
f  those  organs  wliii 
umes  a  parallel  clia 
organs  developed 


d'culids,  mallophagids,  hippoboscids,  and  sarcoptids.  In  other ca'^es 
the  saiiu!  etieci  is  attained  by  a  ditterent  process,  as  the  llatteniii^  of 
the  body  verti(!ally  in  Heas  and  liorizontally  in  m<)st  other  permanent 
parasites.  Modifications  of  the  mo  th-parts,  eyes,  and  antenna'  are 
V^ry  great,  and  furnisli  most  striking  examples  of  the  modification  of 
structures  for  adaptation  to  special  conditions. 


DISTKIHUTION   OF   I'AKASITES. 


3 

I 

|VVith  reference  to  all  of  the  more  strictly  parasitic  forms,  we  may  say 
tlpt  each  group  of  animals  has  its  i)articular  forms  of  i)arasite8  and  that 
ei|ch  species  of  bird  or  mammal  may  be  said  to  have  its  particular 

|rasite  fauna,  while  ea(;h  parasite  has  its  special  limit  of  host  species, 
lonsidering  only  the  forms  affecting  birds  and  mammals,  wo  find  the 

Istrida;  confined  to  mammals,  and  of  mammals  the  genus  Dermatobia 
t)|  Primates  and  Carnivora,  (lastrophilus  to  Kquida*,  Ilypodenna  to 
ruminant  ungulates,  tKstrns  to  Ovida*,  and  Chitcrebra  to  rodents. 

Ilippoboscidai  arc  confined  to  certain  families  of  birds  and  mammals — 
Opersia  to  raptores,  Lipoptena  alternates  between  birds  of  the  grouse 
fl^fnily  and  mammals  of  the  deer  family,  Melophagus  is  confined  to  8heci», 
I||ppobosca  occurs  on  the  iiorse,  and  Ornithomvia  occurs  on  various 

jThe  Pediculida'  are  all  confined  to  mammals — Tediculus  to  man, 
ledicinus  to  monkeys,   Ila'inatopinus  to  Csirnivora,   I'ligulata,  and 
(dentia,  Echinophthirius  to  Puinipedia,  Ibematomyzus  to  the  ele- 
gants, and  Hrematopinoides  to  Cieomys. 
he  Mallophagii  are  all  confined  to  birds  or  mammals  and  with  the 
exception  of  Trichodectes  and  Gyropus,  which  occur  on  mammals,  all  are 
cctlifiiKMl  to  birds,  Trichodectes  affect  Carnivora,  Ungulata,  and  Kodeii- 
t||,  while  Gyropus  is  confined  to  the  guinea  pig.    The  genera  confined 
birds  have  a  ([uite  varied  distribution  among  the  different  groups, 
same  genus  fie<inently  having  representatives  in  widely  different 
iiiiies  of  birds,  while  any  one  species  of  bird  may  harbor  a  number  of 
|ecies  in  several  different  genera.     Moreover,  each  species  of  INlallo- 
aga  favors  some  particular  region  of  its  host,  certain  species  occur- 
iig  on  the  wings,  others  on  the  breast  and  others  on  the  neck  and  head. 
The  Pulicida'  affect  both  birds  and  mammals,  ami  while  less  strictly 
lilted  than  the  lice,  have  usually  definite  range  of  hosts.    Sarcopsylla 
s  one  species  affecting  mammals  and  another  affecting  fowls.     Pulex 
[ntaiiis  species  affecting  both  birds  and  mammals.      Typhlopsylla 
urs  mainly  on  Kodentia  and  Insectivora. 

he  Sarcoptida>  and  Liuguatulidie,  which  are  the  only  permanent 

[rasites  among  the  arachnids,  have  definite  hosts  and  usually  little 

iige  of  host  forms.    The  genera  occurring  on  birds  do  not  ordinarily 

itain  species  affecting  mammals,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  genera 

:urring  normally  on  mammals  do  not  present  avian  parasites.    The 

iguatulida;  present  a  case  of  migratory  parasites,  the  species  being 

4653— No.  5 2 


IS 


INSECT  ^    AFFECTINf)    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


dt'lMMi(l«Mit  iii»(.ii  two  liosts.  l)ot\veen  wliicli  they  iilteniato  for  imrticiil:! 
stajyos  of  existence. 

As  regards  the  animals  infested  littlo  need  be  said.  For  the  doiiu^ 
tieated  species  of  niannnals,  eattle  evidently  snpport  the  larjjest  nuniln 
of  s])eeies  of  external  parasites  and  the  horse  the  fireatest  nnndx'i  . 
internal  i)arasitie  insects,  while  the  hon'  has  the  least. 

Of  the  birds, honors  are  abont  even  between  the  hen  and  th«'  pi<;'eoi 
The  tnrkoy  is  somewhat  more  exempt. 


];FFK('TS   of    I'AUASITKS   ON    'nil',    HOST. 

The  r>!Tects  of  jjarasites.  or  tlie  piesence  of  noxious  insects  upon  llit| 
anini;.!  economy,  nniy  be  considered  nnde:-  tiirec  hca»^s:  .i.  Asdiici 
aji'er.ts  of  loss  \o  the  aninml  economy.     7>.  As  carriers  of  coiita}j:iiii 
or  infections  diseases.     C.  As  carriers  of  other  forms  of  i)arasites. 

Tnder  th*'  first  head  we  must  consider  (1 1  the  effect  i)ro(lnced  l)y  ili 
extraction  m  certain  i)ortioiis  of  the  nutritive  fluids  of  the  body,  .yj 
the  loss  of  vitality  due  to  tlic  i»roduction  of  sores,  obstructi<»n  of  viltMt  it  is  d 
functions  by  i)ressure  or  cloy<jiin,n'  and  formation  of  scales,  nlcers,  et(  ft  has  be 
by  the  presence  of  the  i)arasites,  (:>)  the  loss  of  eneryy  due  to  irritafioiqimoes  aiu 
worryiujn-,  and  frcttiiiy  of  the  animiH.  bjithis  sai 

I'or  tiie  first  i»art  it  may  be  arjrueil  that  tlic  nutrinu'nt  extracted  biftxl  of  on 
so  infinit«'simaily  small  that  it  is  iu)t  worthy  of  notice;   but  observiatii  the 
the  anuHint  one  mosi|iiito  or  louse  is  capable  of  holdinj;.  then  Minltiii! 
this  by  the  thousands  that  may  infest  a  sinji'le  animal,  tiien  leflect  tli, 
the  substance  tlioy  extract  is  already  i)assed  throu<>h  the  slow  i.rocr^ 
of  preparation  for  nse  by  the  tissues,  and  it  will  b(>  seen  that  this  dr;  ik 
is  not  insignificant.     If  left  in  the  animal  it  Avonld  go  to  the  formatin 
of  flesh,  the  laying  on  of  fat,  or  the  strengthening  of  nerv;\ 

This  loss,  however,  nmy  not  be  so  important  as  the  loss  from  degi 
eration  of  tissue  manifested  in  sores,  ulcers,  scabs,  mange,  etc.,  whi 
make  a  heavy  drain  on  the   vitality  of  tfie  animal  and  prevent  tlj| 
noinial  action  of  the  skin,  these  in  turn  <'ausing  excessive  irritatim 
uneasiness,  and  other  derangements  of  the  animal  economy.     Indeti 
the  occurrence  of  these  conditions  may  be  looked  upon  in  many  cast 
as  the  result  of  lack  of  nutrition  of  the  affected  parts  due  to  the  draij 
by  the  parasite. 

The  irritation  of  the  presetice  of  insects  or  their  attacks  upon  son 
sensitive  part  of  tlie  animal  is  otten  of  the  greatest  injury.  To  anen 
ous  horse  the  uneasiness  caused  by  the  Imz/ing  of  the  mosciuitoesi 
flies  is  worse  than  the  actual  bites  or  loss  of  blood,  while  the  inteii' 
irritation  of  bufralo- gnats  in  the  eyes  and  nostrils,  aside  from  tin 
bites,  is  ])roductive  of  the  greatest  distress.  Doubtless  much  of  tl: 
injury  caused  by  lice  is  due  to  the  irritation  of  their  presence  ratln^ 
than  to  the  loss  from  their  eating.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the  bitiii 
and  running  lice  Aviiich  feed  upon  the  epidermal  scales,  hairs,  aiil 
feathers,  of  little  or  no  value  to  the  host  axiimal.    Indeed,  Van  BenedeS 


VIMAT.S. 

termite  for  |)articiil;i 


INTRODUCTION. 


19 


HOST, 


ms  tliiit  tlieso  iue  r  »'  paiasitcs,  but  iimtualists,  and  ar»'  rather 
of  advantajio  than  otherwise  to  the  host,  since  they  eU*au  '.ip  the  .ast- 
(aid.  ^<'i"  ^''•' <^<>""  of  matter.  I  must  ditlei,  h(»\vever,  frcm  the  learned  author  in  tliis 
MtthehirgestnnnilM^^i^.^^i^^  ^ji^^.^.  ^,i^.  presenee  of  these  lice  and  the  irritation  of  tlieir 
e  fireatest  '"""^••■'  ,„oy^>,„e„ts  is  i)hiinly  evidenet'd  by  tlie  animals  in  tlieir  sometimes 
^'"^*"  frwitic  etforts  to  rid  themselves  of  the  i)ests. 

ehen  andthe  i>iK«"i    J,„>  seratehiufi'  of  horses  and  cattle  aj;ainst   posts,  rails,  etc.,  the 

dWtiMfj  of  ehicki-ns  in  ashes  or  road  dust,  and.  hnally.  tin'  etfects  to  be 

omerved  in  tiie  wealieldn^-  ol"  calves,  colts,  etc.,  infested  by  these  ])ests 

sOTtles  the  (piestion  of  their  danniying  eli''"cts,  to  my  mind,  decidedly  iu 

;i()Ms  insects  upon  i  litlli  allirnnitive. 

'  hca>^s:  .i.  Asdini  «s  carriers  of  contajjtious  or  infections  diseases,  the  insects  which 
•arrieis  of  contajjii'iawack  domesric  aninnils  present  an  imi)oitant  subject  for  study, 
>rms  ot  parasites.  e«|>*'<''idly  so  since  tlu'  increases  of  oni-  knowicdjie  le^-ardin.ii' such  dis- 
'Ifect  i)rodueed  by  ilietees  and  tlieir  oriji'in  in  tlie  multii>lication  of  micro-orjianisms.  As 
luids  of  the  body,  yet  c<»ini)arativeiy  little  is  iiiiown  upon  tiiis  ](oint,  but  en()n,uh  to  show 
s.  obstruction  of  viithit  it  is  deserviiij;'  of  yreatpr  attention  than  it  has  as  yet  recei\ed. 
ot  scales,  ulcers,  et(  a  lias  been  siiown  that  eh^phiiiitiasis  is  due  to  ^'ei'ins  carried  by  iiios- 
leryy  due  to  irritatirnqtatoes  and  it  seems  not  improbabh'  tliat  other  <liseases  maybe  carried 

bptliis  same  universal  jiest.  Tiie  mosipiito  iiartially  idled  with  the 
iitriment  extracted  bwixl  of  one  animal  snfferiiij;'  from  some  infections  disease,  alighting' 
f  uotice;  bat  obsei  vup)ii  the  body  of  anotiier  and  iiisertinj;'  its  already  wet  beak,  may 
olding".  then  Miultiii  tl^iisfer  witli  it  germs  of  the  disease  as  well  as  its  own  subth'  poison, 
limal.  tiien  reflect  tlinm-e  likely  still  if  it  be  crushed  and  the  blood  with  which  it  is  tilled  is 
DUgli  the  slow  proci'-SMk'^d  over  the  j)iei<'ed  tissue.  Since  the  above  was  wiitten  the  fol- 
)e  seen  that  this  dn  ilo^ing  item  in  I'syehe,  Vol.  \',  page  L'4,  has  appeared  and  is  so  much 
d  go  to  the  Ibrmatii 
g  of  uervo. 
the  loss  from  degi'Mi 


(s,  mange,  etc. 
nal  and  prevent 


llie  point  that  we  insert  it  here: 

Iscrls  (IS  (iii^horx  of  .-iiidemirn. — Dr.  li.  L.  Maddox.  in  a  pa])ei'  read  IxM'oro  the  Royal 

roscoiiicai  Socit'ty.  (kMails  tlio  results  of  liirtliiM-  exiierinients  in  iV'ediii":;  insects, 

pcially  tiie  eoniinoii  lijow-lly,  on  tlie  eoninia  bacillns.     His  observations  include  a 

iiHiin'oeror  mieroseopieal  duterininations.     The  resnlts  of  all  his  investij;ations 

him  to  believe  that  th((  eoinina  bacillus  from  <'iiltiires  can  iiass  in  a.  living  state 


>•  excessive  irritatliiltlJ|„„li  the  dij^estive  tubes  of  Home  insects,  and.  thioM<;h  this  fact,  that  such  insects 
al  <'COnoniy.      IndecaJMBikely  to  become  an  important  means  of  distribnti'.iii,'  disease,  e.speeiiilly  to  an i- 
npon  in  many  casi"*!?*  that  feed  ui)on  them.     This  is  in  accordiiiuo  with  the  views  of  Dr.  (Jrossi.  that 

jseets,  esiiei'ially  Hies,  may  bo  considered  as  veritable  authors  of  ei)idemics  aud 
ts  in  infectious  nuiladies.'"     (Scientific  Ainorican,  Deceml)er  18,  188(5.) 

urgeontleneral  Sir  William  Moore  (Medical  Magazine,  July,  18!)3) 
ards  the  dissemination  of  disease  by  Hiet>  as  a  matter  looked  upon 
of  the  mos(iuitoest^^^'   **^"  much  inditference,  and  in.stances  an  epidemic  of  anthrax 
)d   while  the  inteii-^^^^'  ^'^^  spread  by  tlies  which  had  covered  a  carcass  of  a  dog 
■^      wu  into  a  ditch  in  Cortal.    He  quotes  the  experiments  of  Lawt- 
nks  with  tlies  and  cholera  germs,  and  (deserves  that  it  is  worth 
cing,  in  that  in  India  it  is  during  the  time  and  season  of  the 
test  prevalence  of  cholera  that  dies  most  abound.    The  possi- 
y  of  flies  carrying  the  organisms  of  typhoid  fever  and  phthisis  is 
Igested,  and  the  belief  is  exi)ressed  that  leprosy  is  often  conveyed 
ies,  wliiolx  appear  to  be  particularly  fond  of  leprous  sores,  and  the 


)arts  due  to  the  drii;  i 

ir  attacks  upon  son 
st  injury.     To  a  nen' 


rils,  aside  from  the 
mbtless  mucli  of  tl 
their  presence  ratlii 
:histrneof  the  bitii 
al  scales,  hairs,  :ii 
Indeed,  V.an  Benede' 


20 


INSKCTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


inl'ectiiij;  in  tliis  way  of  ^''o  on  a  licaltliy  pprson.  Tliero  is  m 
doubt  thiit  oplitlialiniii  is  so  ul,  and  an  instant'O  is  ^iven  of  com 

plete  destruction  of  an  cyt^  from  diplitheria!  inHaniination  following  tlit 
stinj;  (bite)  in  the  eye  by  a  tly  wlii<di  had  apjtarently  risen  from  ;i 
dnnifhill.     (  Kntoniolojiical  News,  V<d.  V,  j).  IS.) 

The  laie  Dr.  John  A.  Kydcr  presented  the  foHowiny  very  deeitlcd 
opinion: 

Cliolrra  and  Ilk'H. — It  niiiy  not  l)(>  aiiiiss  to  <-iill  tlio  attfiitioii  of  tlif  ]iiihlic  to  tli> 
gri'iit  il:iii;r<'r  I'roiii  lioiiMr  IlirH  us  ii^ciits  in  Nprciiiliii;;  tlx'  ('oiit:i;;ioii  in  i'iiNi>  tiiiTi'  li 
ait  ciiiilciiiic  of  clioltTii.  I  liav(«  rcpcatt'diy  obsiTvcil  lliat  these  insects  will  ridu  h- 
II  niiiiiher  oftnilcH  on  street  ears  and  doiilitleHM  u1m)»  iipoii  other  veliieles  of  traimii 
siicli  as  railway  eoa<^lies,  etc..  tlii)ii;;li  I  liavo  never  made  ohHervations  upon  any  ('(Pii 
veyaiiee  liiit  the  ordinary  tram  or  horse  «^ar.  Suppose  a  ease:  Imagine  a  ehuler 
victim  ii]ioii  till)  street  or  anywhere  else  vomiting.  The  llif-s  pn'-sent  aro  iittriictii 
and  ilrink  until  sateil,  and  IriNe  their  feet  and  month  parts  wetted  with  tin'  vonii 
eontainiii^  the  ^eriiis.  They  then  perhaps  tly  out  into  the  Htreet,  take  a  plaet*  on 
horse  vnr,  riilo  several  miles,  disnionnt,  lly  into  another  hoime,  where  the  famil 
are,  at  dinner,  and  eontamiiiate  the  food  set  hefore  them  with  the  ^erms  of  tli 
cholera  carri<-il  on  the  month  parts  and  feet  of  the  inHects.  Some  of  the  famil 
sicken  and  die,  yet  no  one  of  them  will  ever  ]ierha]i8  suspect  that  the  (lies  may  hii\ 
carried  the  ^jerniH,  as  supposed  above,  for  miles  from  some  other  case,  Tim  sal'i 
{{uarda  are  to  at  once  clear  awny,  disinfect  with  corrosive  siihlimate  solution,  aii< 
FiCald  the  spots  where  the  \oinit  has  been  thrown,  and  to  bo  vi<rilaiit  in  the  use  i: 
lly-screeiis,  lly-trajis,  etc.  Dnrinjj  the  late  war  the  late  Professor  I-eidy  itointd 
out,  ^vith  beiielicial  results,  that  the  conimon  house  tly  was  instrnmental  in  spreail 
in;;  the  contagion  of  hos]iital  ^an^rene.  Why  not  beware  of  this  imprudent  am 
nbi(|nitoiis  little  dipter  in  iMrryin^  ami  spreading  the  contagion  of  the  dreadi' 
Asiatic  jdagiie  now  menacing  us? — (See  EntotiKdogical  News,  Vol.  Ill,  p,  210.) 

The  determination  in  recent  years  of  the  connection  existinj;  betweoi 
the  cattle  tick  of  the  Southern  States  and  the  formidable  diseas 
known  as  Texas  fever  is  a  striking  example  of  the  imiuH'tance  of  tlii 
question.  This  particidar  case  is  treated  more  fully  in  connectioi 
with  the  di.scussion  of  the  cattle  tick. 

If  we  consider  all  contagiims  diseases  as  due  to  specific  organism.^ 
we  may  relegate  them  all  to  the  rank  of  parasitic  diseases,  but  leaviii, 
out  all  due  to  so-called  mi(;robes  or  microorganisms  as  producers  i 
specific  diseases,  we  have  instances  where  one  parasite  serves  as  tli 
carrier  of  other  and  more  injurious  forms.  For  examide,  the  louse  aii' 
the  tlea  of  the  dog  have  been  found  to  serve  as  the  intermediate  host 
for  it  tape-worm  {PipyUdium  caninnm  L.)  which  also  infests  the  ddi 
t!ie  tape-worm,  when  mature,  extruding  eggs  which  gain  entrance  to  1 1 
external  parasite.  The  dog,  in  licking  or  biting  himself  to  destid 
the  ])arasite8  or  relieve  the  irritation,  swallows  some  of  his  tormentor- 
the  young  tape-worms  are  set  free  in  the  stomach,  and  there  develoi)  t 
maturity. 


LOSSES  DUE  TO   PARASITES. 


It  is  practically  impossible  to  make  any  accurate  estimates  of  tli' 
losses  resulting  in  a  great  many  of  the  forms  of  insect  attack  u]>o: 
domestic  animals.    Naturally,  uo  notice  is  taken  of  their  presence  ( 


IMAL8. 

MHoii.  Then'  is  m 
ICO  is  ^fivt'ii  of  coin 
Illation  followiii};  tin 
rmitly  risen  from  ;i 

lowiiiff  very  deciidiM: 

ion  ot*  tli<<  ]iiil)lic  to  th 
ntii;;ioii  in  oiimo  tlicrc  l< 
ln'sc  insi'ctM  will  ii<ln  Ic 
tlirr  vcliii'lcs  (>('  traimii 
icrvations  iiimii  any  vin 
anc:  IninKlnc  a  cliolci 
ii's  prt'scnt  air  attracti 
■4  wcttid  with  the  voini 
Hirrct,  take  a  place  on 
HMiHc,  wlu'io  tin-  faniil 
with  tilt'  jitTins  of  th 
ts.  Some  of  tho  fainll 
t  that  thu  tli«-8  may  hin 
■  oIIht  case,  'flu*  Nal'i 
Nuhliinatu  Holntion,  aii' 
ifl  vigilant  in  tho  \im  n 
•rofi'ssor  Leidy  ]iointt( 
instriinicntal  in  sprcaii 
of  this  iniprndent  an' 
ntagion  <»f  the  drcadf' 
.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  210.) 

ion  existinjf  betwcei 

foniiidablo  diseas 

iiii])ortanco  of  tlii 

fully  ill  connectioi 

sjiecirtc  orgaiiisiii> 
iseases,  but  leavin. 
iuis  as  producers  i 
rasite  serves  as  tli 
uiiple,  tlie  louse  an 
B  intermediate  host 
ilso  infests  the  do). 
j;ain  entrance  tot li 

himself  to  destrn 
le  of  his  tormentdi- 
iiid  there  develop  t 


ite  estimates  of  tli 

insect  attack  i\]W. 

>f  their  presence  o : 


INTRODICTION. 


21 


le  losses  they  oc<!asioii  until  some  of  the  aiiiiiiils  are  so  seriously 

lected  as  to  lose  tlesli  or  be  threatened  with  tleatli.     In  the  meaiiliiiie 

|e  loss  must  have  been  very  jjreat,  since  all  of  the  animals  must  have 

pen  fed  sutll«ientl.v  to  provide  for  the  parasites,  and  also  to  keep  up 

]e  increased  vitality  of  the  animal  to  meet  the  demands  made  by  the 

i§eseiice  of  an  irritatiiiff  aticnt. 

Il'or  actual  statistics  we  must  contlne  ourselves  to  instances  where 

|(>  presence  of  the  parasites  has   resulted    in    the  actual  tleatli  of 

iiiibers  of  animals,  or  to  a  recognizable  loss  <u-  depretaation  on  the 

limals  or  some  product  from  them.    These  must  naturally  fail  to  pre- 

lilt  tin'  whole  truth,  sine*'  isolated  cases  of  the  same  kind  will  j>en- 

fally  fail  to  be  recorded. 

Murray  cites  Delafond  and  Hourjiiynon  as  atithority  for  the  state- 
lent  that  ill  the  valley  of  Prattifjau,  in  the  (irisons,  Switzerlainl,  in 
^le  years  IS'il,  IH-W,  aim  l>Ho3,  out  of  upward  of  'J,."»(H)  floats,  the  half 
%v\'i'  atta<*ked  ami  "»(M»  died  from  etVectsof  the  parasitic  mite,  Sifmhiotes 

■fiJeferiMice  to  the  sections  on  bud'aiognats  and  bot-Hies  will  show 
Ime  instances  where  more  or  h'ss  deliniu^  tij^uies  can  be  cited  as  to  the 
Isses  to  stock  industries  from  the  attacks  of  injuri<u'.s  insects.  It  will 
Jtlice  to  mention  here  that  tin'  loss  in  a  siiifjle  county  <d'  Tennessee 
K)m  buffalo  fiiiats  in  the  one  year  liS74  was  estimated  at  >«."tO(),(K)(>  «nd 
Imilar  losses  have  occurred  in  many  ditlerent  years  and  over  .irge 
mcts  of  tiie  lower  Mississippi  Valley.  Or  we  may  cite  the  estimatctl 
^ssin  the  United  States  due  toonesinj^le  species  of  bot-tly,  !?ri(M>(K>,0()(), 
j species,  m(H'eover,  which  could  be  exterminated  more  certainly  and 
jiuckly  than  any  other  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

rOIMTLAli    NOTKtNS    AUOl  T    I'AUASITES. 

There  are  certain  widespread  notions  re}iardiii}i'  the  presence  of  par- 
feitcs  or  vermin  on  sto(;k,  and  it  may  be  in  place  to  call  attention  to 

ne  or  two  of  them  here. 

One  of  these  is  that  only  poor  or  weak  animals  are  infested,  an«l  that 
\i'  animals  otherwise  similar  they  will  attack  lean  rather  than  i'at  ones. 
It  may  be  quite  frecjuently  the  case  that  animals  noticed  as  "lousy" 
Ire  the  weak  ones  of  the  herd,  but  it  should  be  remembered  that  the 
|ice  seldom  attra<'t  attention  until  they  become  so  numerous  that  their 
fcffecis  on  the  animal  may  be  the  real  cause  of  its  potn-  condition.  It 
pn  not,  certainly,  be  the  case  that  they  select  only  the  weak  and  lean, 

)r  we  have  found  lice  in  very  fair  numbers  on  animals  in  apparently  as 
bod  condition  as  tiny  others  in  the  herd,  including  those  upon  which 
lo  lice  at  all  could  be  found.  It  is  true  that  certain  animals  in  the 
lerd  may  remain  entirely  free  from  lice,  even  when  others  in  the  same 
^erd  are  badly  infested,  but  that  this  is  due  purely  to  their  being  fat 
^r  in  excellent  health  seems  open  to  much  doubt. 

Another  idea  '  \  that  white  cattle  are  infested  rather  than  dark 
|)neR,  an  idea  which  we  have  heard  most  emphati(!ally  urged  by  many 


22 


INSECTS   AFIECriNO    DOMKSTIC   ANIMALS. 


Ntocknii'ii  fiiiuiliiir  with  tlio  subject.  W'v  liiivt>  not  liiul  <>|>)M>ituiiity  In 
ptM'soiinlly  i'Xiiiiiiiu'  a  sutllcii'iit  niiiiibcr  of  lit'i'ils  uiid  compare  tlie  niiin 
of  iiil'csiiition  iiiiioii^  cattle  of  (litluriMit  colors  to  Hatisi'y  ourselves  th.it 
there  can  he  much  of  truth  in  it. 

In  one  herd  examined  with  Home  care  the  Ihdstein  cattle  were  mon 
gouerally  alVected  than  those  of  other  breeds,  but  these  had  a  inc 
)>onderaneeof  bliu;k  in  their  color,  atid  on  tliisacciuint  the  "nits'*  wen 
especially  consiMcnous.  In  tln^  same  herd,  however,  one  red  heifer  wii> 
«iuite  as  badly  infested  perhaps  as  any  td"  the  others. 

It  is  not  always  safe,  however,  to  set  aside  the  conclusions  of  experi 
enced  men  in  any  branch  of  industry,  however  little  foundation  thev 
nniy  seem  to  have  fiom  a  logical  standpoint j  and  if  these  ideas  prove 
to  be  supported  by  fact,  we  will  no  doubt  in  time  h'arn  the  reason  for 
such  selections  on  the  i»art  of  tlu'  parasites.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  point  oi 
rather  general  observation  that  in  the  human  fandly  mostiuitoea,  tlies, 
and  other  insects  will  appear  to  select  cei'tain  individuals  in  preference 
to  others,  which  wo  may  consider  as  due  to  sonu'  pecidiar  condition  oi 
the  skin  or  its  s»'cretions.  Flies  seem  to  take  particular  pains  to  settle 
oil  the  exposed  parts  of  sick  i)eople,  and  lice,  itch  ndtes,  etc.,  if  certain 
observations  and  records  are  to  be  a<*cepted,  sh(>w  a  decided  tendencv 
to  infest  certain  persons  and  to  be  either  unable  or  unwilliny  tohr.rboi 
upon  others.  Certain  people  exhibit  much  greater  susceptibility  td 
such  attacks  than  others,  and  with  the  harvest  antes  or  "chig}'ers"this 
amounts  to  pra(!tical  immuidty  from  attack  by  some  when,  undei 
similar  conditions,  others  are  most  seriously  troubled.  Whether  this 
is  due  to  some  condition  of  the  skin  that  attracts  in  one  (iase  and 
repels  in  the  other,  or  simply  that  in  one  case  there  is  particular  sensi- 
tiveness, while  in  the  other  there  is  not,  the  effect  on  the  peisona  is  in 
one  case  the  extreme  of  irritation  and  in  the  other  freedom  fiom  it.  It 
similar  conditions  exist  among  the  lower  hnimals,  we  may  suppose  the 
attractive  influence  of  conditions  of  the  skin  in  certain  animals — and 
this  in  animals  of  unhealthy  action  of  the  skm — might  act  asapositive 
iiitluence.  As  far,  however,  as  ditference  in  color  is  concernetl,  unless 
this  is  associated  with  some  very  constant  ditfeience  in  conditions  ol 
the  skin  (such  as  thickness,  density  of  tlie  hair  (>r  diameter  of  the 
individual  hairs,  or  in  the  secretions,  better  suited  to  the  clasi)ing,  pro- 
tection, or  subsistence  of  the  lice,  there  would  seem  to  be  slight  fouiida 
tion  for  the  iiitluence  in  selection. 

The  fact  that  lice  infesting  one  species  of  bird  or  mammal  are  in 
many  cases  incapable  of  existing  upon  the  bodies  of  other  species  has 
doubtless  a  foundation  in  difference  of  the  skin  or  its  secretions  or  in 
the  size  of  the  hair.  The  thickness  of  the  skin  varies  greatly  in  ditier- 
eiit  animals,  and  consequently  the  proboscis  of  a  species  adapted  to 
some  thin-skinned  si)ecies  might  be  entirely  incapable  of  reaching  the 
capillaries  from  which  its  food  supply  must  be  drawn  in  a  species 
Laving  a  thicker  skin.    The  secretions  of  the  integumentary  glands 


doubth 

iited,  t»f 

[Huthcieii 

lerence 

iding  up 

materii 

,t  the  pa 

rough  a 

fcracteris 

^y  be  woi 

aparati\ 

ill  credi 

|es,  has  n 
•d  parasi 
litor  on  t 
Kl. 

'o  the  p 

fy  to  the 

Dse  whic 

n  gener 

tain  ins 

[tack,  the 

fevention 

[While  in 

their  exi 

treatme 

un  a  thoi 

rth)n.    \\ 

lowledge 

inecessai 

existenc 

success! 

^lucli  ail 

imals  to 

silting  ill 

lid  by  avc 

Ite  can  n 

How  a  coi 


IMAL8. 

)  liiul  oppnrtumt.v  Id 
1(1  (011111111  r  \\w  raiin 
iitisiy  oursi'lvt's  til  ii 

(Mil  cattle  \vtM«  iiioii 

It    tlu'MO    IliUl    tl    pic 

niit  tlii^  "nits"  wen 
r,  oiu^  rod  lieitiu-  \vii> 

MicluHions  ol"  expei  i 
tie  fomuhitioii  tlicv 
if  these  ideas  piovt 
Iciini  tbe  reason  foi 
s,  ill  tVu't,  a  point  oi 
ily  niosfiuitoes,  tlies, 
idiials  in  preferen(( 
KH'iiliar  condition  oi 
tJidiir  pains  to  settle 
nites,  etc.,  if  certain 
a  decided  tendency 
nnwilliny'  to  luirboi 
iv  susceptibility  to 
*  or  *'ciiifi^ers"tliis 
some  wiieii,  under 
led.  VVlictlier  this 
;s  ill  one  (iase  and 
is  particular  sensi- 
HI  the  persona  is  in 
reedoiii  from  it.  If 
e  nniy  suppose  the 
tain  animals — and 
ht  act  as  a  positive 
s  concerned,  unless 
ce  in  conditions  of 
>r  diameter  of  the 
o  tlieclaspiiifi',  i)ro- 
to  be  slight  founda 

or  mammal  are  in 
'  other  species  has 
ts  secretions  or  in 
s  greatly  in  dilfer 
pecies  adapted  \o 
le  of  reaching  the 
awn  in  a  species 
gumentary  glands 


INTROnrCTION. 


23 


doubtless  of  very  ditHerent  nature  in  dilferent  species,  or,  as  already 
ited,  of  the  same  species  under  ditVerent  conditions.  This  might  be 
a  siilllcient  repellant  innuenee  simply  from  the  dilVerence  in  odor,  a 
dftVeience  we  know  to  exist  in  ditferent  aniuials,  or,  I'or  the  8pe(!ies 
falding  upon  the  scales  or  excreted  nnitter  on  the  skin,  a  ditl'erciice  in 
tlie  nnitcrial  making  it  unsuited  to  them  fiu'  food.     We  must  remember 

»,t  the  parasites  have  be(rome  adapted  to  certain  species  of  animals 
ough  a  long  course  of  evoluti<ni  and  (litter  almost  as  much  in  their 
olnracteristics  and  ne(;e8sities  as  the  animals  upon  which  they  live.  It 
imy  be  worthy  of  note,  in  passing,  that  the  most  odorous  of  animals  are 
opnparatively  free  from  parasites.  The  skunk,'  for  example,  has  never 
biien  credited  with  harboring  lice  but  in  a  single  case,  and  this  one 
(^onliHh'H  nuphitidis  Pack.),  once  reported,  if  correctly  referred  to  ( loni- 
O^es,  has  much  of  doubt  in  it,  sincre  all  species  of  this  genus  are  strictly 
bii'd  parasites,  and  the  specimen  described  may  have  been  an  accidental 
Vjpitor  on  the  skunk  derived  from  some  bird  which  had  served  it  for 
flipd. 

ItTo  the  practical  stock  breeder  all  these  (piestions  are  simply  subsid- 
itfy  to  the  (Mie  of  how  to  contend  with  these  various  pests,  and  especially 
'*  ise  which  cause  a  serious  loss. 

n  general,  it  is  most  im])ortant  for  him  to  know  to  what  extent  a 
tain  insect  is  capable  of  doing  injury,   the  time  and  mode  of  its 
tack,  the  animals  it  may  alfect,  and  the  best  methods  to  adopt  for  the 
evention  or  check  of  the  injury. 

While  in  some  of  the  insects  to  1)6  discussed  here  the  ditVerent  stages 
their  existence  appear  to  have  little  to  reveal  concerning  the  methods 
treatment,  there  are  others  which  we  can  hope  to  deal  with  only 
m  a  Thorough  knowledge  of  all  steps  in  their  development  as  a  foiin- 
tion.  We  hope  the  reader  who  has  any  desire  to  nuike  use  of  suc^b 
owledge  will  have  patience  with  those  parts  which  may  seem  to  him 
necessary  details,  remembering  that  it  is  often  in  some  minor  detail 
existence,  apiiarently  of  slightest  importance,  that  we  tiiid  the  (!lew 
successful  warfare  with  a  serious  pest. 

]Much  annoyance  may  be  saved  in  some  cases  by  a  knowledge  of  the 

imals  to  which  certain  sjiecies  of  parasites  are  conhned,  both  by  i>re- 

ntiiig  infection  among  those  to  which  a  certain  parasite  is  common, 

id  by  avoiding  the  trouble  of  unnecessary  restrictions  in  case  the  i)ara- 

te  can  not  occur  on  two  or  more  animals  which  it  is  convenient  to 

low  a  common  pasture,  corral,  or  stable.   The  list  of  parasites  arranged 

cording  to  host  animals,  Chapter  YIII,  which  has  been  prepared  with 

re  fr<mj  all  accessible  records  concerning  such  s])ecie8,  will  form  a 

ady  means  of  determining  such  questions  without  having  to  spend 

le  in  reading  through  the  body  of  the  work  to  find  it. 

The  subject  of  remedies  and  i)reventive  measures  is  treated  fnlly 

j'  We  iucliido  elsewhere  description  of  11  louse,  Trkhodectca  mephitidiH,  that  has  been 
lund  iu  abuudanceou  tbe  Hkimlv. 


24 


IKSECTS   AFFECTlNf     DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


in  a  separate  chapter,  and  we  wish  hove  only  to  allude  in  the  brielcs 
nuinuer  to  a  few  j>oneral  principles  which  should  be  kept  in  jnind  in  al 
cases  of  insect  attack  upon  domestic  animals. 

As  with  many  other  insects,  it  is  frequently  much  easier  to  prcm 
than  to  remedif,  and  if  careful  attention  is  given  to  the  matter  tin 
stockbreeder  may,  for  many  of  the  pests  here  enumerated,  gain  for  lii 
nerds   practical   immunity,  even  if   other  herds   in  the  vicinity  ai 
infested.    This  is  true  for  all  species  that  are  in<'ai)able  of  flight,  or  tlui 
depend  for  distribution  on  the  direct  association  of  infested  animal 
with  those  that  arc  free,  or  that,  by  attaching  themselves  to  posts,  rail> 
etc.,  where  animahi  rub  themselves,  may  be  transferred  from  one  I 
another.     Prevention  is  also  the  most  important  measure  with  tli' 
internal  parasites,  bots,  etc.,  which  are  with  ditticulty  reached  wlui 
lodged.     With      any  others,  however,  such  as  nios(|uitoe8,  flies,  tU'.]i> 
etc.,  and  with  lice,  mites,  etc..  if  they  have  gained  a  foothold,  dirci 
treatment  is  absolutely  essential.     Here  there  is  necessity  for  examini! 
tion  of  the  conditions  and  adopticui  of  one  of  two  forms  of  treatment 
according  to  the  circumstances.    The  first,  rvpclUtnt^  where,  as  wit! 
mosquitoes,  Hies,  etc.,  it  is  possible  to  drive  the  insects  from  any  pai 
ticular  animal  by  mechanical  devices  or  by  use  of  repelling  odors.    Tin 
second,  (lestnictire,  where  it  is  necessary  by  use  of  substances  fatal  ti 
the  i)ai'asite  to  cause  its  <leath.     In  all  of  these  there  is  choice  among  ; 
number  of  fairly  successful  measures,  each  of  which  may  have  soint 
particular  advantage  under  certain  circumstances.     For  example,  dip' 
and  washes,  which  may  be  safe  enough  in  hot  weather,  may  be  uncU' 
sirable  in  winter.    On  this  account  it  has  seemed  that  some  method  o 
fumigation  might  prove  (/f  value,  and  experiments  in  this  line  havebcci 
made  which  show  that  it  can  be  used  ettectively.    The  time  required, 
however,  to  do  this  in. ikes  otiier  methods  still  preferable.     Uoubtlcs> 
some  improvtiuents  in  detiiils  of  ai)plicati(>n  may  much  facilitfite  treat 
tnent  in  this  manner,  and  we  >vould  call  itttention  to  the  subject  di.'< 
cussed  nnu'e  fully  in  Chapter  VH. 


.,  The  ins' 
jly  one  y 
present! 
illteres  o 
ings  are 
^ve   sue 
limals,  t 
^ach  the 
The  lar' 
le  ditiert 
?arly  all 
»ey  rang 
Inns  wh 
3on  plan 
|The  pu 
ideninj 
[)lit  on  t 
jparated 
le  adult 
While 
froup  inc 
^ve  stocl< 


The  m« 
tauzy  wi 
Lre  provi 
^re  capal 

The  la 
^uatic, 
the  fami 


NIMALS. 


allude  ill  the  brielcs 
be  kept  in  iiiiiul  in  ;il 

iiucli  easier  to  prcrcn 
en  to  tiie  matter  tin 
iimerated,  gain  for  hi 
5  in  the  vioiiiity  ai 
pable  of  flight,  ortlm 
1  of  infested  animal 
nselves  to  posts,  nul 
iisferred  from  one  \r 
lit  measure  with  tli' 
ihcnlty  reached  wIki 
os(|uitoe8,  flies,  ti(;k> 
ed  a  foothold,  dircM 
lecessity  for  examini! 

0  forms  of  treatment 

1  hint,  where,  as  witl 
iisects  from  any  pm 
repellin<;'  odors.  Tin 
f  substances  fatal  h 
ere  is  choice  amoiif; 
liich  may  have  soim 
i.  For  example,  dip' 
eather,  may  be  uiidi 
that  some  method  n 
ill  this  line  havebeci 

The  time  re(]uiii'(l. 
efcrable.  Doubth.v 
iiuch  facilitate  treat 
1  to  the  (subject  di> 


CHAPTEH    II. 


DIPTERA. 


Mosquitoes,  Gnats,  Flies,  and  Ticks. 

I  The  insects  of  this  group  are  readily  distinguished  by  their  having 
OTily  one  pair  of  wings,  the  second  pair.  (!ommon  to  other  insects,  being 
iftju-esented  by  a  pair  of  rudiments  or  modified  structures  called 
li|klteres  or  balancers.  In  many  of  the  parasitic  forms,  however,  the 
trangs  are  entirely  wanting,  as  in  the  sheep-ficU,  spider Hy,  etc.  They 
iave   suctorial  mouthparts,  and,  in  the  forms  attacking  fhe  various 

fiimals,  these  parts  become  readily  adapted  to  ])enetratiug  the  skin  to 
ach  the  small  bloodvessels. 
%  The  larva'  are  fleshy  grubs  or  maggots,  or  slender  worms,  adai)fed  in 
ma  different  families  to  widely  different  conditions  of  existence,  but  in 
ftearly  all  cases  requiring  some  degree  of  moisture.  In  this  respect 
i|iey  range  all  the  way  fnmi  the  entirely  aquatic  moscpiito  larva'  to  the 

>rms  which  mature  in  comparatively  dry  situations  in  earth  or  even 

ion  jilants. 

if  The  ]mi»ie  are  in  some  cases  formed  by  the  simple  contraction  and 
^rdening  of  the  larval  skin  and  in  disclosing  the  imago  may  either 
^lit  on  the  dorsal  surface  or  in  a  circular  manner  so  that  a  cap  is 
gBparated  from  the  head  end.  leaving  a  round  aperture  through  which 
pie  adult  emerges. 

J  While  comparatively  tew  are  parasites  in  the  strictest  sense,  the 
^I'oup  includes  many  of  the  most  troublesome  of  the  insect  enemies  of 
live  stock,  as  will  be  recognized  in  the  discussion  of  particular  species. 


Family  CULK  'ID.F.. 

(]VIf>s<iuit ocs,  (fiiats,  clc.) 

The  members  of  this  family  are  slender-bodied,  delicate  insects  with 
fauzy  wings,  the  veins  of  which  bear  minute  scales.     The  mouth  parts 
ire  provided  with  laii(!et-like  i)ier(!ing  mandibles  whi<'li,  in  the  females, 
■re  capable  of  inflicting  a  severe  bite. 

W  The  larva'  in  those  species  whose  life  history  has  l)een  traced  are 
i^cniatic,  and  this  may  doubtless  be  considered  as  fhe  usual  habit  for 
^he  family;  but  it  is  very  probable  that  many  species  pass  through 

25 


26 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


their  transformations  in  moist  places,  under  grass,  etc.,  and  perliai  Jggs  are 
even  in  tolerably  dry  situations.  Otherwise  it  is  difficult  to  accoiiiaa  from  t 
for  the  swarms  of  the  adults  in  localities  remote  from  water  or  low  laiiaaion,  oft 

rnbh  is  ta 
>t 
txl 
hi 
h« 


Flu.  1,—Ctili'X piiniii'us :  a,  feniiilc,  I'lom  kIiIc;  h,  male,  Iniij]  uliovc;  c,  front  tarsuH  (if  siinioj  d,  miilil 
c,  liiiul  tiu'HiiH;  /.  cenitalia  ol  saiiio;  (/,  scales  from  liind  border  of  wing;  /i,  Hrali'S  from  (li^l> 
wind— all  onlargeil  (from  Howard). 


The  life  history  lias  been  often  repeated  in  works  on  natural  hiatuni 
and  it  is  unnecessary  to  give  it  in  detail  here.  It  may,  however,  liti 
allowable  to  give  a  brief  stat..;-    nt  of  the  general  course. 


wWcli  are 
y  is  wi 
fliee  away. 
Aliuut  c 
L'ribed, 
[mostly 
[raajoril 
|he  gen 
all  oui 


ANIMALS. 


DIPTERA. 


27 


ras8,  etc.,  and  perliaj  igj-s  are  deposited  in  small  boat-shaped  masses  and  the  hirva'  hatch- 
is  difficult  to  accdiiial  from  these  escape  into  the  water.    They  move  about  by  a  jerky 
from  water  or  lowlaiiaSion,  often  ascendinj?  to  the  surface  to  obtain  a  fresh  supply  of  air 

srKlch  is  taken  through  a  slender  tube  at  the  caudal  end  (tig.  2).  The 
>upa'  are  also  active  and  move  about  in  the  water  during  their  brief 
■,xi8ten<;e  in  this  form,  rising  to  the  surface  for  air,  which  is  taken 
hifngh  a  spiracle  near  the  head  When  the  insect  is  ready  to  emerge 
l»©;?l)upa  rests  at  the  surfiice  with  the  doisal  tace  sliglitly  out  of  the 
voter,  the  case  splits  and  the  mosquito  draws  (mt  first  the  front  legs 


^ 


(lilt  tiirsiiH  (iT  s;ini(>;  il,  iiiiilill' 
wing;  /i,  scali's  Iniiu  (Ii^k^ 


;s  on  natural  histoijt 
Ft  may,  however.  U 
1  course. 


Flm2.—0tilex  jivnuenn:  liirvii  at  lel't.  impa  at  iij;lil,  willi  aiin!   Hi'irnient  lu'luw— all  ciilargfil  (trtira 

Ilnwani). 

wHcli  arc  placed  on  the  water  to  serve  as  support  while  the  rest  of  the 
y  is  withdrawn.     The  wings  expand  very  (piickly  and  the  insect 

away. 
Ibout  one  hundred  and  fifty  species  of  this  family  have  been 
pibed,  and  of  these  over  thirty  belong  to  North  America.  They 
[mostly  divided  among  the  genera  Culex,  Anopheles,  and  C(U'ethra, 
I  majority,  however,  twenty-seven  accredited  species,  being  included 
fhe  genus  Culex.    Tiiese  may  be  considered  as  mos(iuitoes  proper, 

all  our  most  annoying  forms. 


28 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


f! 


m 


Tlieir  aggnivatiiijf  habits  have  been  recognized  by  describers  in  sik 
significant  names  as  molestus,  punffcufi,  punctor,  dainuosus,  ex('H<in, 
excnicians,  impatiens,  implacabiUti,  prorocnns^  etc.,  which  may  be  take 
as  indicating  tliat  even  a  naturalist  is  capable  of  harboring  resentnicn 

Of  the  American  species,  Ciilcx  pini(jens  has  been  studied  in  the  Hiv  • 
sion  of  Entomology,  and  Dr.  Howard  has  publislied  in  Circular  No.  1 
second  series,  a  brief  statement  of  its  life  history,  being  a  condense 
statement  of  a  fidler  article  published  in  UuUetin  No.  4,  of  this  seru 

liie  following  (flotation,  however,  with  the  beautiful  figures  wine 
have  been  kindly  plaited  at  my  disjto.sal  for  this  paper,  will  serve  t 
give  a  clear  idea  of  the  habits  upon  which  remedial  measures  must  I 
based: 

The  follo\rin<;  stiitemont  conceniins  the  life  Iiistory  of  thcso  liisectn  is  hasod  ii|ii 
a  scries  ot'oliservations  iiiiido  in  this  Uivisntii  upon  tlio  tl('veh>i)ni<'nt  of  two  snniiin 
j{en»'rntioiis  of  Ciiler  pnnijenii,  oiw  of  onr  connnonest  iuitl  most  wi(K'H])i'ea(l  specii" 
Thf  writer  lins  si'cu  spcnincns  of  this  insect  from  N(!w  Hampshire,  Massacimsi f 
New  York,  ^^ar,\"h^l'.(l,  Distric*  of  Coliimhia,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  Kentncky,  Nchra^k 
Lonisnina,  Georfjia,  and  the  Ishind  of  .laniaiia,  AVcst  Indies.  Xo  doubt  it  is  ,il 
abundant  in  New  .Jersey. 

Ey:g  hiving  takes  i»lace  at  nifjht.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  boat-shaped  niasv 
ou  the  surface  of  the  water,  tie  nnniber  viiryinjj;  froiii  200  to  400  in  each  mass,  li 
eggH  may  liatcli  in  sixteen  hours.  'I"he  larva'  li\'e  beneath  the  snrfafe  of  the  wiiti 
coming  to  the  toi>  at  fre(|ncnt  intervals  to  breathe.  The  larval  state  may  be  roi 
phited  in  seven  days;  the  pupal  state  may  last  only  twenty-four  hours.  An  eiii;: 
generation  in  fiumincr  time,  then,  maybe  comiilctcd  in  ten  days,  'I'liis  length  ^ 
time,  however,  may  be  almost  indelinitely  enlargeil  if  the  weather  be  co<:l.  Tim 
are,  therefore,  many  generations  in  the  course  of  a  season,  and  the  insect  may  Itvii 
successfully  in  a  more  or  less  transient  surface  ])ool  of  water. 

Mosiiuitoes  hilternate  in  the  adult  condition  in  celliirs  and  outhouses  and  iiiid 
all  sorts  of  slielter.  The  degree  of  cold  makes  no  dilference  in  successful  hibcin 
tion;  mosiiuitoes  are  ahiindaut  in  the  ari'tic  regions. 

PREVENTION  AND   UIOMEDY. 

That  cattle  and  horses  snfller  a  great  amount  of  pain,  and  that  tlici 
is  actual  loss  to  the  stock  owner  from  this  source  will  scarcely  be  calif 
in  (juestion  by  anyone  familiar  with  tlie  subject.  These  ;  annals  ma 
often  be  seen  with  a  tlock  of  the  ]>ests  llyiiig  around  them  or  located  n 
the  body,  tlicir  distended  blood  red  abdomens  attesting  their  sanj;ii 
nary  meal.  This  will  be  i)articularly  noted  where  animals  have  bee 
pastured  in  lowland  or  near  thickets,  where  mos(juitoes  abound.  Tim 
much  can  be  done  to  abate  this  loss  and  pain  is  now  well  establislicii 
and  the  following  extract  from  an  article  by  Dr.  L.  ().  Howard,  who  lia 
done  more  than  anyone  else  t()  <'all  attention  to  these  possibilities,  wil 
cover  the  question  of  remedies  better  than  any  summary  of  my  own 

Of  remedies  against  mosijuitoes  in  houses  the  best  is  a  thorough  screening  of  wic 
dowH  and  the  ]daciug  of  nets  about  beds.  If  the  insects  are  troublesome  in  sit  i in. 
or  sleeping  rooms  during  the  evening  the  burning  of  pyrethrum  will  so  stupefy  tin: 
as  to  make  their  i>reseiice  unobjectionahle.  Pyrethrum  for  this  purpose  should  i- 
prepared  by  moistening  the  powder  sufficiently  to  allow  of  its  lieing  roughly  inolil' 


[hand  intc 
les  are  th 
|x  such  a 
hurtful 
cones 
Kliiitoes 
a  pallia 
[he  mosii 
easily  k 
)  nailed 
(r  the  (pi 
and  is 
Itoes  are 
ireediug 
ire  is  abs 
lal  reined 
iction  of  ti 
'he  drain 
sh  places 
icessfnl  ii 


the  introi 

lere  the 

le.    In  ta 

lito  ]arv;e 

Sere  carp  a 

^ing  in  tin 

|h,  calicil  t 

in.    Probi 

[a  mos(iuil 

^robahly 

litoes  IS  tl 

111  that  ke 

^de  nion^  1 

inle  ill  IW) 

jitcly  1  oiii 

lei'tnally  < 

JKCthatth 

ley  alight 

Inewed  for 

iitions  in  c 

:  Since  189! 

le  practic 

^ero  rid  ot 

|ot  jirove 

^os(|iiitoes 

ilile  niidei 

Jhere  the 

prosene  r« 

Se  pit  or 

ligation  i 

turned  ii 

|ie  hreedi 

Ities,  hou 

losed  dooi 

ie  vault, 


ANIMALS. 

id  by  deacribers  in  sik 
»•,  (lam nouns,  e.rcitii\i^ 
c,  which  may  be  takd 
harboring,'  loseiitinc 
?en  studied  in  the  I)i\  •' 
bed  in  Circuhir  No.  ] 
ry,  beiiifj  a  condense 
in  No.  4,  of  this  sei  ic 
beautiful  lij^ures  wIik 
is  paper,  will  serve  t 
lial  measures  must  [ 


these  iuseets  is  based  ii|« 
•velojmiciit  of  two  niiiiiih. 
most  wi<lcs]irea(l  sptM  u 
Iaiii)»sliire,  Massaclms.  i 
sota,  Kentucky,  Xelira-k 
ilies.     Xo  (loiibt  it  IS  ;i|. 


DIPTERA. 


29 


?d  ill  boat-shaped  mass 
to  400  ill  eaeh  mass,     i: 

I  tlio  .snrliirc^  of  the  wai. 

larval  state  may  In-  mi 

ty-foiir  lioiirs.     An  em 

ten  days.  This  length 
weather  be  cool.  Tli, 
and  the  insect  may  bn 

;er. 
and  (tiithoiises  and  iiml 

L>e  in  successful  hibeii; 


'  pain,  and  that  tlici 
will  scarcely  be  calli 

These  ;  dimals  iii;i 
nd  rliem  or  located  > 
testing  tiieir  saii^ii 
I*  animals  have  liet 
litoes  abound,  Tli 
low  well  establisluMJ 

(>.  Howard,  wlio  Im 
lese  iK)ssibilities,  wil 
iinimary  of  my  own 

•rough  screening  of  win 
'o  troiiblescmo  in  sit i in. 
I'um  will  so  stupefy  tlur 
•  this  purpose  should  '>  . 
ts  being  roughly  luolil. 


Ihnud  into  little  cones  abont  tiie  size  and  shape  of  a  largo  chocolate  drop.  These 
les  are  then  placed  in  a  pan  and  thoroughly  dried  lu  an  oven.  When  tired  at  the 
Ix  such  a  cone  will  smolder  slowly  and  send  up  a  thiu  column  of  pungent  smoke 

I  hnrtful  to  man,  but  stiipyfying  to  mosiiuitoes.    In  actual  experience  two  or  three 
cones  burned  iltiring  the  course  of  an  evening  have  given  much  relief  from 

^(piitoes  iu  sitting  rooms.     It  docs  not  kill  the  insects,  however,  and  is  at  best 

i  a  palliative. 

|he  mosiiuitoes  found  on  the  ceilings  of  bedrooms  iu  the  evening  may  be  (piickly 
easily  killed  by  means  of  a  small,  shallow  tin  '  :'p  (such  as  the  lid  of  a  blacking 

1)  nailed  to  tlie  top  of  a  stick  and  wet  inside  with  kerosene.  This  cup  is  placed 
Ir  tlie  (juiesceiit  mosijuito,  which  immediately  drops  or  Hies  against  the  oily  sur- 
aiid  is  killed.  Hut  altogether  the  most  satisfactory  means  of  lighting  inos- 
Itoes  are  tiiose  which  are  directed  to  the  destruction  of  the  larva'  or  the  abolition 

Jreediug  places.  These  measures  are  not  everywhere  feasible,  but  in  many  ]>lace8 
)re  is  absolutely  no  necessity  for  the  endurance  of  the  mos(|iiito  plague.  Tiie  prin- 
tal  remedies  of  this  class  are  three:  The  draining  of  jionds  and  marshes,  the  iiitro- 
|ctionof  tish  into  lishless  pools,  and  the  use  of  kerosene  on  tiio  surface  of  the  water. 
The  draining  of  brtseding  jiools  needs  no  discussion.  Obviously  the  drying  up  of 
Eh  places  will  prevent  niosiinitoes  from  breeding  therein,  and  the  conditions  of  a 
jcessful  application  of  this  measure  will,  it  is  equally  obvious,  vary  with  each 


the  introduction  of  tish  into  fishless  ]>onds  is  feasible  and  advisable  in  many  cases 
ftXere  the  use  of  kerosene  on  the  surface  of  the  water  would  be  thoiiglit  nudesir- 
ie.  In  tanks  sujiplying  drinking  water,  for  example,  tish  would  destroy  the  nioa- 
ito  lavv;e  as  fast  as  hatched.  A  case  is  recorded  iu  Insect  Life  (Vol.  IV,  ]>.  223) 
ll^ero  carp  were  employed  in  this  way  with  perfect  success  liy  an  English  gentleman 
li^iiig  ill  the  Kiviera.  At  (?an  Diego,  Tex.,  tl/e  jieople  use  for  tiiis  jmrjiose  a  little 
^li,  called  there  a  perch,  the  species  of  which  the  writer  has  not  been  aliie  to  ascer- 
iwin.  Probably  the  common  voracious  little  sticklo-back  would  answer  admirably 
a  mos(|uito  destroyer. 

^'robably  the  best,  and  certainly  the  easiest,  of  wholesale  remedies  against  inos- 
iitoes  IS  the  apjilication  of  kerosene  to  the  surface  of  breeding  pools.  The  sugges- 
in  that  kerosene  could  be  used  as  a  remedy  for  inosciuitoes  is  not  new  and  has  been 
If^do  more  than  once.  Exact  exjieriments  out  of  doors  ami  on  a  large  scale  were 
ni^de  ill  \X92  by  the  writer.  These  and  siibse(|neiit  experiments  show  that  ai>proxi- 
Bttitely  1  ounce  of  kerosene  to  each  b")  siiuare  feet  of  water  surface  on  small  jtools  will 
«^e(tiially  destroy  all  the  larva'  and  juipa'  in  that  pool,  with  the  additional  advan- 
tigc  that  the  adult  females,  not  deterred  from  atteniitting  to  oviposit,  are  killed  when 
tbey  alight  oil  the  keidseiie-coveied  water.  Ordinarily,  the  application  need  not  be 
l^uowed  for  a  month,  though  varying  circiimstaiKes  may  reiiuire  more  fre((ueut  appli- 
i^tioiis  iu  certain  cases. 

Since  1892  several  demonstrations,  on  large  and  small  scales,  have  been  made  of 

tlif  practicability  of  this  method,     lender  the  writer's  supervision  two  localities 

%ero  rid  of  mosipiitoes  by  the  use  of  kerosene  alone.     It  will,  however,  probably 

not  jirove  feasible  to  treat  iu  this  way  the  large  sea  niarshes  along  the  coast  where 

os(iuitoe8  breed  in  hordes,  although  even  here  the  remedy  may  jirove  to  bo  jiracti- 

ible  under  certain  conditions  and  in  certain  situations.     In  inland  places,  however, 

lliere  the  mosijuito  supply  is  derived  from  comparatively  ('ircumscribed  ])ool8,  the 

frosene  remedy  will  prove  most  useful.     Iu  some  (  aliforuia  towns,  we  are  informed, 

le  pit  or  vault  behind  water-closets  is  subject  to  flushing  with  water  during  the 

^rigatioii  of  the*  land  near  by.     A  jieriod  of  several  weeks  elajises  before  more  water 

I  turned  in,  and  in  the  meantime  the  water  iu  the  pit  grows  stagnant  and  becomes 

le  breeding  place  of  thousands  of  moscjuitoes.     Wheii,  as  in  certain  towns  iind 

Ities,  house  drainage  runs  into  such  a  pit  and  an  outdoor  privy  with  a  seldom 

Josed  door  is  built  over  it,  mosquitoes  will  breed  all  summer  in  the  fluid  contents  of 

je  vault,  and  of  course  will  infest  all  the  adjacent  houses. 


30 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


In  such  cases  a  ttMicui)fiil  of  kerosene  poured  into  each  vault  at  intervals  di 
month  or  less,  would  i^reatly  decrease  the  annoyance  from  nioscjuitoes,  if  it  diil  i, 
altojjfether  iirevent  it.  This  is  a  case  where  tho  cooperation  of  noi^hhors  is  m^ 
essential;  every  householder  in  a  fjiveu  neighborhood  sliould  see  that  his  vault 
treated  with  kerosene  regularly  and  oftou.  The  cost  is  so  trilliiij;-  that  it  need  ii 
1)0  considered. 

When,  as  is  the  case  at  nuiny  country  homes,  rain  water  is  collected  in  barrels 
}M)gsheads,  for  one  i)urpose  or  another,  mos(|uitocs  nuiy  and  do  brood  in  numbers 
such  vessels.  If  the  water  as  used  lie  drawn  from  t\w,  bottom  of  tho  cask,  it  will- 
uo  harm  lo  ]iour  in  a  little  kero.seuc,  since  the  oil  will  not  lie  drawn  out  witli  t 
water.  At  all  events,  siu'li  receptacles  should  be  covered  at  ui^ht  to  iirevent  c: 
laying. 

The  «|nestion  what  is  tlu^  liest  way  to  cover  with  kerosene  the  siirfa-cc  of  a  jxidl 
some  si/c  is  api>aiently  needless,  since  the  operation  is  -)bvi<insly  simple,  but  sm<  h 
(|Uestion  has  lic<'U  asiied  of  the  Division.  .Sim])ly  iionring  the  oil  on  I'lom  any  jmr 
of  the  sliore  will  answer  tolerably  well,  since  it  will  sp.ead  of  itself,  but  if  for  n 
reason  it  is  desired  to  coat  the  jiool  rapidly  with  kerosene,  it  may  be  advisable  i 
sjiray  the  oil  tliroiigli  .a  sjiraying  iioz/le,  either  from  the  bank  or  from  a  boat.  Ti 
method  of  apjilication  will  v;iry  with  each  case,  but  in  the  class  of  jiools  which  rn 
l>e  most  advaiit;ige<iusly  treated,  namely,  those  of  small  si/e,  tho  oil  can  be  Wi. 
spread  by  thinwing  it  on  to  windwiiid  witli  a  wide  swee])  of  the  arm. 

F.uuily    e:illIJ().N(  )MI1)J<:. 


The  iiiset'ts  of  this  family  are  nmsqiiito  lilvc,  but  (lilVcr.  in  tliat  tin 
costal  vein  is  not  continued  ai'ound  the  winj;-.  The  antenna-  of  the  inaKv 
are  usually  ])liiniose.  The  larva'  breed  in  still  water,  and  for  a  specit- 
whicli  has  been  i»iesent  in  .ureat  numbers  in  the  water  mains  of  Uoom 
Iowa,  and  which  occurs  iu  water  tanks  and  reservoirs,  it  has  beci 
deternuned  that  the  larva'  form  a  protectino-  tube  of  earthy  ])articlc 
and  bits  of  organic  matter,  the  ])upa'  coming  to  the  surface  to  permit  p,j 
the  emergence  of  the  adult  (Bull,  ."JL*,  Iowa  E\\h  Sta,). 

TiiK  Blood  sroKiNti  (Jnat. 

(  '/'()•■•<( tit li I ■■<  lorreim  'I'owi    .) 

This  species,  described  from  western  >iew  .Alexico,  is  the  type  of  ;i 
new  genus,  Tersest lu's  (Psyche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  iW.)).  The.se  gnats,  acconl 
ing  to  Town.send,  occurred  iu  some  numbers  upon  horses,  mostly  on  tin 
head  and  face,  })ai'ticularly  around  ami  below  the  eyes  of  the  animals. 
They  were  veiy  small  and  black,  but  their  abdomens  being  distendi  il 
and  swollen  with  blood  gave  them  a  red  appearance.  The  localiiv 
where  they  were  taken  was  at  an  altitude  of  "something  over  7,(Hmi 
feet."  This  species  has  not  been  rec(trded  from  any  other  locality  and 
would  seem  to  have  a  restricted  range. 

It  is  described  as  being  If,  mm.  to  2^-  mm.  long,  according  to  the  dis- 
tension of  the  abdomen,  the  wings  1\  mm.,  the  general  color  blackish, 
wings  grayish,  transparent,  with  barely  a  smoky  tinge.  For  further 
details  the  original  description  should  be  consulted. 


pl.e  inst 
|simple 
lorn  niJl 
Che  larvl 
hdiig  wi 
owing  J 
|ges: 
thiinbane| 
7i\,  and  p 
^he  ])erfcc| 
latlons  o 
surface  o 
Slum, 
le  hirv;e 
Uilovm 
seiiiiova 
ax  eight 
closed  ii 
ace  of  til 
s. 

he  early 

ericaii  I'-n 

of  yoini 

rwardsdi 

■)y  Seth 

en  tlueai 

ted  nine 

iblo.     1 

aii'orti<le  \n 

Honctiye  Fal 

the  jicrlect 

larv:e  were  : 

3tcr  plantt 
Stones  at 
\  these  w 
pKEN  ions  yoi 
Ptdiii  this  fi 
Bttcccssion  « 
a  single  bro 
SB^aller  tha: 
si^e  of  the  1 
the  sail 
tcies  four 
J  of  Wasl 
Ithe  Bubji 
In  the  Ai 
ruard  dc 
Inntain  e 
aks  u  fe\ 


ANIMALS. 

ch  vnnit  at  intorv.-ils  „| 
u  in()S(|uitoc8,  il"  it  <li,i  , 
itioii  of  uoijrhljora  is  m, 
lioiilil  sec  that  his  vault 
"  trilliiijr  tliat  it  iioed  i; 

!•  is  follccted  in  liarrds 
ul  *li)  1h<;<m1  ill  iiumb(i> 
toiii  or  tbociisk,  it  -nill- 
i>t  1.1'  drawn  out  witli  i 
I  at  iiinlit  to  jireveiit  c. 

10  the  snrfac."  of  u  ji,,,,! 
ii'iisly  siiiiiilf.  hut  siK  !i 
tin-  nil  nil  iVoiii  any  jini 
d  of  itself,  lint  if  for  ,, 
3.  it  may  hi'  advisahlc  : 
ink  or  Iroiii  a  boat,  i; 
■  ••la>s  of  pools  wliicli  ,  ■ 
size,  flio  oil  can  be  w, 
'f  tlif  arm. 

KK. 


DIPTERA.  31 


ir  (lim'v.  in  tliiit  ih. 
iiittMiiijcot  tlieinalc 
tT,  jiiid  for  a  si)0('i(- 
Iter  iiiiiins  of  iJoom, 
eivoirs,  it  has  bcci 
'  of  oartiiy  particle 
10  surface  to  periiiK 
a.). 


!o,  i.s  tlio  type  of  n 
liese  gnats,  aeconl 
uses,  mostly  on  tin 
yes  of  the  aniinaN, 
lis  beiny  distendi  il 
iiK'e.  Tlie  localitv 
lu'tliinj;-  over  7,0(in 
other  locality  and 

cording  to  the  dis- 
lal  color  blackish, 
iige.    For  farther 


Family  SIMULIII)^. 

(Black  Flics,  Buflalo  Cfnatt=s.) 

pLe  insects  of  this  family  are  short  and  small,  thick  bodied,  having 
sinii)le  eyes  and  no  transverse  suture  in  the  thorax.  They  are 
om  more  than  a  ((uartcr  of  an  inch  in  length. 

he  larvii",  so  far  as  known,  all  live  under  water,  nsnally  in  swiftly 
niiig  water,  and  their  structure  and  habits  are  both  i>eculiar.  Tiie 
iwing  e.vtract  sums  up  the  facts  regarding  the  discoveries  of  early 

|gcs: 

•lillnhaiier  first  discovorcd  that  tlic  early  stajrrs  of  llie  ('(diimhae/  midne,  ou';;, 
a,  and  pupa,  were  passed  in  the  water  and  only  left  that  eleiimiit  to  transforin 
be  jierfeet  insect.  Some  time  afterwards  Nordat  and  Fries  pnhlislied  the  trans- 
lations of  the  Siiiiiirunii  mricciim.  'I'be  larv:e  (if  the  latter  sjiecies  live  under 
Hurfaco  of  the  water  on  the  .stems  of  water  jilants  on  the  j;enera  I'liellandriniu 
.^iuiii. 

le  larva'  are  slender,  cylindrical,  and  furnished  near  the  mouth  with  two  sinj;iilar 
flatjclliform  ajipendayes  arisinj;  in  |tairs.  The  posterior  piirt  of  the  body  is  inclosed 
in  >  seniioval  cocoon  attached  to  tlie  ]dant.  The  i)U]i,i'  have  on  each  side  of  the 
thi^ax  eight  lonu' filiform  ap]i<'ii(bi<j<'s  risini;-  in  pairs,  'i'lie  jiosterior  ])art  of  the  liody 
iB(h<'bised  ill  a  seniioval  cocouii  attaclicrl  to  the  jdants.  The  lly  issues  below  the 
SUilface  of  the  water,  and,  risiin;'  to  the  top,  is  protected  by  a  line  silky  covering  of 
hi|rs. 

he  early  stages  of  several  of  the  American  sjiecics  have  been  studied.  In  the 
lericaii  lliitoiiinloi'ist  ( \'ol.  II,  p.  L'.T,  .lime,  ISTdi.  under  the  iieading.  "The  death 
of  young  trout,"  we  described  the  larva  and  iiniia,  with  liunres  of  a  .species 
rwards  described  by  us  as  sinniliinn  phcicidiinn  (ibid.,  p,  liiiT).  These  larvic  were 
by  Setb  (ireeii  to  live  attached  ''o  stones  in  swift  running  water  and  to  8])in  a 
;en  thread  in  which  young  fish  became  entangled  and  killed.  This  statement 
ted  much  excitement  among  tish  cultiirists  at  the  time,  and  really  seemed  very 
iblo.  It  was  contradicted,  bowever,  by  Sara  .1.  Mclbide.  of  Muinford,  \.  V.,  in 
rticki  published  in  the  same  vidiime  (](i).  I!(i5-|{tj7),  and  also  by  Fred  Mather,  of 
Hwieoyo  Falls,  X.  Y.,  in  private  eorresponileuce  with  us.  Mrs.  Mclhide  found  that 
the  perl'ecl  Hies  issued  about  the  Ist  of  Ajtril  and  the  1st  of  .Juno  thereafter  the 
lai^a'  were  found  in  the  streams  in  great  numbers — as  a  general  rule  attached  to 
Wftcr  plants  ;>  or  I  inches  below  the  surl'ace  of  the  water.     Some  were  also  attaidied 

f  tones  at  the  bottom.  The  majoi  ity  were  fastened  to  green,  decaying  water  cress. 
i  these  were  green  in  cidor,  while  others  which  held  to  dead  forest  leaves  of  the 
vioiis  year's  growth,  which  hud  beionie  entangled  with  the  cress,  were  brown, 
l"^)!!!  this  facL  she  .justly  argued  they  fed  upon  decaying  vegetation.  There  was  a 
8»cession  of  generations  or  broods  throughout  the  season,  the  develoimient  of 
*|iiigle  bi'ood  occujiying  about  two  month;).  The  llies  issuing  in  niidsumnier  were 
Sliialler  than  those  devclopiMl  iu  tb(>  spring  and  fall,  although  no  ditVereuce  in  the 
stie  of  the  larva'  and  ]iupa'  was  pereejitible. 
Ill  the  same  volume  (pj».  22(1-2.10),  (^sten  Sacken  gives  an  account  of  an  undetermined 
icies  found  attached  to  the  roots  and  plants  in  swift  running  streams  in  the  vicin- 
of  Washington.  This  article  contains  also  an  able  review  of  previous  writings 
jtlie  subject,  and  is  illustrated  with  tigures  taken  from  Vi>rdat. 
jn  the  American  Entomologist  (Vol,  III,  pp.  l!tl-193,  August.  1880),  Dr.  W.  S. 
uard  described  the  stages,  with  figures  of  the  eggs,  of  a  common  species  in  the 
inntaiu  streams  around  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  The  eggs  were  found  on  the  rocks  on  the 
iks  a  few  iuches  above  the  surface  of  the  water;  the  newly  hatched  larva)  were 


32 


INSECTS   AFFKCTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


,jii8t  at  tho  Hiirt'iicc,  aiul  t'l'oin  this  ])(>iut  tliuru  was  a  rugiiliir  grsidiitioii  in  tlio  si/i 
the  larva-  down  into  t\w  Ntruani.     Tlie  t'gjjH  wero  ibiind  abundiintly  on  tli«  tut  of, I  ii' 

In  tlio  I'rocdcdings  of  the  Boston  Socii-ty  of  Natnral  History  for  January,  !>• 
Dr.  Ila^Mi  dos('rilied  Shiiiiliinu  picliiies,  a  roniari^ahly  larjjo  Hjuicies,  tli«  larvii   n  || 
jtnpa'  of  whicli  wero  found  in  the  rapids  of  tho  An  Sahjo  IJiver,  Adirunda(;k  Mu; 
tains,  and  in  nicntioninfj;  tlio  fact  in  tho  Anu'ri<'an  Natnialist  for  April,  IHH\, 
stated  that  tho  larvio  and  pupa-  of  ])resiiiii{il)]y  tho  sanm  8|iocit;s  wero  fonml 
Messrs.  Hubbard  and  Siliwarz  in  tho  rapids  of  Michipicoton  K'iver,  north  slion 
Lake  Superior.     The  larva'  wero  there  found  to  have  tho  jxTnliarity  of  lloatin:; 
long  strings,  attached  t(t  each  other  bv  silken  threads,  while  tho  pupa-,  found  in  t 
•  piicter  ])ools  close  by,  ri'senibh.'d  clusters  of  coral. 

We  also  ha/.arded  the  stateinent  that  these,  were  tho  innnaturo  forms  of  tho  cc 
brated  Idack  lly  of  tho  Lake  Superior  region.  In  reference  to  the  probable  ideuti 
of  tho  Adirondack  with  tho  Lake  Superior  species.  Dr.  Ilageii,  in  comparison  of  t 
■))ecimeus  of  these  larva-  and  pui»as  received  from  Mr.  Hubbard,  with  similar  Ht.i; 
of  iS.  jiiclipen,  remarked  (C'anadian  Liiloni(dogist,  Vol.  XIII,  pp.  l.")0,  151)  that  wli, 
the  larva'  an  I  pupa-  did  not  <liH'er  materially,  imagoes  from  t\ui  Lake  Superior,  n 
raised  from  tho  j)ui)a'  collected  by  Mr.  Hubbard,  ditfored  from  N.  jiictiixn  in  tlit 
much  smaller  si/e  and  in  tho  color  of  the  legs.  (Report  of  tho  I'nited  S^m 
Entomologist  for  188L  pp.  :M2-:ii:{.) 

The  report  of  the  Kutomoloj^ist  tor  l.SStJ  contains  detailed  aecoiiir 
of  tlie  life  history  of  two  sneeies  named  respectively  the  Soutliei 
bulfalo-jiiiat  and  the  turkey-gnat.  The  recent  appearance  of  this  reiioi 
and  its  accessibility  to  all  render  it  unnecessary  to  j;ive  more  than 
brief  .synopsis  of  these  s])i'cies,  which  will  be  added  in  their  i)r(»i(t 
places. 

LOSSES   FKOM   Bl'FFALO   (iNATS. 

The  injuries  caused  by  butfalo  gnat.s  are  among  the  mo.-*t  serioii 
resulting  from  in.sect  attack  on  domestic  animals  and  man.     Since  it; 
imitossible  to  refer  all  such  injuries  to  the  species  causing  them, 
statement  of  the  losses  due  to  the  species  collectively  will  be  in  pl;u 
here. 

The  fan  >  Colurabacz  midge  has  kept  up  its  yearly  attacks  \\])i> 
the  stock  ill  its  resi)ective  locality  for  more  than  a  century,  accordiii 
to  autlientic  records,  and  so  late  as  1880  has  caused,  according  to 
report  from  Minister  John  A.  Kasson,  the  loss  of  loS  buffalo,  18(5  oxei 
17"»  cows,  50  calves,  49  sheep,  118  horses,  and  1,137  hogs.  (See  Rcimh 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1884,  p.  341.) 

In  this  country  the  losses  from  the  species  in  the  Northern  Stato- 
tlumgh  by  no  means  inconsiderable,  have  not  been  such  as  to  bring  (ni 
accurate  statistics.  In  the  South  the  losses  of  sheep,  hogs,  poultiy 
cattle,  hor.ses,  and  mules  have  been  very  great,  but  approximate  est; 
mates  are  given  in  only  a  few  cases. 

As  far  as  can  be  learned  the  damage  in  Louisiana  was  but  slight  prior  to  1850;  li« 
many  animals  were  killed  in  1801,  1862,  1863,  1864,  and  1806.  In  this  latter  year  tli 
parish  of  Tallulah,  La.,  lost  over  200  head  of  mulea,  and  upward  of  400  mules  um 
horses  were  killed  within  a  few  days  in  the  parishes  of  Madison,  Tensas,  and  (tn 
cordia,  all  in  the  same  State.  In  other  States  they  also  did  groat  damage.  In  l.^^S 
many  mules  were  killed  in  the  lowlands  of  Daviess  County,  Ky.  Although  lie 
tpieutly  causing  more  or  less  trouble  aud  loss,  they  did  not  appear  again  in  hiid  M 


ANIMALS. 


DIITERA. 


33 


iir  Kriuliitioii  in  the  hIzi 
indaiitly  on  the  list  of  .mi; 
History  for  January,  |v 
rK"  Hliec'ios,  tlio  larv.i   a 
IJiver,  Adirondack  Mn: 
nralist  for  April,  iwi, 
no  8|iocieM  were  ionnd 
otcii  Ii'iver,  north  shi.n 
)  peculiarity  of  lloiilin:.' 
lili!  the  pupil',  lonud  in  t 

nnatiiro  forms  of  the  (■( 
'11  to  tli(^  prohahle  idfnti 
i^'en,  in  comparison  of  i 
hbard,  with  similar  sl.i. 
'I,  pp.  !.")(),  151)  that  w!, 
ini  th<»  Lake  Sn|)erior.  i 
d  from  N.  picliiKu  in  ib 
t>rt  of  the.  United  >^- 

litis  (letiiiled  accoiiir 
ictivcly  tlie  Soiitlid 
>earance<)f  tliis  h'iki 
.'  to  ^ive  iMofe  than 
ulded  in  tbeir  jnoiit 

>iig  tlie  most  serioii 
and  man.     Since  it; 
fies  cansiiig  tlieiii. 
tively  will  be  in  plm 

yearly  attacks  upn 

a  century,  accoidin. 

mscd,  accordinji'  to . 

ir»8  bnffalo,  18(>  oxoi 

7  bogs.     (See  Reitm 

be  Nortbern  Stait- 

sncb  as  to  bring  on 

sbeep,  bogs,  ponlfiv 

lit  approximate  (st 


slight  prior  to  1850;  Im 
In  this  latter  year  tli 
iward  of  400  nuiles  am 
idison,  Tensas,  and  Coi 
fireat  damajje.  In  IMi 
ity,  Ky.  Although  In* 
t  appear  again  iu  >.iui 


Uwhclming  nnmhers  until  1871',  \XT.\,  1871,  18«1,  18«L',  1884,  IW".,  and  lS8ti.  In 
b  it  was  reported  that  the-  loss  of  mules  and  horses  in  Crittendi  n  County,  Ark., 
jeded  the  loss  from  all  diseases,  In  1873  they  caused  serious  injury  in  nniny  ]>ar- 
js  (if  Louisiana.  In  1S74  the  loss  occasioned  iu  one  county  in  southwest  Tennes- 
Iwas  estiuuited  at  $500, 0(K).  The  gnats  have  heen  especially  injurious  since  the 
jissijipi  floods  of  ISHl  and  188'J;  in  the  latter  year  they  were  more  destructive  to 
•k  than  ever  before,  appearinj?  in  inniiense  numbers  in  eastern  Kansas,  western 
Inessee,  and  Avestern  Mississippi,  and  the  great  destruction  of  cattle,  horses,  and 
les  caused  by  them  adde<l  greatly  to  the  distress  of  the  inhabitants  of  those  sec- 
ts of  the  country  caused  by  unprecedented,  lloods.  Many  localities  along  the 
tissippi  K'iver  in  Arkansas  also  sulfered  severely.  In  1884  biiHalognats  apjieared 
[in  in  great  numbers  and  were  fully  as  destructive  as  in  18H'_*.  In  P'rankiin  Parish, 
i,  within  a  week  from  their  first  aitpearance,  they  ha<l  caused  th(<  death  of  IJOO 
il  ot  stock.  They  were  i'<|ually  iiiinKM'ous  throughout  the  whole  regi(ui  infested, 
|1  lor  the  lirst  time  in  the  history  of  the  pest  they  attacked  horses  and  mules  on 
streets  of  the  cities  of  NMckslMiig  and  Memphis  No  general  outbreak  tooii 
•e  in  188."i.  yet  gnats  api)eared  in  sullicient  numliers  lo  kill  <|iiite  a  number  of 
lies  in  \  arious  parishes  of  Louisiana,  especially  in  Tensas  and  Franklin,  l!iil)alo- 
r  .ats  apiicaied  again  in  imiiiense  numbers  in  lS8(i,  and  extended  tliroiigliout  the 
eiltire  lower  Mississippi  \'alley,  and  swarms  wereexcn  obstMved  and  doing  damage 
.away  from  the  region  usually  invaded,  I'liey  came  very  late  in  tlit;  season,  and 
|Be(Hiently  animals  were  in  better  condition  to  witlistainl  tueir  atlacUs,  The 
nage  was  great,  however,  in  many  localities  wliere  ]ilanters  had  not  taken  steps 
lofect  their  stock. 
|esi(les  the  .•ictiial  loss  by  death  of  Mieir  stock,  ))ianters  lose  mucli  viliiable  time 
_ii'c]iariiig  their  fields  for  the  crojis.  It  so  hii])pens  th.'it  the  gnats  appear  at  a  tune 
ilPwJiich  the  ground  becomes  lit  to  b((  prejiared  for  cotton,  and  as  It  is  sery  impor- 
tant to  give  that  idant  as  much  time  as  possible  to  mature,  every  day  is  very  valuable 
Marly  sjiring.  Planters  owning  large  «'states  have  to  use  their  mules  for  plowing, 
jwithstaiuling  the  gnats,  while  farmers  on  a  small  scale  can  keep  their  aniniaK  m 
stable,  thus  jtroteeting  them,  ( K'eport  I'nited  States  Department  of  Agricnl- 
!.  lH8t),  p.  T,&2.) 

LIPK    IllSTOUY    AND   HABlT.s. 

lie  eggs  liave  been  (liscoveicd   tur  but  compaiatively  few  sjtecies. 
\V.  S.  liarnard  describes  and  lignrcs  tliose  of  a  si)ecies  found  at 
ilea,  X.  Y.  (xVmeiican  l')ntoinob)gist.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  191-193): 

hese  eggs  ( lig.  ;> )  were  found  on 
rocks  on  the  banks  a  few  inches 


)ve  th(^  surface  of  the  water,  and 
give  herewith  a  description  ol 
tfCiii  as  a  means  of  facilitating  the 
other  species. 


flfliiliiig  of  those  of 
T^e  eggs  are  dejiosited  in   a  com 
st   layer.    Their   shape    is   long 
)i(l,bnton  account  of  their  Sott- 
as and  clo.M'  proximity   to  each 
otter   they  become   distorted  and 
lyheilral.     ( >ne  end  is  fiecinently 
ttened   or    concave.     Each    egg 
lasures   0.40    liy    O.is    mm.      ;n 
jngary  theeggsof  the  Columbacz 
ilge    (S.    columhatcceiiae    Schiin- 
lier)  have  also  been  studied  by 


Fio,  3 Kggsof  Siinuliiiin— miicli  enliirged  (after  Bar- 

IlllTlU. 


Iward  I'oiiiosvary,  and  the  observations  have  heen  published  since  his  death  by 
4Go3 — No,  o 3 


84 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMAL8. 


Dr.  (ie/ii  llorviitli.'     Its  c^ks.  wliich  iiio  «nvolo|n)<l  iii  a  y»'Il<>wiHli-\vliil«  Nliiii 
dopositi'il  towanl  Mid  mu\  of  May  <ir  lioj{inniiif;  of  .Iiiiic,  mo  iilso  ilcpositod 


Ntoiir 


rh 


th 


it< 


II,  will  i> 

ciiicr  (• 

M«#r)'ly  last 
''  mwli  all'  not 


In  iiiiiiiy 
for  (M'i't:iiii 

cluitt'is. 


j;rass(>\ 
anil  in  tlio  brooks  of  tli(<  iiinri'  cli 
r(!gioriN.     TiiD   IViiimIo  of   that  Njin  k  . 
Haiil  lo  (lopoHit  on  an  avcraj-o  froni  "i 
to  10,(10(1  cjiHH,  liKt  no  (li'tailcd  dcscriiii 
is^iivcn,  wliilo  we  haxct  lonnil  only  ■> 
500  in  tlio  iivarics  of  our  Hpi'rirs. 

Tli.'larvM-  an)  ^^cncrally  ii'ss  than  I  «Hl#'''"l»lt' 
an  ini'ii  in  li<n^'tli,  Hulxyliinlrtral,  aii'theblsclvCH 
iialt'il  in  tiio  iniilillr,  anil  ('nlar;;cil  \i<\\  Wim\  iilioil 
botlii'iKls;  till' iMisliriortliini  of  till' 111  4.„__  ,,i,.   ,. 

lory  I'liK  (1 

is  nincli  stoiiti'i-  than  tho  antrrior  lli 

jinil  almost  ciiili-shaiit'il.     Tliiu'olornl  ■ 

larva  \arirs  jj;ri'atly,  anil  is  nsnaily  n,  8p6CU'S,  IHI 

or  It'ss  liki'  that  of  thu  snltstam orotis.  iilid 

whii'li  it  is  fustonoil.     'I'lir  lirad,  whir!      Tlic  jtiip: 
Kfrnrally  iit'arly  Ki|nari',  is  marked  w  n  e^^jn  mo^jf 
pair  of  small,  hiai'k,  api>roximatOMpiii«  ,. 

raih  Hido  that  look  liko  uy.-s,  but  arc  i;     'y  I'lllIlK'l 
KcHide  thi-  iisnal  niniith  orijans.  thr  hi-ud  ]ii>8Hi'ssi'8  two  additional  brown  and  lP'^P*' "'    "' 


Kill.  4  -  Fiiii  lit'  Shiiiiliiiiii  ii'viinrinii     tiiv»l\y  I'li 
liii  i.'1'il  ( ('mm  liilrvi. 


poS0(1  of  a 
"■difRBn'iit  sp 
'"att|l«'tii>iii 
Usell'  wit  hi  I 
md.  and  ill 
cespiiiitory 
){  silken  th 
sticks,  leavt 


Kiri.5.-Pr(il. 

.V.    }):Vlllini 

j;  I'  0  a  I  I  V 
lirgiMl 
l(ili)\  I. 


Rataiainin;;  1 
itmocphuric  i( 
itatein  tlut  i-a 
remain  for  son 

The  pi-rfeit 
ng  to  somo  V 


Nbapud   bodii's,  which  arc  nsnally  H])read  ont  itnd  kupt  in  I'oiiHtant  motion 

catchin;;  food;  thoy  open  and  dost)  like  ti  Ian.  ami  if  Ibldcd  ciin  bo  jiiirtially 

drawn  into  tlio  month.     'J"ho  simtoth  body  of  tlic  larva  \»  composed  of  twolyo 

or  sej^inonts,  live  of  wliich  form  the  cliib-shai)cil  anal  iiortion  of  the 

body.     On  the  iimler  side  of  the  tbortieic  ])orlion   is  a  Hiibeonicjil, 

retractilo  jjroceHs  (tig.  ."i),  crowned  with  a  circular  row  of  sliort  timl 

8har]»  bristles.     Tlio  anal    extremity  consists  also  of  a  siibeylin- 

drical,  triincated    iirotnberance,  which   is  crowned   with   rows  of 

oristles  similar  to  those  of  the  thoracic    jirolcfi.     The  larva  pos- 
sesses no  stijiinata.  but  immediately  below  the  amil  jirotiiberanec, 

on  the  under  side  of  the  body      here  are  three  short,  cylindrical, 

soft,  curved,  and  retractile  tentacles,  to  wliich  the  large  trachea' 

lead,  and  ■which  are  probably  the  orjjans 
of  respiration.     "     * 

In  simu)  of  the  most  mature  larva-  two 
kiilncyshaped  black  spots  are  visible  jnst 

above  the  thoracic  ]>rolej;,  one  on  each  side.  If  clo>orot0ttioii  eiu 
in\  cstijjated  with  a  good  lens,  it  isseen  that  thetnftsoi  i  lurflk'c  like  a 
nicnts  serving  the  future  jmpa  for  respiration  are  alivaiwiftiiess. 
formed  under  the  larval  skin.  All  these  lilameiits  ;ii  Tke  immjo. — 
from  the  same  sjiot  and  are  branches  of  a  single  intri:rh<W  are  char 
tube.     *      '  tndir,  and   is 

The  most  essential  condition  for  the  well-bciiij;  of  liiin^na'  are  c 
aijiiatic  iTeatiires  is  rai;id  motion  of  the  water  in  which  il  on||and  line 
live.  •  *  *  The  next  important  condition  of  a  sniciomev  hat  dila 
breeding  ]dace  is  the  pre  ,ence  of  some  stationary  nialci  )roW)Hcis  is  wi 
in  the  water  npon  which  to  fasten  themselves.  *  '  lyes  arc  large; 
Water  in  rapid  motion  is  IVnind  only  in  certain,  wherajjart.  T 
defined  i)lace8,  either  in  streams  coming  from  an  el  viiiiBMile,  being 
plateau  or  in  streams  meandering  through  a  level  coiiiitn^^^nd  can  r 

Tn  the  former  any  su-lden  bend,  or  declivity,  and  any  obstruction,  no  matter  Li  jUgnatsar* 

^^  o  iiud  ui 
.\.  Kolnmbiicsi  logy,  Dr.  llorvuth  Gezu,  in  Itovartani   Lapok,  Vol,  I,  ^'ll.  ';|b^Haggressi' 

Bndapest,  1K84.  N^Bapturedi 


Fio.  6— Hii'iitliiKf.'  organs  cif 
S.  meriilioiiale  -i;r('iitly  en- 
largi'd  (frimi  Kileyl. 


DII'TERA. 


M 


SOMll'  ^^'ill  )>i'<Mliirr  iMM'eli^ralod  motion  of  titr  watrr.  In  tliti  latti  r  hikIiIiii  luiiiUiiru 
thif;  iliii-f  (MUM',  III  tlu)  loniu'i'  tln'io  iiri'  iiiiiiii'roim  i»lii<(!.>(  wluic  ilir  lnrvii-  lun 
seflOiily  la?*tcii  llionisolvrs,  Ihxiiiiho  liir>;<'  iiiiiiiImts  olstickH  piirtlN  iihIiciJiUmI  hi  ttie 
mad  111"'  not  (Imtiiflu'il  l>.v  tlin  ri.sinu  wiitt-r 

In  iiiiiii.v  pliicos  till'  r(n-k\  IkmIs  of  stirains  rmiii.sli  oxct'llfiit  support 
fotci'itiiiii  .sptu'it's.     Ill  Niicli  plii(*«'s  as  these  tlit'y  occur  iiiorc  or  less  in 


iNIMALS. 

vellowJHli-wliito  Hiiiih 
',  nn*  also  ilcpositod  in 
ov<T  wliii'li  I  lie  watci  il. 
xiUh  oC  iIio  iiiort'  I'll'  :i 

triiijilo   oC    tliat  M|ii'i  II ' 

on  nn  ii\  cranii  Iroiii  "■ 
lint  no  (li'tailcd  dosiMiiii 

•'!'  ''''oi' '"",!', 'irs''"^  '"'  cllrttors.  liistiMK'd  by  the  posterior  cud  of  the  l.ody  uiid  capable  of  eon- 
n/K(^i.3lT'l(rs^tliai,  I  «i<tii"!'^  movement,  by  truveliii}''  with  a  Iooihiio-  oajt.  I.y  attacliiiiff 
i^'tli,  Hiiiic.viiinlriral.  iiii-thtBiselves  with  silken  threads  and  tiien  allo\vMiji>'  the  cm  rent  to  move 
iddl.',  aiiil«'iilar;i;i'il  Inn  tliai  about,  or  by  lloatinjj  free  with  the  curr«*iit  untd  liiidinoa  satisfac- 
.lM.strriorfliiidoltliH„^QM  j,j,„.^,  j„  „.|,ij.i,  („  |j,s|en  aoain. 
■'■  *'"'"  '1"' J^i'tm'iiih    T|^^^  j.^^^^j  ^^j.  j,|^  ,,^,.^..|.  ,|.|^  ,1^^^   ,,,.^.,1  ,j,.f(.,.,nined   tor  manv  of  the 

1»-Hlllllied.        llKM'Olonl  li.  .  ,  .,  .1  ,        «.    1  ^11  ^1 

ivatly,  an.l  isiiHnall.vi,,8p#it'«.  l»iit  t'i«'  Southern  bullalo  j-iuit  has  licen  proven  to  be  eaniiv- 
lat  of  ilu)  siii.stanir  inor^is.  and  in  all  i)robability  other  species  have  a  similar  hal)it. 
toned,     riic  lu'iid,  wiiiii     ^„.  pupa  of  the  specnes  of  8imulium  is  peculiar  and  distinguished 
lysM'i'''''.''^"'''''''''"!  ^^''fifOHB  mo*<t  other  tUitterous  pupa-  by  the  pn'sence  of  a  tutt  of  respira- 
''"'■''' :'»''"'"''"T^!'*'"""tonEiilaments  startini;  from  each  side  (►f  the  thorax.    (See  lif^iut'S  of 

look  hkoey.-s,  but  iini;       *i  '^  i  •;•         /    x      m  I    *v 

additional  hvown  and  i.Pttpf'' "'  Snnuliiiin  pt'vuumm  aiul  iiienthomh:)     1  hese  tutts  are  com- 

in  conatant  motion  wipo^l  of  a  variable  numl)er  of  very  slen<ler  tilatiients  varying  with  the 

Idcd  can  bo  jiartially  "idimtent  sjjecies  of  Simiilium.     The  abdomen  is  armed  with  spines,  and 

I  loiiiiMisod  of  twolyojnijj^jl^j,  ^j|^  .i,.^,  i^^y,,  larger  bent  spines  or  hooks  by  which  the  pupaanchor.s 

itSfilf  within  the  poueh-like  (rocoon.     This  cocoon  is  open  at  the  upper 

3n4  iii'd  allows  the  exposed  head  portion  of  the  im|)a  liearing  the 

ceaiiratory  tilaiuents  to  have  free  access  to  the  water.     It  is  composed 

of  «lken  threads,  generally  grayish  in  color,  and  is  attached  firndy  to 

stiws.  leaves,  h)g8,  or  other  objects  in  the  I'lirrent  of  water. 


tion  of  tlio 
nibconi<'al, 
f short  and 
Hiibcylin- 
li  rowH  of 
larva  poa- 
tnlierance, 
yiindrical, 


tl 


trachoir 
10  organs 


irva-  two 
sjldo,  just 


Fill. .5.  -rri.i'.  .    , 
S.  }>'i'ii(ini* 
C  I-  0  a  t  1  .\   •''® 
rirpoil     f 
ItiUni.         ng 

on  oarli  sido.     If  clu^j; 
isKfcn  tliat  tlio tufts oliiioi 
for  rcsiiiration  arc  aliiai 
All  tlii'so  tilami'iits  ;ii 
UH'lioH  of  a  siiifjlo  illtrll 

ini 
ir  tlif  woll-boing  of  ilim' 
i)f  tlio  water  in  whicli  ihoi 
nt  ('i)uditioii  of  a  KtiiiM 
f  honic  stationary  iiialirn 
stfii  themselvi'H.  '  'y 
nd  only  in  certain,  w 

conniifj  I'roni  an  ol  -vatW 
g  tbrongli  a  level  comitrli 
striiction,  no  matter  li 

,i    Lapok,  Vol.  I,  No. 


Rflftoaining  but  a  very  short  time  in  the  pupal  state,  prolonged  or  shortened  by 
itmolpheric  inllueiices,  they  give  forth  the  winged  insects.     Tlit-  length  of  the  pupal 
n  the  case  of  the  turkey-gnat  averages  live  daya.     Hotb  larval  and  pupal  skins 
for  some  time  in  the  empty  pouch. 

]»crfcct  insects  issue  from  their  pupa'  under  water,  and  siirroiuided,  a<'Cord- 

some  writers,  by  ;i  bubble  of  air.       I'lie  silky  hairs  of  tlie  tly,  however,  are 

tion  enough  to  ]trovent  it  from  drowning.      The  winged  insect  jiops  to  the 

o  like  a  cork,  runs  a  few  inches  over  the  water,  and  darts  away  with  great 

ess. 

Imuijo. — The  perfect  Hies  ,  ary  in  length,  the  females  being  usually  the  larger, 
are  characterized  by  their  jiociiliar  short  and  thick  sliajie.     The  head  is  bent 
,  and   is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  \ery  large  and  hiiinped   tliorax.     The  thick 
me  are  composed  of  twelve  stout  Joints;  the  four-Jointed  paljii  terminate  in 
and  tine  Joints;  the  jiosterior  shanks  and  the  iirst  Joint  of  the  hind  tarsi  are 
ihat  dilated.     The  free  labriim  is  as  sharp  as  a  dagg'T,  mid  the  very  iirominent 
iscis  is  well  adajiled  for  drawing  blood.     The  insects  possess  no  ocelli,  but  their 
re  large;  in  tht!  male  they  Join  at  the  forehead,  liiit  in  the  female  they  are  far- 
part.     The  mouth  organs  of  the  nuile  are  also  not  so  well  developed  as  in  the 
,  being  soft  and  unalde  to  draw  blood.     The  bodies  of  thosi;  gnats  are  (juite 
nd  can  resist  considerable  pressure.     »     «     * 

gnats  arc  exceedingly  active,  and  endowed  with  very  acute  senses,  which  enable 

jto  find  unerringly  animals  a  long  distance  away.    Only  females  seem  to  form 

aggressive  swarms,  since  not  a  single  male  h.as  been  found  in  the  large  uum- 

aptured  and  investigated.    The  male  stays  near  the  place  of  its  birth,  and  since 


3() 


IN8KCTH    AFFKCTINO    DOMKttTIC    ANIMALH. 


t'eniiilcH  onci'  K<>rt;iMl  witli  lilnod  do  not  imkI  can  not  ri'turn,  coinilation  anil  llif  di 

itinK<>l'«KK'*  muihI  take  |)lar<<  very  HOdn  after  t'niur^iiiK  I'roni  tlio  wuttT.     'I'Iii'mc  piiin 
have  HH, vet  to  Uo  in\l■^<ti^llt*Ml. 

All  N|i<>rii'H  of  tiu>  Ki'iuiM  Siinnliuin,  tlit;  lifu  liiHtorit'H  of  wliicli  lnivt>  \n-vu  Ntmiin 
arc  HiiijjIc-lirooiU'd. 

I'ltKVKNIIVKS. 

SnnidK'''*  have  tlinn  far  pro\cd  tlic  lioMt  nictliod  of  protoctin<;'  iininialH  in  the  ii> 
a;;tiinst  liulValo-^niitN.  riioiiu;litfnl  )ilant(>rs  nn\  in  the  hahit  of  eollectinK  and  si< 
in;;  during  the  year  ill!  kinds  of  niateiial  that  will  produce  a  denHc  and  Htil'ii 
Ninokc;  (tnch  materials  are  tdd  leather,  caHt-olf  clothin^r,  dried  dnn^i  etc.  Ar*  '^m 
i\n  lar^e  .swarins  of  ^nats  appear,  and  the  stock  is  threatened  hy  thcni,  lire>  r 
started  in  iliU'ereiit  jiaits  of  tiie  plantation,  and  arc  kept  hiiinin;;  as  lon^  a^  il 
danger  lasts.  Anything  that  will  produce  sinuke  is  thrown  upon  the  snioldcii: 
lo^H,  ami  the  most  offensive  is  considered  the  most  usofni.  if  the  time  fur  pluuii 
has  arrived,  smudges  arc  located  in  the  liclds  in  sneh  a  nuinuer  that  the  snioki 
drifted  l»y  the  wiinl  over  the  teams  at  work,  .'^uch  suioke-)iroducin;;  tires  arc  :[{■ 
kept  hnrnin^r  in  the  cities,  and  they  are  t'onnd  in  fiont  of  cNcry  livery  and  streei  r 
staMc,  as  well  as  of  such  stores  as  employ  drai't  horses  oi'  niuU's.  If  tiicsc  niiiin.i 
ha\o  to  hi*  upon  the  roads,  they  may  iisuall\'  lie  somewhat  |irotectcd  liy  tin  pails 
which  some  smudge  is  kc])t.  ami  which  are  suspended  from  their  necks  and  from  i. 
wagons. 

Animals  may  also  lie  protected  with  a  layer  of  mud  or  a  coat  of  sirup.  It  lias  li<r 
found  that  animals  which  have  hIiciI  their  ronuh  winter  coat  of  hair  ami  li:i 
beconui  snutoth  are  not  as  much  tronhled  as  others  still  covered  with  louj;  Iimi; 
The  ^nats  lind  it  much  more  dillleult  to  obtain  a  foothold  upon  a  siuooth  skin,  m 
the  elippin<;  of  the  hair  in  earl\  --piinjt  is  therefore  advisable. 

HnHalu-^nats  have  a  jfi'cat  aversion  to  entcriiiK'  dai'k  places,  and  stables  tlioioiiul, 
darkened  are  safe  places  for  stock  of  all  kinds  in  a  ^nat  season.  The  odor  of  anm 
Ilia  jirevailin;;  in  such  stables  may  also  to  some  extent  inevent  the  insects  in 
entering.  I'lanters  with  a  small  jicrcaKc,  therefore,  prefer  lo  keep  their  horses  ;i 
mnles  in  the  stable  instead  ol'  workiii;;  them  in  the  lield.  for  the  same  reason  > 
owners  of  livery  stable.s  will  not  allow  their  aiiinials  to  b<'  taken  ontside  the  > 
limits  if  ^n.'its  are  numerous  eiiough  to  be  (iaiiyeroiis, 

Hut  the  great  majority  of  planters  can  no>  wait  for  the  disappearance  of  the  |ii" 
and  have  to  resort  to  otiicr  defensive  means.  \'arious  external  applicatiims  lii 
been  used  to  this  ed'oct;  hecoctions  of  aider  leaves,  tobacco,  pennyroyal,  and  ell 
herbs,  have  been  tried  with  a  view  of  ))ic\  cnliug  glials  from  biting  mules  wliili 
work;  but  all  of  them  have  proven  iiiclfeclive.  W  a  time  when  small  swarm- 
tiirkey-gnats  were  tormenting  mules  plowing  in  the  lield  one  side  of  the  animal  » 
moistened  by  Ml',  Lugger  with  various  insecticides,  while  the  other  side  wa>  i 
protected  ai  all.  Ity  following  the  animal  and  watching  tlie  gnats  it  was  -> 
observed  that  any  offensive  smelling  substance  would  drive  the  gnats  from  the  |i' 
teeted  side  to  the  mi))rotected  one.  Kerosene  emulsion,  |iyrethrnm  powder  ~ 
])ended  in  water,  diluted  carlioli-bisiilidiide,  and  dissolved  tobacco  soap  weii 
used  in  turn,  and  all  seemed  to  jirodiice  the  same  etVect.  .Several  times  the  \\  Ir 
animal  was  carefully  sponged  with  the  one  or  the  other  of  the  above  substaii" 
I'or  a  tiiiK!  the  gnats  would  not  settle  n]>i)n  the  animal;  but  in  the  course  of  t 
hiMir.s  the  beneficial  effect  of  these  insecticides  was  gone  and  the  insects  weic 
longer  ke])t  away, 

lOxjierienee  shows  that  the  best  preventive  is  grease  of  various  kinds.  The  folio' 
ing  kinds  are  the  most  important:  Cotton-seed  oil  alone,  or  mixed  with  tar,  fish' 
gnat  oil;  a  combination  of  stinking  oils  alone,  or  mixed  with  tar  or  keroseiif' 
crude  coal  oil,  kerosene  oil,  kerosene  oil  mixed  with  axle  grease,  and  others.  Tn 
effective,  the  grease  must  be  used  at  least  twice  duriug  the  day,  because  as  soon 


oilensiM 
Il#  ailvanta 
«^d,  but  it 
■It  these  dif 

bwiausc  a  CI 
The  cm|di 
against  the 
bat  shown  I 
Aiquaiit  ity 
aort,  and  a  » 
it  Htincd  i 
H«rcial  il.'iyr 
thru  w:i>llc( 
JiH  lung  ;i 
H^vidcd  wi 
1^  gnats. 

inot  perih 
the  first 
t  well  (11 
'dtt  even  wli 

111  ciicli 

tlgatioii  t( 
maimer  ol 

pobably  I 
whicli  ( 

Mit  tlu'  I 
Kliioiis  CO] 


A  nnnil 
h»vt'  been 
proven  III 
AOtticiciit  I 
lid  iidiiiii 
aiiiinoii 
jiirs  uiit 
le  iiniina 
I'Uiiniiij 
J  Many  ct 
iJive  been 
liiifiihie^ 
|ut  it  wou 

'  Aceordiii 
grnat  oil  i 
feum  Uni  a, 
'limalc  fwti 
jillon,  som( 
kill  the 
Bi|uently  i 


NIMAI.H. 

('()|iii]iiti()ii  iiiiil  tlitMli 

I  tilt'  wattir.     'I'lu'Ni-  poiii 

Wllicll   IlllVtl  Ix'fll  Htlllllii 


H'tillM;   iillillUllH  ill  till*  Ik 

ihit  iirt'olli'ctiii^  uikI  --h 
liico  u  tloiiNO  uikI  Htil' I 
tiricd  iluiiKt  ''••'.     As  -II 
iitriuMi  liy  llit'iii,  lii'i->  .1 
it  liiiiiiiii;;  tiH  loti^  ii.s  il 
>\vii  n|i(in  till'  HiiKililciii 
ir  till'  liiiir  for  plow  II 
iiiiiiini'r  that  tlic  siiioIm 
I'-proiliiciii;;  lircN  art-  iil- 
'Vi'ry  livery  iiml  stri-t'i  i 
iiiiilcs.     If  tlii'si'  aiiiiii;i 
protui'tcil   liy  till  |)aih 
I  tlivir  iiuckB  aiwl  from  i: 

'oat  of  .sini|i.     It  liaH  Im 

jr  I'oat  of  hair  aiul  lu 

t'ovtTt'd  with   Iiiii^  h.ii: 

upon  a  Hiiiooth  skin,  i: 

t's,  anil  Ntahh's  tlioroiiul 
ison.  TIk'  odor  of  amn 
Itlt'vt'iit  the  insects  \u 
to  keep  their  horses  ,i 
I'or  the  same  reason  i 
If  taken  tnitsiile  the  i 

lisappearanee  of  the  [m- 
.ternal  applieations  lii 

o,  pennyroyal,  and  otl 
out  liitin;;  niiileB  \vliil< 
le  wiieii  small  swarm- 
lie  side  of  the  animal  " 
e  I  he  other  side  wav  i 
y;  the  j;nats  it   was  -i 

e  the  gnats  from  the  p 
,  |iyrethrnm  powder  - 
Bd  tobacco  soap   wei' 

St!veral  times  the  w  I 
of  the  above  siibstiiii' 

1)ut  in  the  course  ol  t 

and  the  inseets  weii 

irious  kinds.  The  folli 
r  mixed  with  tar,  lisli ' 
with  tar  or  kerosene  i 
;rea8e,  and  others,  in 
le  day,  because  as  sdoii 


1 


DIPTRRA. 


37 


Itii  otlensixf  odor  <llHap])earN  it  beeonies  inoperative,  All  siieh  ii])plieiitionN  are  of 
BO  advantaKe,  howfver,  on  stock  riinnin:;  at  larj;t'.  (inat  oil  is  very  extensively 
Mrd,  l)Ut  it  is,  liku  the  rest  of  tlitt  remedies,  very  apt  to  remove  the  hair.'  In  fact, 
■It  these  dilVerent  kimls  of  oil  and  giease  are  more  or  lens  ininrions  to  the  animals, 
btCUiise  a  continued  coatinn  with  them  wt-akens  the  sysleiii. 

The  einidoyees  of  the  Hudson's  Hay  Conipany  protect  themselves  anil  their  stock 
iMiiist  the  bites  of  the  "black  tly"  by  the  use  of  oil  of  tar,  and  as  long  e\perieuce 
bil  shown  it  to  be  a  simple  and  easily  applied  wash,  we  strongly  recommend  its  use. 
AiQuantity  of  coal  tar  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  a  larj^e  shallow  receptacle  of  some 
Mtt,  and  a  small  i|iiaiitity  of  oil  of  tar,  or  oil  of  turpentine,  or  any  similar  material, 
llBtiri'cil   ill.      The  receiitacle  is  then  tilled  with  water,  which  is  left  stamlinn  for 

reial  days  until  well  iiiipie);iiateil  with  the  odor.     The  animals  to  be  protected  are 

tH  washed  with  this  water  as  often  as  seems  to  be  necessary. 

IS  lon^  as  stock  In  the  infested  re^fion  is  siill'ered  to  run  at  lar);e,  and  is  neither 

jviileil  with  shelter  nor  food  durin>{  the  winter  months,  it  will  siill'er  se\erely  from 
^ie  ;inats.  Animals  well  cared  for  can  stand  the  attacks  of  the  gnats  far  better,  anil 
4a  not  perish  as  readily.  Illtreated  and  unhealthy  mules  and  tliose  bruised  and  cut 
We  the  Ih'st  to  die.  and  the  prevailing  opinion  of  intelligent  ]ila>iters  is  to  the  effect 
-fdl^t  well  cared-for  mules,  if  greased  twice  a  day  when  working  in  the  lielil,  seldom 
even  when  attacked. 

^n  each  iiifestt'd  district  it  should  be  made  an  object  of  special  inves- 
atioii  to  discover  the  breeding  grounds;  to  determine  the  place  and 
pinner  of  e^K'  de])osition  and  other  points  in  the  life  history  since  it  is 
obiibly  from  this  dire<!ti(Mi  that  sve  must  expect  tculiscover  some  plan 
which  to  destroy  the  pests  in  the  immature  staj-es  an<l  thereby  pre- 
nt  the  appearance  of  the  vast  swarms  of  Hies  which  produce  such 
wious  conse(|nences. 
"J 

KEMKDIKS  FOR  THE   IMTES. 

j'A  inunber  of  remedies  to  counteract  the  i)oison  of  the  buff'alo-fjtnats 
hive  been  tried,  but  none  of  them  hiiv«'  been  snlliciently  tested  or  have 

foven  niiifoiiiily  effective.  The  following'  ai)plications  have  been  of 
tHci«'nt  use  to  meiit  further  trial :  (1)  Hubbiu};  with  water  of  ammonia, 
(1  administeriiifi  internally  a  mixture  of  4()  to  oO  grains  of  carbonate 
ammonia  to  1  pint  of  whisky,  repeating  the  dose  every  three  or  four 
iirs  until  relieved:  (U)  continued  doses  of  whisky  alone  and  keeping 
^le  aniniiil  in  ti  cool  and  darkened  stable;  (.'»)  inunersiim  in  cold  water 
■i^'  running  streams. 

Many  cases  of  death  of  human  beings  from  the  bitea  of  buifalo  gnats 
iiive  been  reported  and  some  of  them  seem  well  authenticated.  The 
j|jiinftdness  of  their  attacks  will  certainly  put  people  on  their  guard, 
Ipit  it  would  be  well  for  person.s  in  localities  subject  to  invasion  to  go 


'According  to  Messrs.  Fahlen  &  Kleinsehmidt,  chemists,  of  Memphis,  Tenn., 
jnat  oil  is  any  kind  of  stinking  oil;  it  should  not  contain  drying  oils,  such  as 

ieum  lini  and  O.  ijosgypii."    They  use  fish  oil,  and  to  increase  its  perfume  add  01. 

\imalf  fiilidum,  i  ounces  to  10  gallons      But  since  fish  oil  costs  ')()  to  I't  cents  per 

jillon.  some  mix  it  with  crude  petroleum;  this  addition,  however,  has  the  tendency 
kill  the  hair  roots.     01.  liedeonw  (pennyroyal)  is  too  costly,  and  therefore  not 

[equently  used.     Fish  oil  and  Ol.  animale  futidum  have  given  the  best  satisfaction. 


38 


INSECTS    AFFECTING   DOMKSTIC    ANIMALS. 


\l 


iitt 


Itiepared  with  some  means  of  protecting  tliemsclves  wlieii  far  from 
shelter  dnriug  the  season  of  the  year  when  the  Hies  abound. 

NAIURAI.  ENEMIES  OI'  HUFFALO  ONATS 

The  adults  have  so  far  apijeaicd  but  little  subject  to  attark  frdin 
other  aiuuials.  Hut  few  birds  have  been  observed  to  Seed  upon  them, 
though  for  the  Southern  lornis  the  mocking  bird,  winter  wren,  and 
esi)ecially  barnyard  fowls,  after  the  Hies  become  gorged  with  blodd, 
feed  upon  them  Dragon  llies  (Ijihellulida)  and  robber  Hies  (Asilidn 
have  been  observed  to  catch  them. 

The  larvu'  are  devoured  in  large  numbers  by  the  smaller  fishes,  min 
nows,  etc.;  and  probably  the  carnivorous  beetles,   bugs,  and  otlici 
a<iuatic  insects  piey  upon  them.      Dr.   Howard   has  observed   nciu 
Washington  the  lai  vu'  of  a  speckles  of  Ilydropsyche  feeding  upon  tlic 
larva'  of  a  species  common  in  that  locality. 

The  pupa'  are  i)retty  well  protected  by  the  resemblance  in  color  fd 
the  objects  to  which  they  are  fastened  and  their  quiet  habits.  The 
eggs  would  seem  to  be  (<pen  to  the  attacks  of  fishes,  carnivorous  bee 
ties,  etc.,  but  no  positive  observations  seem  to  have  been  made. 

DKSrKIPTlONS   OF   SI'I.CIES   AVITH   NOTES   ON    THEIR    IIATUTS. 

The  species  of  this  family,  though  not  extremely  numerous,  have  not 
been  very  fully  characterized,  and  it  is  with  ditliculty  that  they  aif 
defined  in  brief  terms.  The  attempt  here  is  to  euumerate  the  species 
so  far  clearly  established,  but  more  particularly  to  ]>resent  the  habits 
of  each  as  related  to  domestic  animals,  without  entering  upon  anything 
like  a  monographic  treatment  of  them. 


lari 


"  111  the  I 
May,  i>t| 
Botovious 
iison  onp 
far  as  if 
the  coil 
ttacUed  () 
liat  ucighj 
jid  swinel 


11 


The  CoLiMBAcz  MirxiE. 

(SimiiliKm  columh(ih':e)i8('  ScliriubamT.) 

This,  the  first  species  to  be  studied  in  detail,  was  fully  described  by 
Ch.  Hehonbauer'  nearly  a  century  ago,  and  has  been  discus.sed  by 
Kollar  and  others  at  various  times  since.  The  jtast  history  of  the 
species;,  its  distribution,  destructivencss,  etc.,  have  already  been  stated. 

Its  distribution  extends  over  the  valley  of  the  Danube,  though  par- 
li  'ularly  marked  in  the  region  of  Columbacz,  and  some  authors  believe 
its  distribution  to  be  quite  general  and  many  jther  species  to  be  but 
synonyms. 

Kollar -^  says  "-a  small  Hy,  the  length  of  which  scarcely  reaches  1.^ 
lines  and  its  breadth  half  a  line,  is  one  of  the  greatest  scourges  of  the 
Banat  of  Temesvar,  particularly  that  i)art  situated  between  IJypa- 
lanka  and  LTrsowa,  which  holders  on  the  Danube.'' 


'  Ooscliiflite  tier  scliiidlicheu  Kohuuhatczer  Miikk<ii  iui  Jiuuut,  Wien,  Patzkowsky, 
ITit"). 
•  Treatise  on  Iiijiuious  InsectH,  etc.,  pp.  (58,  70. 


riMALS. 

I'lvt'H  wlieii  far  from 
's  abouud. 

iNATS 

]^^t  to  attack  fmn, 
1  to  .'eod  upon  tlicm. 
I,  winter  wren,  j,,,,! 
«oi«e(l  with  bI()(Ml, 
obber  files  (Asili«I;c, 

smaller  tislies,  inin 
''  l>ii«s,  and  ()ili,.| 
lias  observed  ne;ii 
e  feeding  upon  tlic 

iiblance  in  eolor  to 
quiet  liabits.     The 
s,  eariiivorons  bee 
been  made. 

iiKiR  iiAmrs. 

umerous,  have  not 
iiity  that  tliey  arc 
lerate  tlie  speeies 
Pie>ent  tlie  Jiabits 
iiiy  upon  anything 


DIPTERA. 


39 


nlly  deseribed  by 
'eii  diseiis.sed  by 
^t  Iiistoiy  of  th(' 
jady  been  stat«'d. 
ube,  tliouyh  par- 
e  anthors  believe 
Hwcies  to  be  but 

-rcely  reaches  1.] 

;  scourges  of  the 

between   Uypa- 


^Vien,  Patzkovvsky, 


"In  the  year  1830  there  ajtpeared  in  the  end  of  April  and  becfinniug 

May,  after  a  previous  overflowing  in  the  month  of  March,  the  same 

Botoiions  <S'//«?<//»m  colnnilHitrzni.sc  m^  I  was  convinced  by  a  ch)se  com- 

larison  on  the  shores  of  the  marsh  fnnn  its  jun«'tion  with  the  Danube 

far  as  Ilanna,  in  ^Vustria-Ihingary  and  Moiavia,and  most  plentifully 

the  countries  lying  on  the  banks  exposed  to  the  inundations.     It 

ttacked  cattle  in  the  meadows  as  in  the  lianat,  and  the  villages  m 

|iat  neighborhood  lost  some  hundreds  of  cattle,  such  as  horses,  cows, 

lid  swine.'' 


I  I'M.  7 — Siinulhtm  ornatiDn:  a,  larva,  side  virw  ;  h.  Ratnc,  liacU  \  icw ;  r.  )iiiii:i.  iK'iicatli :  if.  saims  from 
abovL'i  c,  cocoon— iiiiuh  I'ularyeil  (alter  Verilai). 

Simitliiim  rcptiim  Linn,  is  considered  by  many  authorities  as  equiva- 
lleiit  to  the  cobim'ootczenHe.  It  was  desiaibed  from  Laj>land  previous  to 
jtlie  description  of  cohnnlxttczcnsc,  and,  if  identical,  should  of  course 
[iiuliide  the  form  referred  to  that  species. 

SimuUiim  ornatum  Meig. 

This  is  the  species  upon  which  Verdat  and  Fries  made  the  extended 
I  studies  which  have  been  mentioned  in  the  fore  part  of  this  chapter 


40 


INSECTS    AKFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


uiuler  tlio  iianie  of  IShnuliitm  HerU-enin.    Baron  Osteii  Sacken,  howevcgjaa  \\  pnl 
states  tliat  lie  inclines  to  tlie  opinion  that  it  is  in  reality  the  or /Kj/^iipMyincesj 
and  in  deference  to  this  opinion  we  iuclnde  mention  of  it  ntider  ilisg^ftiy  mi^ 
name.    It  may  be  remarked  tiuit  scriveum  is  considered  the  same  u    J^q  \,xi'\ 
eolumbatczense,  menticm  of  which  has  already  been  made.  fljjlre"  a  si 

S  lO  M 


a^ 


TuiA'.—SimiiHviii  iiinatinn:  a.  Iieail  ofliirvii.  Iionentli:  'i.  inimilililc;  c.  iiiaxillii    c.  niidcr  lip; /. 


lip— nil  ciiliir^ifd;  (/.  laiva  attatlieil  In  plant;  /(,  ]iiiiiii  in  cnriMin natural  size  (alter  V'enlall 


ICll  IS,  S( 

But  I  will 
TIlis  si)ecies  lias  not  the  record  of  havinj''  i)roven  a  source  of  an  gance  only 
jt'reat  annoyaiu'c  in  tlie  rcffion  to  whicli  it  is  common,  nor  is  its  gci  of  tlus /ooloi 
graphical  limit  iiiveii  with  precision  in  anv  work  at  hand.  The  stndii  ,  ' ,"  ," 
of  its  larval  an<l  pupal  stayes,  however,  f>ave  a  tomidation  for  lau-  ti^iiy.  (  o 
research'.'s  upon  the  subject,  and  as  furnisliinj;-  interestinj>'  subjects  tu:  •^tlu-r  coin 
comi»arison,  we  reproduce  the  liyures  piU>lishe('.  by  Nerdat.  i/^m  weutu 

flnt  ill  the  V 
cattle  woro  < 
•XCejit  that  I 
year,  withoi 

to  bf  n'"i"""^ 

thiit  t'roiii  til 

OOl|lHO(|iionc(' 

difeiuleiice. 

incmiviilsiti 

Or  it'  the  1 

Aixeiulcd  \vi 

fit  lor  1181 

me  iiiipin 

whom  tl 

jiigleil  po 

»1»  at  any 

ru  jirovit 

|«Hiiiy  iiit( 

low  11  tob 

[was  ailin 

tthau  this  ii 

ling  over 

Ively  few 

}n.     I  pa 

Id  Wii8  ol 

|H  au  eloi 

iat  uu<l  II 

la  a  gnat 

link  swa 


The  Black  Fly. 

(Sim  It  I  ill  lit  iiiiilextiun  HarriH.  MSS. ) 

The  celebrated  black  tly  «dthe  Northern  States  has  long  been  knowi 
in  the  adult  fcuin  as  a  torment  to  travelers  and  to  domestic  animals 
The  follo\vin«i  account  by  Dr.  A.  S.  I'ackard  (Anier.  Nat.,  \'ol.  II,  pp 
589-51)0)  is  sulhciently  <'haracteristic: 

The  black  fly  is  even  a  iiioii'  forniidaltle  jiest  than  the  iiio8(iiiito.  In  the  nortluMii 
snliarctic  regions  it  op])o8f.s  a  harrier  against  travel.  The  Ltihrador  Hsherman  speml' 
his  siiuinier  on  the  seashore,  scarcely  daring  to  jienetrate  the  interior  on  iiccomit  n 
the  swarms  oF  tlieso  flies.  During  asniiimer  resiihnice  on  this  coast  we  sailed  ii])  iln 
Esi|ninuiiix  Hiver  for  t!  or  8  miles,  spending  a  few  hours  at  si  house  situated  on  tii' 
bank.  The  day  was  warm  and  hut  little  wind  blowing  and  the  swarms  of  black  llii- 
were  absolutely  terrific.  In  vain  we  frantically  w;ivcd  our  net  among  them,  alhircil 
by  some  rare  moth.  After  making  a  few  desjienite  charges  in  the  face  of  the  thronu 
ing  pests,  we  had  to  retire  to  the  house  wht;re  the  windows  actually  swarmed  wiili 
them  ;  but  hero  they  would  (ly  in  our  face,  crawl  under  our  clothes,  where  they  woiilil 
even  reimiin  and  bite  in  the  night.  The  children  of  the  house  were  sickly  and  wui!, 
by  their  unceasing  torments;  and  the  shaggy  Newfoundland  dogs,  whose  thick  coal- 
would  seem  to  be  jiroof  against  their  bites,  ran  from  their  shelter  beneath  the  beiu  li 
and  dashed  into  the  river,  their  only  retreat.  In  cloudy  weather,  unlike  the  iii(i> 
qiiito,  the  black  fly  disajipears,  only  flying  when  the  sun  shines.  The  bite  of  tlif 
black  fly  is  often  severe,  the  creature  leaving  ti  large  <lot  of  blood  to  mark  the  scene 
of  its  surgical  triiun])hB. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  not  accurately  defined,  but  south 
ward  it  occupies  the  mouutaiuous  reyions  of  northern  NeM'  England. 


'O 


DIPTERA. 


41 


iiiiixillii:  i\  under  lip:  /,  ii|i{ 
liiliiriil  sizi.  (altfr  V'enlati 


>vt'n  a  source  of  an 
union,  nor  is  its  gv, 
It  liiind.  The  sfinlie 
tbiMKlation  for  laic 
tcrestiny  siibjeets  td 
y  \'er«lat. 


ANIMALS. 

Ksten  Sacken,  liowevcj^^  it  probably  occurs  in  localities  tbrouyhout  nmcb  of  tbe  British 
m  I'^'aJ'ty  the  o/»(j/»„p^yi„(.gg^  iif^  local  distribution   depending  upon  the  occurrence  of 
•ntiou  of  it  under  'luig^f^ly  runuing  streams,  whi(rh  are  essential  to  the  lite  of  the  larva'. 
)nsideie(l  the  sauic  y    ^^^^,  i^rval  form  has  not  been  pctsitively  identified,  but  Dr.  Packard 
en  made.  flgures  a  specimen  which  he  collected  in  Labrador  and  which  he  sup- 

poses to  be  the  larva  of  molcntuni  or  a  closely  related  species. 

The  Southekn  Uuffalo  Gnat. 

{Himulhim  pinianim  Hiley.) 
EARLY    HISTORY. 

In  the  American  .lourniil  of  Science  (Vol.  I,  1818)  there  occurs  on 
paige  .^8,  undei'  the  headin}-:,  "A  destructiv<^  insect,''  the  following 
iiljteresting  account,  whnh  must  certainly  refer  to  the  buffalo-gnat,  and 

ich  is,  so  far  as  1  know,theearliestauthenticaccount  of  its  operations: 

it  I  will  not  iMilarj;o  iiixiii  .i  i'iict  alreatly  i'ainiliar.  I  will  ask  ytmr  I'luther  in<lul- 
ce  only  w  liili'  I  (•ominmiicato  an  autlitntit-  and  cm  i<nis  fact  ior  the  iuCorniatiou 
|lie  ztxilogist. 

the  Clioftaw  coimtry,  IW  miles  uortlu'aHt  of  Natchez,  a  ])ai't  of  the  jniblic.  rociil 

endert'd  t'anmiis  on  account  of  the  iieriodical  return  of  a  i)oisonons  and  destruc- 

liy.     Contrary  to  the  custom  of  other  insects,  it  always  ai)i)e:irs  when  the  cold 

Ulier  connnences  in   I  K'ceniher,  and  as  invariably  disajipears  on  the  approach  of 

rm  weather,  which  is  about  the  1st  of  April.     It  is  said  to  have  lieen  remarked 

bt  in  the  winter  of  1S07,  dnriiiH'  a  snowstorm,  when  its  I'tlecta  upon  the  horses  and 

Itle  were  observed  to  be  similar  to  those  of  the  gnat  and  mostiuito  in  Hummer, 

«j^e]tt  that  they  were  more  severe.     It  continued  to  return  at  the  same  season  of  the 

y<pr,  without  ]>rodacin}i  extensive  mischief,  uutil  the  winter  of  IHKi.  when  it  began 

tiSbc  generally  fatal  to  the  horses  of  travelers.     So  far  as  I  recollect,  it  was  stated 

tnt  from  thirty  to  forty  traveling  horses  weri^  destroyed  during  this  winter.     The 

«H|8e(|uences  wen^  alarming.     In  the  wilderness  where  the  man's  horse  is  his  chief 

dwendence,  the  traveler  was  surprised  and  distressed  to  see  the  beast  sicken  and  die 

inlsouvulsions,  sometimes  within  three  hours  after  encountering  (his  little  insect. 

Or  if  the  animal  were  fortunate  enough  to  live,  a  sickness   followed,  conunonly 

A^nded  w  itli  the  sudden  and  entire  shedding  of  the  hair,  which  rendered  the  brute 

mjfit  for  use.     rnwilling  to  believe  that  etlects  so  dreailful  could  be  produced  by  a 

J  use  aj)parei!tly  so  trilling,  travelers  began  to  suspect  that  the  Indians  or  others, 
whom  they  obtained  food  for  their  horses,  had,  for  some  base  and  selfish  end, 
ngled  poison  with  it.  The  greatest  i>recaution  was  observed.  They  refused  to 
•|d))  at  any  house  <ui  the  way  and  carried,  for  the  tlistance  of  10  or  50  miles  their 
<»ini  provisions,  but  alter  all  suffered  the  same  calamities.  This  excited  serious 
ii<iuiry  into  the  true  cause  of  their  distress.  The  tly  which  has  been  mentioned  was 
l^owii  to  be  a  most  singular  insect,  iuid  ])eculiarly  troublesome  to  horses.     At  length 

fwas  admitted  by  all  that  the  cause  of  tht>  evils  complained  of  could  btslio  other 
on  this  insect.  Other  precautions  have  since  been  observed,  i)articularly  that  of 
^  ling  over  the  road  infested  with  it  in  th<i  night;  and  it  now  hai)pens  that  compar- 
Ively  few  horses  are  destroyed.  I  am  unable  to  describe  it  i'roin  my  own  observa- 
9\\.  I  passed  over  the  same  road  in  April  last,  only  two  weeks  after  it  disappeared. 
Id  was  obliged  to  take  the  description  from  others.  Its  color  is  a  dark  brown.  It 
Is  au  elongated  head,  with  a  small  and  sharp  proboscis,  aud  in  size  between  the 
lat  and  luosiiuito.  When  it  alights  upon  a  horse  it  darts  through  the  air,  much 
\ti  a  gnat,  aud  never  (jiiits  its  hold  uutil  removed  by  force.  When  a  horse  stops  to 
link  swarms  fly  about  the  head  aud  crowd  into  the  mouth,  nostrils,  and  ears; 


las  long  been  knowi 
:o  dome.sti('  animals 
er.  Nat.,  \  ol.  II,  p|i 

ipiito.  In  the  northem 
lirador  tisherman  spem;. 
e  interior  on  account . 
is  co.'ist  we  sailed  u])  lli. 
a  house  situated  on  ili 
heswiirnmof  black  th.- 
let  among  them,  allnrcii 
lh(^  face  of  the  throiii; 
actually  swarmed  will 
ithes,  whore  they  wonM 
e  were  sickly  and  wmi. 
logs,  whoMe  thick  coiil- 
■Iter  beneath  the  heiK  li 
ather,  unlike  the  iii(i> 
ines.  The  bite  of  tlif 
lood  to  mark  the  scene 

defined,  but  south 
lern  New  England, 


42 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


hence  it  is  supposed  the  poison  is  (•oiuumuiciitcd  iiiwaidly.  Whether  this  he  ti  ik  >y 
not,  the  most  fatiil  coiiseiiiifnces  result.  It  is  sinj;iilar  tliut  from  tlio  tiin(!  of  it^  li  j- 
appearance  it  lias  never  (extended  for  a  jjreater  distance  than  40  miles  in  one  dir, 
tion,  ind  usually  it  is  contined  to  1.5  miles.  In  no  other  |iart  of  the  country  li:i. 
ever  heen  seen.  Froui  this  fact  it  wouM  seem  ju'ohalile  that  tli(>  cause  of  its  <  xi'l^*^! 
ence  is  local.  Mut  what  it  is  muie  can  tell.  After  the  warm  weather  comnuMic  is|i 
disap])t!arsase(l'e(5tuiilly  fnuu  humau  ()liservatir>n  as  if  it  were  auuihilated.  T<>\v;r»iy<fe*""'  ^^\ 
the  <'Iose  of  Uei'euiher  it  s|)riii,u;s  up  all  at  once  into  heinj;  a^ain,  iiiul  resunicv  i  fiS^I's^i'^si 
work  of  destruction.  A  fact  so  ,sin.milar  I  could  not  have  veutuied  to  state  witlidS**™* '"^'''  '"" 
the  best  evidence  of  its  reality.     .\ll  the  eircuiiustances  here  related  are  familiiu 


AV'.tVUlsl 

from  I 


onisiail 
iceptioi| 
durin 


hundreds,  aiul  were  in  almost  every  man's  mouth  when  1  imssed  tlirouj;h  tlnscoum 


In  addition  to  this  they  wci(!  coullrmed  liy  the  acctuint  which  I  received  from  ( 
John  McKee,  a  jj;cutlcmau  of  ninch  intellij'ence  and  respecta))ility,  who  is  the  ])it- 
agcnt  of  the  (icner.-il  (Joxernment  for  the  Choetaw  Nation.     He  has  consentccii' 
ohtain  specimens  of  the  insect  for  your  examination  when  ir-  returns  aj;ain  ;  and  \\ 
I  hojx'.  accompany  tiie  tr.iiisniission  with  a  more  ])erfect  descrii»tion  than  it  has  Im 


Arkansil 

ivous  crel 

moMaluindaj 

IlliTcniicsstl 

red «"  »■'"■  7 
g|:Missouri 

Kentucky 


possible  for  lue  to  communicate. — Hi:v.  I'.i.iAs  CoUNEMis. 


aaofinl  the  (> 
lEiinois  ant 

In  the  ro|>oit  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Aj^riculture  I' ijotdering  ui 
18SG,  the  foliowinji'  summary  of  early  oeenrrenees  is  giv^jn :  andAViihash 

It  seems  that  no  authentic  record  exists  in  Louisiana  about  the  occurrence  of  t!  J^ollBon  l  on 
Southern  bulValo-uiiat  prior  to  the  year  IXoO.     It  has  been  rejiorted,  however,  ili      Ili,ea»tern 
they  had  ]»r"'viously  apjteared  in  \HU\.     In  18t!l  and  \H{i'2  they  were  very  troublcMin 
in  i»orti(nis  of  Missis.siitjii  and  Louiisiaiui;    in   IXtiH  and   XXiVl  they  abountled  aim 
Shrevei)ort,  L;i.,  and  iu  Chicot  County,  Ark.     Noiu'  are  rejxirted  to  occur  in  iMi 
but  in  lS(i()  they  iinadcd  the  alluvial  country  between  the  Arkansas  ami  Ked  ri\i! 
east  of  the  Washita.     In  ISTIl  and   1S71  serious  injury  was  occasioned  by  them 
several  re^jious  in  Louisiana.     Hut  in  1881.'  ami  1881  they  were  luoi-e  destriu'tive  th: 
ever  before,  doinj;"  iunuensc  <lainajie  to  live  stock  of  all  kinds.     Althou<ih  not  <!;eiii 
ally  very  mimerous  iu  18><."),  they  appeared  in  sullicieut  numliers  iu  several  couiiih 
of  i^ouisiana  to  kill   (|uite  a   number  of  mules.     In  188t)  tiicy  api)earc<l  i;encr;ir 
throughout  Mie  whole  extent  of  the  region   infested  liy  them,  and  they  ai)iteiiii 
rather  unexpectedly,  because  it  was  so  nnpreeedentedly  late  iu  the  season. 

In  Indiana  this  insect  was  well  known  as  I'ar  back  as  ISi;^,  when  the  settlers  \\>i\ 
to  watch  fur  it  every  year,  as  swarms  would  appear  in  certain  regioiis  with  mon  > 
less  regularity,  otteii  occasioning  eonsideral)le  damage. 

It  was  ascertaineil  from  a  number  of  gentlemen  iu  Teiniessee  and  Mississijipi  lli:i 
the  bnrtalo-gnats  were  well  known  to  their  amcstors  who  tirst  settled  in  that  regi"! 
at  a  tinu^  when  Indians  were  their  neighbors. 

But  everyone  qnestione<l  in  the  ."States  of  Louisiana,  Mississijipi,  Tennessee,  iui 
Arkansas  would  voice  this  universal  opinion,  viz.,  that  bull'alo-gnats  <'ome  only  wit 
high  water  and  are  contemporary  with  an  overtlow.  The  connection  between  a 
overllow  and  the  api)earance  of  the  bnlfalo-gnats  will  he  considered  farther  on. 


^he  extei 
thATifiU  it 
8p<Sfies  froi' 
latier  nniy 
of  111  is  spec 
ani^titls. 

BiBmestic  !i 
f^^t  localil 
do^,  ami  ca 


AREA   INFESTED. 


The  investigations  of  l.SSr)-S«;-.S7,  which  luive  been  rei)orte(l  very  fiillv 
iu  the  Department  puhlications  and  from  wiiich  the  statements  hm' 
made  are  mostly  com])ile<l,  hiive  shown  that  the  e.xtent  of  territory 
invaded  by  tliese  in.sects  is  much  greater  than  formerly  supposed.  It 
may  be  stated  to  comprise,  in  the  worst  yetirs,  the  whole  of  the  ^Missis 
.sippi  Valley  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ked  Hiver,  in  Louisiana,  to  St, 
Louis,  Mo.  All  the  land  adjacent  to  the  many  rivers  and  creeks  tlint 
empty  from  the  east  and  the  west  into  the  Mississippi  Kiver  is  invaded 


AMMALS. 


"m 


DIPTERA. 


43 


y.  Whether  this  be  tn;,  jy 
lilt  from  the  time  of  itsii,.,  ' 
'  thiiii  40  inilcs  in  one  <li, 
I-  part  of  the  country  li,i. 
Hijit  tiie  ciiiiso  of  its,  xi.ilii 
iinn  weather  coniniciK  o?: 


iwavnis,    Tliey  are  drivoii  about  by  the  wind  and  reach  j)()ints  I'ar 
from  tlieir  breeding  places. 


ouisiauii  ull  the  land  incloaed  Ity  the  Mi8sisHi)))ii  and  Ked  rivers,  with  perhaps 
ception  of  tlie  extreme  western  counties,  is  usually  invitded  hy  the  bnrt'iilo- 
durii!?;'  a  f;'"iit  y*'ar.     iSouth  of  the  Ued  J{iver  they  become  scarce,  less  aggres- 
^v<To  annihilated.     Td  A,riiv|i|an(l  appear  only  at  very  irregular  intervals. 

"K  again,  iiiid  rcsn s  i     J^li.ssissii»i>i  all  the  counties  bordering  on  the  river  that  gives  the  name  to  the 

ire  more  or  less  invaded  during  gmit  years. 
Arkansas,  excepting  jierhaps  the  western  counties,  shares  tlie  same  fate.    In  the 
rous  creeks  and  rivers  of  this  State  and  of  Louisiana  the  bulValo-guat  breeds 
aliumlantly. 

'ennessce  the  same  conditions  prevail  as  in  Mi8sitisipi)i,  bnt  the  swarms  do  not 
so  far  east  as  in  the  latter  State. 
Missouri  tlicf  biitfalo-gnats  infest  only  the  southeastern  counties, 
iiitiicky  does  not  fare  as  well  as  Missouri,  since  swarms  of  them  fre(incntly 
asCMlnd  the  Ohio  h'iver  for  some  distance. 
.      f    »    .  ,•  Illinois  and  Indiana  are  also  more  or  less  invaded;  J, 1  the  former,  it  is  tiie  region 

^  i      .•  _    ^"^^"'^'^''♦^  'bordering  upon  the  Mississipiii  and  Wabasii  .ivers;  in  llic  latter,  that  on  the  Ohio 
^     ^    ■  an(i^Vabash  rivers.     In  188(5  bullalo-guats  appeared  in  large  swarms  at  I >e  Soto,  in 

out  the  occurrence  of  tL  J»MPOii  County,  111.,  and  ahmg  the  White  Hiver,  in  Daviess  County,  Ind. 
II  reiMtrted,  however,  ili  IS^'istern  Kansas  swarms  have  repeatedly  done  great  damage, 
icy  were  very  tronblc>„ii 
<(U  they  abounded  alxM 
■fported  to  occnr  in  1m 
■  Arkansas  ami  h'cdri Mr 
s  oc.asioncd  by  them  • 
ere  morcdcstructivetlLi 


'  ventured  to  state  witli„S 
Kill"  reliitod  are  faniiiiin 
'asscd  through  the  com, iitt' 
vhich  I  received  from  (  mq 
tability.  who  is  the  pro, 
ioii.     lie  has  consent,  1 1  ttei 
ir.  returns  again;  and  u 
2scrii)tion  than  it  has  1m 


'Is.  Although  not  gem; 
libers  in  several  connn, 

'ify  appeared  genei.d; 
Ik'.mi,  an<I  they  appear,, 
li  in  the  season. 

,  when  tlie  settlers  lis,, 
liii  regions  with  mon  ,. 

see  and  Mississijtpi  liiy 
st  settled  in  that  renin- 

sissippi,  Tennes.sce,  »u<. 
••-gnats  come  only  wit; 
••"iiuection  between  ;ii 
sidered  farther  on. 


rei)orted  very  fiillv 
•e  -statoinents  luii' 
extent  of  teri-itoiy 
erly  siip])()sed.  It 
•Ijoleof  tlie  Missis 
I  Louisiana,  to  St, 
rs  and  creeks  tli:it 
•i  Kiver  is  invaded 


LOSSES   OCCASIONED. 

lie  extent  of  the  losses  due  to  this  si)eeies  have  already  been  stated, 

ligli  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  separate  the  losses  due  to  this 

;ies  from  those  caused  by  the  turkey-ynat.     In  a  general  way  the 

ir  may  be  said  to  be  more  destructive  to  poultry,  while  the  attacks 

lis  species  are  more  particidarly  directed  against  the  larger  domestic 

lals. 

nnestic  animals  are  attacked  in  the  following  order,  varying  somewhat  in  dif- 
it  localities,  viz,  mules,  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  setting  turkeys  an<l  hens,  hogs, 
i,  and  cats.  Th,-  death  rate  of  mules  is  highest,  both  because  they  s<'cm  to  be 
susceptible  to  the  bite,  and  because  they  an-  almost  exclusively  used  in  the 
theni  States  lor  I'arm  work.  Horses  alsosiilfer  greatly.  Cattle,  when  wcakcneil 
inter  cxi)osiirc  ami  by  scarcity  of  f,iod,  succumb  easily  to  the  continue, I  attacks 
icir  winged  foes.  Hogs  show  at  first  the  clfccts  of  the  bite  hut  very  little;  \  et 
[c  numlieis  die  soon  after  the  attack,  while  otlwrs  die  about  six  v  ,(>ks  aft«!r  tilt* 
ippearance  of  the  bntfa!;.-gna\.' ;  they  usually  ])erish  fiom  largo  ulcerating  sores, 
i,li  cause  blond  ))oisoning.  Many  jiersons  claim  that  the  so-called  charbon  is 
produced  by  the  bites  of  these  gnats,  a  statement  which  is,  of  course,  not  borne  out 
by  tacts.  Sheei),  although  well  ])r,)tc,tcil  by  their  wool,  suller  greatly  by  bites 
ajwii  thtMinprot cited  jiortions  of  their  skins,  and  injure  themselves  still  more  by 
|wdiug  t,)o  close  to  tires,  which  ar,'  built  to  ])rodn,'e  priit,'rting  smoke.  Many 
)1>  crow,!  SI)  close  to  the  fire  as  to  be  liurm'd  t,>  death.  Setting  turkeys  and  hens 
ifre,|nently  forced  by  the  gnats  to  l"ave  their  nests.  Vonng  fowls  arc  killed  ont- 
f.  'fhe  gnats,  in  attacking  fowls  of  all  kinds,  force  their  way  under  the  wings 
their  victims,  wh, 're  they  can  not  be  ,1,, dodged.  Dogs  and  ,'ats  are  also  greatly 
nented,  and  will  not  rcnniin  outdoors  during  a  bntt'alo-gnat  invasion  if  they  can 
it.  Deer,  lbrg,'tful  of  any  other  threatening  danger,  are  tornwuted  to  such  a 
ree  as  to  lose  all  fear,  and  ai)proach  the  smoldering  tires;  in  their  agony  tht-y 
•times  allow  people  to  rub  the  gnats  from  their  bodies,  and  will,  in  their  frantic 
avors  for  relief,  even  lie  down  in  the  glowing  embers  or  hot  ashes. 


44 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS, 


i:i'i"i:(  T  oi'   iiiK  iiiTi:s. 


4 


in  so 
:inctly  ma 

Animals  liittou  by  many  burtalo-^^nats  hUow  all  tlio  Hyniptonis  of  eolio,  ami  niifjiuts,  wlii 
peojilo  beiii'vc  that  theso  bites  brin<;  on  that  diHeasi'.     Mnlcs  csptjcially  arc  i 
att'<'(t('(l,y('t  large  unmbtTu  of  i)08t-iuort(  in  examinations  niadd  by  l>r.  Warren  K 
of  Vickshnrg,  and  others,  failed  to  show  any  relationship  between  this  discasi 
the  bites,  nor  wen^  any  facts  ohtainetl  whicli  would  Justify  the  correctness  of  sii'Il  tilt'  ll^'l 
populiir  conclusion.     I)r,  Kin<;;  oiiincs  that  the  eti'ccts  of  these  bites  on  aniniMl- 
nnieh  the  saiuo  as  that  of  the  rattlesnake  on  the  human  system.     This  seems  r 
the  gi'nerally  accepted  opinion  amon;r  the  more  intellisient  planters,     The  :iii 
attacked  becomes  at  first  frantic,  lint  within  a  very  short  time  it  ceases  t"  si 
symptoms  of  ])ain,  submits  passively  to  the  inliiction,  rolls  over,  and  dies;  somiii 
all  within  the  space  of  three  or  four  hours.     I'".ven  if  bitten  by  a  very  f^riiat  niin: 
of  j>nat8  death  does  not  ne<'essarily  follow,  and  then  it  is  not  always  suddenly  f;i 
Mules  which  at  ni^^ht  do  not  appear  to  be  seriously  injured  will  often  be  found  c 
next  mornin<;'. 

Animals  of  various  kinds  become  jrradually  accustomed  to  these  bites,  and  dm 
a  long-eontimicd  invasion  l>ut  few  are  killed  toward  the  end  of  it.     It  is  ii  jircv  ;ii, 

notion  that  the  bite  of  the  {j;nats  a]>pearin<j;  first  is  the  most  ])cii-  j.j(j_  i,,  _>■,,„, 
oils.  It  would  seem  to  Im  more  probalde,  however,  that  the  jmi,. 
introduced  into  the  systems  of  animals — unless  sndicient  to  \>\ 
fatal— may  to  some  extent  serve  as  an  antidote  a;;'ainst  that  iir  f^h^  tip 
diiced  later,  and  if  this  poison  should  remain  in  the  system  witii ;  jjml  on  tli< 
stability,  such  a  fact  would  also  account  for  native  or  accliiii;r  .•.■yL.i,  i|.i\ 
stock  bcinjj  less  suscej>tiblc  to  tlie  poison  from  bites  than  tli.ii 
eeiitly  imported.  There  is  no  doiilit  that  stock  freshly  iiuportci 
1       '';*^ll  Kentucky  to  Tennessee  and  Mississipjii  is  more  apt  to  be  killed  i 


(•^^ 


withstood  one  invasion,  a  sc<'ond  one  proves  fatal  but  seldom,    i 
reason  why  butfalo-<;nats  a]ipearin^  very  early  in  the  season  arc  ii 
V.^i       dan!j;ci'oiis  may  lie  I'oiind  in  the  fact  that  the  stock,  weakeiinl 
■^  exposure  durin;;  the  winter,  have  had  as  yet  no  chance  to  uaii. 

strength  by  feiMling  ujiou  the  early  vegetation,  which  it  obtaiii>  | 
vioiis  to  and  during  a  later  invasion.     ('oiisci|nently,  the  resist, 
power  ol  animals  is  greater  later  in  the  season.     I'.xjierience  hiisa 
taught  owners  of  stock  how  to  jirotect  the  same,  and  in  compmi- 
with  former  gnat  S(^asoiis  fewer  animals  are  killed  of  late.     I'mi 
Fi(i.9.—Siw>ilitim  A  SchiinUaucr,  who  wrote  nearly  onv  hundred  years  ago  about  ■ 
peciianiiii    larva   K<»lnmhac/ gnats  of  Hungary,  witnessed  tht!  post-mortem  exaiiii: 
-enlarged  (timii   ^^^^^^  ^^j  ahorse  killed  bv  these  gnats,     rixin  dissection  it  was  Inir 
Aiiniiiil     lii'iHiit  ,  ,        '  .,,.,,,.,,, 

Dcpartraeiit  Aa    *'"'*■  ""*  '"'0'  ^^'"*'  ™^  anus  entirely  filled  with  the  flies,  liut  al-o; 
ricLiltiirc  issfl)      genital  orifices,  the  nasal  passages,  an<l  the  bronchial  tube  anil 
ramifications,     A  case  of  this  kind  must  bi;  very  exceptional, 
doubt  gnats  will  sometimes  enter  these  passages,  but  as  a  rule  death  is  notoccasuii. 
in  this  manner.     The  loss  of  blood  and  the  terrible  irritation  of  the  skin  by  so  iim: 
poisonous  bites  arc  reasons  sufficient  to  account  for  the  retlex  irritation  of  the  mi 
and  blood  itoisoniug. 

LIFE   IIISTOUY   ANU   IIAIUTS. 

The  larva  is  not  diftereut  in  general  appearance  froni  that  of  otlit 
species  and  the  general  characters  have  already  been  stated. 

The  annexed  cut  (flg.  1>)  shows  it  considerably  enlarged  and  will  iiial 
a  detailed  description  unnecessary.    It  is  translucent  when  living:  tL 


IllOtl. 

^cy  dust 
as«|nic  an  c 

neir  the  sii 
sinjtle  threa 
ict  free 

mil  of  th 

ts.  alth 

(ir  nioiit 

11  larg 

h  and 

like  ori; 

Svater  d 

^tiiig  mi 

iPltions  of 
riches  till 
over  til 
[tides, 
le  they  i 
he  fan 
ible  to 
e  gro> 
es  rev 
larval 
le  of  C 


ANIMALS. 


DIFTKRA. 


45 


ill  some  individuiiKs  is  witliout  markings,  while  in  most  it  is  dis- 
maiked  witli  dark  cross  bands  on  the  back  in  the  middle  of  the 
yiiiptoiiis  of  polir,  and  in^Qijjis   while  at  each  side  is  a  white  space;  the  under  side  is  more  or 

:;,:::r;;r;v"f:;:,;i4inv.n.im-.y»,,o..,;rt>vit,,.,,w,, 

Ijip  iH-tweeii  fi.i.s.iisei.s,.     ^^'  •'*^"*^  ^"^  yeUowish  brown,  nearly  square,  hcxiiy,  and  nnirked  as 

itily  the  (oiToctnL'ssoCsiiiin^e  ligure  (lig.  10). 

>f  thcHo  l)itc8  on  auiin.ils 

III  K.vstcin.     This  st^t-niN  ti 

iiieiit  pliintiMH.     TIi(<  iinii 

hort  lime  it  ccascH  to  si 

lis  over,  and  dies;  sonifii- 

rten  liy  a  vory  on-at  niiin 

is  not  always  suddenly  f;r 

irfd  will  oftou  be  found  ,|. 


imI  to  these  bites,  and  dm 
«'iid  of  it.  It  is  a  previiil, 
lin^' first  is  the  most  ]u>,~ 
1<',  liowever,  tliat  the  |mi, 


a. 

Piofilt  —  Ni'»i"(iiM/i  /"criannii :  liciid  of  liirvn— o.  Iiciii-iilli:   ^,  side 


;ili(ivc— irrPiilly  I'lilms''"!  (from 


i— unless  snilicient  to  |>i 

antidote  aj;ainst  that  in 

main  in  the  syst.'ni  willi; 

mt  for  native  or  aceliiiin 

ion  from  bites  than  thai 

stock  freshly  imported  li 

s  more  apt  to  bo  killed  (■  1 

wse  States,  and  that,  inn: 

I'ves  fat.il  but  seldom,    i 

early  in  tho  season  are  m 

at   the  stock,  weaken. il 

s  yet  no  ehauco  to  .i;;iiii 

iition,  which  it  (d>taiii>| 

'onse(|iiently,  the  resisi, 

■ason.     KxiKTicnce  lias;i: 

he  same,  and  in  eonip:in- 

are  killed  of  late.     Trol' 

ndred  years  ago  about  t 

I  the  i)ostniorteni  ex.iiiii; 

!>on  dissection  it  was  Im: 

with  the  llies,  but  also; 

the  bronchial  tube  and 

t  bo  very  exceptional.    ' 

le  death  is  notoccasKii. 

ion  of  tho  skin  by  so  iim 

lex  irritation  of  the  nn 


.Viinuiil  l!ein)rt  Ui'piirlniciit  .Viiriciilliiri',  \Mtt). 

lie  tip  of  the  iibdoinen  is  crowned  with  lows  of  hooks  (see  fig.  11) 

aqff  OH  tlie  upper  side  of  tlie  abdomen  is  the  set  of  breathing  organs, 

'h  have  been  mentioned  heretofore. 

Phe   liirvic   tire   Ibuiid    more   particularly   attiiched    to   submerged 

wholly  or  i>artly  submerged  stumps,  brush,  bushes,  and  other  like 

.cts  in  the  linger  creeks  iiiid  bayous  of  the  region  to  which  they  are 

tmon. 


ice  from  that  of  (dii. 
been  stated, 
ularged  and  will  niiii 
!eut  when  living;  ti 


ey  duster  togetlur,  and,  fastened  by  the  posterior  iirotuheranco  to  the  leaf,  they 

me  an  erect  position,  or  make  tlieir  way  u|(ward  and  downward  with  a  looping 

Freciiiently  attached  by  a  minutt,'  thre.id,  they  sway  with  tho  ripples  at  or 

n^K  the  surface  of  the  water,  often  as  many  as  half  a  dozen   lieinj;  attached  to  a 

siiisl^'  thread.     *     '     *     They  make  their   way  up  and   down   these  objects   with 

et  freedom,  l)ut  do  not  ventnrt^  abov(>  tho  water. 

oil  of  the  /(irrir.  — The  larva'  of  the  Southern  butialo-finat  ai»^  cainivoroiis  in  their 

ts,  although  they  do  not.  perhajis,  reject  tloatinji  jtartieles  of  a  vegetable  origin. 

iir  month  is  not  adapted  for  biting  otf  any  jneces 

1  a  large  or  solid  substanee,  but  is  constructed  to 

h  and  ingulf  small  objects.     To  obtain  these  the 

like  oigans  ]ieciiliar  to  these  larva-  create  currents 

■water  direc;ed  toward  the  mouth.     Any  small  and 

ting  matter  drifted  by  the  <'urient  of  water  into 

vicinity  of  these  fans  is  attracted  by  the  ciliary 

ari|tions  of  the  eoniixinent  rays  of  the  same,  and  thus 

dies  the  space*  embraced  by  them,  and  the.\ ,  beiid- 

over  the  mouth,  direct  the  further  motions  of  the 

tides.     If  of  the  i)roper  kind  they  are  eaten,  other- 

le  they  are  expelled  by  a  sudden  opening  or  jiartiiig 

he  fans.  Th(!y  do  not  feed,  as  lias  been  claimetl,  n])on  plants  which  they  are 
.ble  to  bite  <dVor  chew,  and  which  do  not  exist  in  the  water  at  the  time  when  the 
a-  grow  most  rapidly.  A  searching  investigation  of  the  water  in  their  l)r<'eding 
es  revealed  the  fact  that  it  was  swarining  with  animal  life,  and  was  tilled  with 
larval  forms  of  small  crustaceans  belonging  to  variouh  families,  but  chieily  to 
e  of  Copepods  and  Isopods.     Au  abundant  supply  of  food  must  also  be  found  in 


Km.  M.  —  Simulhnripi'(ytinrvm:  Tip 
(il'iiliclcinu'ii  -  inliir(;(>(l  (Ironi  An- 
iniiil  Kcport  Dcpartiiu'iit  Agri- 
fultiiro,  1880). 


1 


46 


■^ 


INSECTS    AFFKCTINU    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Ill 


tlio  )iresoiuHi  <»f  iiiiineiiso  iiuniburs  (if  IrcHli-watcr  sjioiiKt'K,  polyjis,  (iiiil  aiiiiiiii  ri       *ll*'>   '*' 
LiU'vii'  of  tlie  Soutlieni  biiD'alo-jjiiiat  kc]it  in  j^lass  vessels  wei>i  iil)8erv«Ml  to  sw  il,  pQpal  sU 
tht'sd  iiiiiinto  oi'iistacfaiis,  ami   iioiio  of  tliis  footl   was  Been  to  lie  exiit'llcd  ir. 
A  Timnbor  of  H(|iiai'e  diatoms,  joiiitfil  tofiotlier  in  a  chain,  liavo  also  been  oliscrv  i 


the  intestines  of  tlieso  Iarv:e  by  tlio  aid  of  the  micros 
Tlie  iiresenct!  of  sncli  (|iianlities  of  animal  food  will  also  aci 
for  tlm  (diservcd  fact  that  the  larva'  j;i'ow  so  \fry  i'a]>idl,\ 
in;j  the  ('ally  sjirinj;,  since  this  is  tlio  time  of  the  year  in  \ 
most  of  the  small  fresh- water  cr'istaceaiis  spawn  and  ]iic 


The  ii<lu| 
fac6,  vuii 


almost  u 
fig,  II  <1 
ino| 
mak' 


on 


111  It'll 
illH 


livinj;  youn;;,  and  I'ood  is,  thercfoie,  much  more  abundant   y-j.*   jj,,.   iJ 


th 


s  season 


th 


III  at  anv  o 


ther. 


■Mi 


When  i'lillv  orown  llic  liirvir  descend  to  near  ll 


bottom  of  tlie  stresim.  sometimes  8  or  10  feet,  to  iiiiL 
their  eocooiis. 


silkt'ii 

a  iDaiiiH'i' 


)es. 


strii 

larliair: 


The  eocooii  upon  these  leaves  is  eonieal,  {i'niyisli  i  strip*'.  ^^^'I 
browiiisli,  semitraiisparent.  and  has  its  npper  ii;i  Tlie  imil 
cut  s(piare  oil',  more  or  less  ia};j;ed,  as  if  left  until  head  of  ui 
ished.  Its  shape  is  irrejiiihir,  the  threads  eoinposin.  beton  lui't 
it  very  eoarse,  and  the  meshes  rather  open  and  old  the  iiidivif 
narily  tilled  with  miid.  They  an^  not  always  fastener  of  the  ey« 
separately,  but  fi«'(ptently  crowded  tojicther,  n(»t  formiuf-',  howexei  shovu  in 
such  c<»ral-like  agjiiejiations  as  in  some  of  the  Northeru  sjiecies.    Tli.  betw*'*'"  ^ 


Fio,  12 i^imiill  II  III 

liiruanim  ]iuiiii-  in- 
luiRi'd  (Iroiii  Kilcyi. 


larva  in  spinning  does  not  leave  its 
foothold,  lint  runninj;'  in  the  center  of 
its  work  uses  its  mouth  to  spin  this 
snug  little  Inmse.  In  it,  it  chanjjfes 
to  a  pupa,  which  Tias  its  anterior  end 
protruding  above  tht^  rim. 

The  pupa  (tig.  1-)  is.  Avhen  fresh,  of 
a  honey-yellow  color,  the  tilaments  of 
the  front  i)art  of  the  body  brown  an<l 
the  abdomen  above  tiuged  with  brown. 
The  filaments  consist  of  six  main  rays 
issuing  from  the  basal  promineuco  and 
subdivided  two  or  three  times,  so  that 
iu  uiost  cases  as  many  as  forty-eight 
terminal  tilaments  can  be  counted. 
The  color  of  the  pupa  changes  with 
age,  becoming  jyinkish,  and,  just  be- 
fore emergence  of  the  tly,  black. 
"During  the  tirst  of  tliese  colora- 
tional  epochs  they  are  attached  to  the 
vegetable  substance  upon  which  the 
pouch  has  been  fastened,  by  the  thoracic  filaments,  by  threads  about 
the  body,  and  by  the  aual  extremity;  but  during  the  last  two  the 
pupai  hang  by  the  short  anal  attachment  alone  to  the  threads  at  tlie 
bottom  of  the  ptmcU  and  rise  more  and  more  out  of  it,  until  they  swing 
freely  iu  the  current,  attached  only  by  the  drawn-out  threads." 


yiie  tiiii 
tbfe  earlini 
it  is  mut'h 
a  rule,  til 


/" 


Kill.  Ill — Siiiiiiliinii  pieiiarvtii:  fcmiile,  nidr 
view— i'nliirf;«d  (from  Auiuial  Iteport  I'f 
]iiiniiiriit  of  Agriculture,  1880). 


ANIMALS. 

^e«,  pol.viis,  an.l  anii,,,,,,., 
JlswoiooLservcdtoHu.,) 
I  s.'en  to  l,e  exprll,.,!  „.„ 
',  I'iivo  also  bei'ii  oliscrx  «',i 
^''0  i<i<I  of  tlio  micros, , 
"''•"'■'"«<'<lwill..il,soa.-,„ 
'"'  Ki'owso  v<.ry  rn],UU\  ,| 
liotii.H.  orfhoyearii,;,,,, 
taceaiiN  spawn  ami  jm,,.!,; 
''«'  ' •'!  "I'Te  Jlbuil.l;,,,, 

i<    <lescen(l  to  iicai'  t 
K's  8  or  10  a.et,  to  ui.-A 

'S  '««-01licilI,f.r.,yi.s|,, 

'<!  liiis  its  upper  Im 
i««V(l,  as  if  loct  uiilii 
tlietliroiHlscomposiii, 
i-atlicr  ojieii  and  ..nl, 
I'o  not  always  fiistoiui 
i<»t  formiiif.-,  ]iow<M,., 
ortlieni  species.    Tlit 


DII'TEHA. 


47 


icy  ri'iiiain  in  the  pupa  state  but  a  short  tiiiu'.     lioth  hir 
pujpal  skins  rtMiiaiii  in  the  poncli  ibr  some  time. 

T^lic  a<lnlt  !ly  on  enuMocnuo  I'roni  the  i)upa  rises  (juiolcly  to  the  snv- 
fac(§,  runs  a  few  inclies  over  the  watoi',  aJid  tlie  winji's  expanding 
almost  instantly  it  darts  away.  The  lly  (li,ii-.  1.'}  side  view, 
fig.  1  I  dorsal  view  of  female")  is  nearly  a  (luarter  of  an 
m<#  in  len^^tli,  tlie  female  l)einj;' sonu'wliat  larger  than  the 
vamp  and  dilferin,!;  in  many  .esi»ee(s.  Tiie  color  is  black, 
1)1  the  body  is  covered  with  {;rayisli  brown,  short,  and 
n  iiairs,  which  are  arranged  U]»on  the  thorax  in  sucli 
laniier  as  to  show  thn'c  parallel  lonoituditml  black 
i)es.  The  altdomen  is  moie  densely  covered  with  simi- 
hairs  and  shows,  fnrtheiinore,  a  broad  dorsal  whitish 
pe,  which  widens  toward  the  ]»osterior  end. 
$he  male  ditteis  in  the  structure  of  the  head  ( lij^.  1"»: 
h^l  of  male  at  the  rij^ht;  of  fennile  at  the  left),  the  eyes 
b^};'  larger,  joininji'  each  other  in  the  middle  liue,  and  I'lo.  u.  — .s 
th# individual  facets  lieingmuch  larger  on  the  upper  jiart 
ofphe  eye,  while  those  <d'  the  lower  ]tart  (not  correctly 
8bj|wn  ill  the  ligure)  are  minute,  the  line  of  separation 
een  the  two  sizes  being  well  marked, 
'he  time  of  appearaiute  of  the  swarms  is  regulated  by 
(I  earliness  or  lateness  of  the  spring,  and  consequently 
It^s  much  earlier  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  jMississii)])i  Valley.  As 
ule,  tiiey  can  be  expected  soon   after  the  tirst  continuous  warm 


iniv- 
1 1  It  in  [lei'  II a- 
nan:  iciniiU', 
from  alluvia  — 
ouliirgi!(l(ri'oin 
A  II 11 II  a  I  Hu- 
jiDit  ncparl- 
iiifiit  of  Agi'i 
eiiltui-f,  I88O1. 


,""  ?«'<-■"«»•«»«.•  female,  ni,!,. 
I  (from  Aiiiiiial  IJeiiort  IV 
rriciiltiire,  1888). 

,  by  threads  about 
r  the  last  two  the 
the  threads  at  the 
it,  until  they  swing 
t  threads." 


]:<.-Simiiliiim  jieciKtnnii .-  licail  of  iiialc,  al  rij;lil  ;  lii'ail  <if  ffiiialc.  at  left— greatly  enlarged  (from 
Aiiiiiial  lit'iiort  ])e]iartmeiit  of  Agriculture,  1880). 

l?§ather  in  early  si)ring.     In  ISSo  the  tirst  swarms  were  observed  in 
luisiana  March   11,  in   Mississippi  and  Tennessee  j\Iay  1,  and  in 
liana  and  Illinois  JNIay  12. 

Hie  accounts  of  its  occurrence  in  December  or  other  winter  months 

not  seem  to  agree  with  the  observations  of  recent  years,  but  are 

f-haps  explicable  on  the  ground  of  unusual  seasons  at  the  time  of 

ph  appearance.     Small  or  local  swarms  may  appear  somewhat  earlier 


INSECTS    AFPKCTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


tluM  H('t'iii>f  to  lie  (|nitc  11  jii'iicral  nilc  witli  all  tliiwe  hiood-siickiu^  Hpucics  wliidi  , 
known  to  annoy  man  an<l  other  warni-liloiMli'd  animals;  lor  tlii^  love  ot'lilooil  >n]i. 
ally  Itrovcs  iiiinons  to  tlioKc  indix  idnals  whicli  arr  anxiuns  to  indiilj;;(«  in  it,  a^ 
have  sliown  to  l)t>  tlic  easo  with  tiic  liai'vcst  niitc  or  jijini-r  ' 

ciiAUAc  ri:!;  oi-  a  swaum. 

Tin-  nnnihor  of  iinlividuaJH  coniprisin;;  a  swarm  oan  not   he  ('oni)inted.  as  swaii 
vary  fjroatly  in  si/c.     Their  lU'est-nce  isat  onee  indicated  l)y  tlie  aetiiHis  of  tho  yarn 
aninnils  in  the  liidd.     Horses  and  mnles  snort,  switeh  tlieir  tails,  stamp  the  yroii; 
antl  show  j^reat  restlessness  and  syinpt'-ms  of  fear.     If  not  harne.ssed  to  plow  .n 
wagou  they  will  try  to  eseaiie  by  riiiiniiif''away.     Cattle  rush  wildly  about  in  H(:n 
of  rtdief.     rornierly,  wlu^iideer  werir  still  nmiieroiis,  they  would  lie  so  torinentei! 
these  inseets  as  to  leave  tlieir  liidiii;;  places  and  run  away,  seekiii;;'  protection  i  \' 
ill  the  iiresence  of  their  greatest  enemy,  man.     A|>pr()aehiii<raiiiinals  in  the  tieM. 
notice  at  once  small  hlack  Itodies,  uxcecdinuly  swift  in  their  llif^ht,  dartiiiff  al"' 
their  victims  in  search  of  a  suitable  spot  to  draw  blood       Miit  even  duriu};'  a  m; 
general  invasion  by  these  gnats  these  inseets  are  not  luiiforinly  distributed  thri.iiui 
out  the  region  infested,  but  they  select  certain  idaces.     Only  low  and  moist  grcMin 
is  frei|nented  by  them;  exposed  or  sunny  spots  are  never  visited.     There  may  In- 1. 
iudieations  of  gnats  in  a  whole  neighborhood,  and  the  iin]irepared  farmer,  dreaiinn. 
of  no  danger  to  his  mnlesor  horses  in  passing  dense  tliicketsof  bushes,  etc.,  iiearil 
roadside,  is  suddenly  attacked  by  a  swarm  of  these  ^lests,  and  is  frei(iieiitly  iin;ili/ 
to  reach  a  ]ilace  of  safety  in  tiiii(>  to  save  his  cattle.     As  suddenly  as  siieli  swarii' 
ajipear.  Just  as  sudtlenly  do  they  disapjiear.     During  a  gnat  season  cautions  farinii' 
never  travel  with  tlioir  horses  or  mules  without  jiroviding  theiusehes  with  some  Kiih 
of  protective  grease. 

When  bnll'alo-gnats  are  very  numerous  the  whole  air  in  the  vicinity  of  our  doinc- 
tic  animals  is  tilled  with  them  at  times,  and  looking  toward  the  siitfering  brute,  ni 
sees  it  surroundiMl  by  a  kiinl  of  ha/o  formed  by  these  Hying  insects.  Sweejiing  r;i|' 
idly  with  the  hand  through  the  air  one  can  collect  liiindreds  of  gnats  by  a  sinulr 
stroke.  They  crawl  into  everything,  and  theiilowinan  has  constantly  to  brush  tlicn 
away  from  his  face,  which  does  not  always  prevent  them  from  entering  and  filliii:' 
his  mouth,  nose,  and  ears;  ho  is  so' tormented  by  them,  and  freiiuently  by  their  liiit 
as  well,  that  he  has  to  cease  working  for  the  time  being.     Thousauda  try  to  enter 

'  See  American  Naturalist,  Vol.  VII,  1873,  p.  19. 


l||Oht  activi 
light  iiiglit 
af0  iiHin<  oi 
«]|cn  liiin 
tbe  w iudo\ 
iMCdiiic  so  I 
fineiiienl  ii 
Ip.-  ;i  wcl  s 
{■is  nine  tl 
tg(iccts  inn.- 
$^;i\  fioiu 
^thoiit  nil 


M 


m^ 


sma 


arms. 
rk  in  tl 
rival,  riv 
Ion  the  t 

JIOIIS,   til 

jen^  tho 
Bo  rapid 
Itli  blooi 
ivt  of  th 
Irce  a  dr( 
fill  almo; 
?in8  whii 
id  their 


ANIMALS. 


IJIPTEUA. 


49 


*  It  varies  yicatly.    T 
t  l>y  tlu'  wind  uikI 
lal  liaiints. 

fivH  and  lilooilthirstN  ;  \ 
I  N<M>n  (lisiippears  ciitin 
"lies  Tlui  (liinitioii  ,,| 
a  linv  (lavs  t«»  (iv«  m  . 
iiafs  liecoiiiK  H)>Mii  (lorni.i 
(lino  aj,'fri-fs8ivc  ajjaiii  « 
ooii  kills  tlieiii  and  jniiv 
i«l<'  individual  is8li..ii; 
■■^  Hoi.n  die.  Mnllalo-;,',, 
.  a.s  swii  liy  flio  large  nn: 
iriK'd  attached  fo  niiil.^ 
d  dr(.|»  to  Hit)  jiniuiid  ;, 
lir  bloodthirsty  lial.its.,, 
■.iiickin^  Hpeeies  whicli ;, 
or  th(<  love  ofldood  mv,,, 
»iiH  to  indiilfr,.  in  jt,  ;,n  v 


I  he  eoiiipiited,  as  swjiii: 
tile  actions  of  tho  vaiM 
r  tails,  stamp  the  •rnuit 
>t  harnessed  to  ))lo\v  ,,, 
ish  wildly  ahont  in  sen, 
rtonld  he  so  tornientei! 

seeliill;;  protection  i\. 
h: animals  in  the  (leM. « 
eir  liif,'ht.  dartiii;,'  al'., 
Hnt  even  diirin;.;'  a  vd 
Illy  distrihiited  thmis;; 
l.v  hiw  and  moist  Mr,,iiii 
■■^ittMl.  There  may  hr  i 
■pared  tanner,  dreanmi. 
of  hnshcH,  etc.,  iieani 
nd  is  Cre.iiiently  iin.ili: 
iddenly  as  siieh  sw-.uu- 
seaNoneuiition.sfarinih 
iii8<dve.s  with  some  ^il^ 

o  vicinity  of  our  doiiM- 
the  snlierinc,'  lirnte,  ,ii, 
nsects.  Sweepini,^  r:i|' 
(1h  of  gnats  by  a  siim!- 
nstajitly  to  brii.sh  tlicn 
nil  entering  and  fillin; 
VcMniently  by  their  liiie 
Tlionsaiids  try  to  enter 


p.  Ifl. 


lionses  in  villages  and  cities,  ami   the  windows  are  rreqiiently  completely  fov- 
kd  with  llieiii. 

Mum:    (II     AllACK. 

J"lie  lliglit  (if  all  sjiecies  of  Siniiilhnii  is  very  swift  and  |io\verfiil,  'i'\n\y  possess,  in 
'»i|)arisnn  with  must  other  llies,  an  eiKirimiiiHly  large  tlniras,  consisting  of  a  very 
Igh,  chitinnns  iiitegiiinent,  that  furnishes  ample  attachment  for  tiio  Bti'diig  innscleH 
ich  pidiicl  them  during  tlieir  lung  and  continnons  tlights. 

Phc  Soiitlieni  bnlVahi-gnat  in  exceedingly  active  in  all  its  iiuitidnM,  and  is  at  its 
|<id\  work  as  soon  as  it  has  gained  a  foothold  upon  an  animal.  The  indiyidnal 
lilt  IS  inconspiciiiiiis  and  rarely  iiiiii(^  tliaii  a  fc\\  feet  from  the  gidiind.  It  is  also 
lailv  iKiiscless,  but  when  (ine  passes  rapidly  cl(is(!  to  the  ear  of  a  persnn  tlie  sound 
tdiiced  is  faintly  like  that  o^'  a  passing  linllet,  and  no  (iiie  wlm  has  listened  to  it 
|1  ever  forget  it,  lint  will  always  connect  it  wi  li  their  presence, 
If  the  insects  are  not  very  hungry,  (irif  inllneiiced  by  tnii  warm  nr  too  dry  an 
iicpHidicre.  they  cin  1(>  round  a  mule  or  a  horse  very  mii<di  like  ho  many  small  liees; 
!(uini;iy,  liowevt-r,  they  lose  no  time  whatever,  liiit  with  a  few  nervous  Jerks  settlt! 
^oii  the  selected  spots  and  immediately  go  to  worli.  I'lioy  are  never  i|iiiet,  but  are 
»ht  active  during  early  morning  and  toward  evening,  T!ie,\  also  (ly  difing  •.noon- 
|lit  nights.  Dining  the  hottest  portions  of  the  day,  from  11  a.  iii.  to  I  p.  in.,  they 
more  or  less  inactive.  Their  favorite  tiiiKMif  attack  is  a  cloudy,  dark  day,  or 
|eii  rain  is  thieatciiiiig.     If  the  gnats  try  to  enter  lior.ses  or  slaliles  by  nutans  of 

windows,  they  constantly  butt  theirlieads  against  the  puiies  of  glass,  until  they 

pome  so  exhausted  that  they  droji  to  the  gidniid  and  die.     Specimens  kept  in  con- 

Iciiieiit  111  larue  vessels,  with  the  bottoms  covered  with  moss  and  soil  and  con  tain - 

!i  wci  spongi<  and  a  saiiccr  tilled  with  water,  die  witliin  forty  Iniiirs,  During  all 
lis  tune  they  never  ce;ise  trying  to  escape.  The  sense  of  smell  ( and  sight )  of  thes(! 
Beets  iiiiist  be  w(dl  devclopcil,  because  they  nnciringl.v  tiiid  animals  a  long  (iistance 
ray  from  their  lireeding  ]ilaces.  If  very  iinineroiis  the,\  cover  the  whole  animal, 
Ithont  making  any  selection  of  position. 
['he  siiialler  tiirkey-gnats  are  not  so  bloodthirsty,  nor  do  they  form  siwli  large 
lariiis.  Tli(^  snorting,  biting,  s\\  itcdiingol' tails,  jind  the  general  restlessness  td' the 
bck  in  the  liclds  soon  reveal  the  |ireseiice  of  their  foes.  Tli(>  gn;its  will,  upon 
rival,  rapidly  circle  around  the  animal,  select  a  point  of  atta(d<.  fasten  themselves 
Ion  the  chosen  spot,  and  iiniii(^diat(dy  coninience  to  iiite.  The  genital  and  anal 
pons,  the  ears  and  portions  of  body  between  the  f(irtdegs--in  short,  those  parts 
iere  the  skin  is  most  easily  iiiinctiirod— are  selected  by  these  insects.  The  attack 
go  rapid  that  in  course  of  one  minute  the  body  of  t\w  tornientor  is  seen  to  oxjiaud 
jtli  blood,  which  shows  plainly  through  the  epiderinisof  the  abdomen.  Tlu^  bitten 
Irt  of  the  animal  shows  a  iii|iplivlike  iiro.iection,  and  if  tlie  insect  is  removed  b.v 
lrc(>  a  drop  of  blood  as  large  as  a  good-si/ed  pin's  head  will  oo/.e  out.  Other  gnats 
rill  almost  at  oiici^  pounce  upon  the  same  spot  and  com  !Uuo  the  biting.  All  those 
?ins  which  jiriijcct  under  the  skin  of  the  animal  are  also  favorable  points  of  attack, 
ml  tlieir  course  is  made  visible  by  the  hordes  of  gnats  fastened  upon  them. 

niniKllIl'.S    rUll'.l)    ANI'    I'lidl'OSKI)    AdAINSr    THK    I.AKV    K. 

The  results  of  a  number  of  ditl'erent  experiments  with  insecticides  niion  the  larva^ 
the  bnlfalo-gnats  made  by  Mr.  Lugger  during  the  early  spring  indicate  that  it  is 
parly  if  not  (piite  impossible  to  reduce  their  numbers  by  killing  them  iu  the  streams, 
attemiit  to  do  so  when  all  these  streams  are  swollen,  and  fre(iuently  from  10  to  20 
^rds  w  ide  and  half  as  deep,  would  be  sheer  waste  of  time.  Wbeu  the  water  is  very 
|w  and  much  more  sluggish  in  its  motion,  thus  bringing  the  chemicals  in  contact 
ith  the  larva',  an  application  of  them  might  be  more  efi'ective.  Great  caution 
list  be  used  in  any  efforts  iu  this  direction,  however,  as  both  mau  aud  beast  are  iu 
4653— No.  5 4 


60 


INSECTS    AFrECTINO    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


many  InciilitieH  entirely  ilu)ion(l<Mit  u|)iiii  tlicNu  Htroaiiis  fur  tliuii' wattT  Hii|i]>ly,  u 
tilt)  introiliictiiiu  ot'itoiHoiioiiH  Hiilistaiiri-H  iiii^lit  ciin^itt  iiiucli  triMilili'. 

Soiiif  (if  tlm  nxiinimeiits  wt-ro  iiiiiil))  l>v  conliiiinu  tlio  larvii'  in  nIaM>  tiilicN  ai 
Hiibniittin);  tlinn  to  a  rnniiit  of  wutcr  to  wliich  tlio  following  <lci  unioim  and  h<i|i 
tioiiH  hiul  been  addud,  vi/:  Cliiim  hurries,  nalt,  linii',  Hnlplinr,  tar  water,  keroMi 
eninlnion,  and  rarlion-lHsiilplndo.  Strong'  tar  water  killed  tlieni;  diluted,  it  jiruM 
llarln]e^«H.  Kt'ruscno  einul.  .>n  dilnted  ti>  rontnin  .">  pi-r  rent  ki-roseno  wmh  etfcctui 
H  ounces  of  curlion-bisnlpliido  in  7  qnarts  of  water  proved  fatal  within  ten  niiniiio 
the  other  inseeticideH  were  inelfeclive.  It  would  be  v(>ry  eosttly  tf»  put  enoiijiln 
theHe  nialeriaJH  in  tlie  water  to  prodip'o  the  desired  etleet. 

If  the  ^(I'neral  opinion  that  broken  levees  are  to  Idanie  for  tiie  destrnetive  hwhih 
of  bull'alo-Knats  jirove  to  be  the  correct  one.  the  restoration  of  such  levees  woulr 
within  i;  few  years  at  most,  lestore  the  fornu'r  immunity  from  these"  insects.  'Ih 
tinu-  wiMild  lie  materially  hastened  by  tlie  removal  i>t'  tdistrnctions  in  all  such  p:iri 
of  the  bayous  where  they  would  come  in  contact  with  the  swiftest  current. 

OVKllKI.OWS    AND    nil  TAI.It    (INA  TS. 


It  is  very  generally  claimed  by  the  iuhabitnuts  of  the  infesteil  region  that  as  loin 
as  the  States  b(U'deiin;;>ipon  the  Mississip]>i  Ifiver  had  a  perfect  lex ee system,  wlm 
])revented  the  water  from  escaping  into  the  inland  bayous,  no  damage  was  ocui 
sioned  by  liutValo-^nats,  not  even  in  districts  now  badly  infested.  It  is  furtlif; 
claimed  that  the  bntfalo-gnats  ajipear  with  e\-ery  overllow,  anil  only  with  an  omm 
How  if  such  overflow  occur  at  the  ])roper  season  antl  with  the  proper  temperatiin 
viz.,  iluring  the  first  continuous  warm  days  of  March,  .\pril,  lu'  May. 

The  chronological  data  already  given  seem  to  ]irove  such  assertions  correct,  'fin 
much  weight  should  not,  however,  be  attached  to  these  data.  The  region  is  as  ,vt 
rather  thinly  settled,  antl  no  systeunitic  records  of  the  apjiearance  of  Imtt'alo-giiii 
in  in.jurious  nuniliers  have  ever  been  kept.  \  general  and  widesjiread  apjjearancc' 
these  insects  seems  to  take  place,  however,  only  during  an  inundation,  and,  granting 
the  connection  between  the  two  phenomena,  the  caus4!s  for  it  are  yet  obscure.  I; 
was  by  the  elucidation  of  this  jiroblem  that  we  hoped  to  discover  some  means  n: 
preventing  the  injury  of  the  Hies  by  jireventing  the  multiplication  of  the  larvic 

Inundations  in  the  lower  Mississippi  Valley  are  not  occasioned  by  local  rains,  liir 
by  the  immense  voliimt'  of  water  brought  down  by  the  river  and  its  more  nortlicii 
tributaries,  and  such  overllows  tirst  take  jtlace  in  the  northern  regions  infested  ii; 
the  bu Halo-gnats,  and  not  in  the  southern.  The  earlier  appearance  of  these  insert- 
in  the  South  would  seem  to  invalidate  the  prevailing  belief  that  an  overflow  bri;'!.'- 
them.  Similar  conditions  prevail  in  Hungary,  where  a  closely  allied  insect  does  >' 
much  injury  to  all  kinds  of  live  stock.  There  the  gnats  appear  everv  spring  ii 
varying  numbers,  forming  local  swarms  which  move  about  with  the  wind;  but  m 
general  invasion  takes  plac(i  uutil  the  Hiver  Danube  inundates  the  region  infested. 

Is  it  not  probable  that  swarms  of  the.se  gnats  are  fon.'ed  by  the  conditions  coiisi 
quent  upon  an  inundation  to  extend  their  flight  beyond  their  usual  haunts  to  tin 
more  elevated  and  drier  regions,  and  that  in  this  fact  we  have  at  least  one  of  tin 
causes  of  the  connection  ?  Small  swarms,  otherwise  local  and  unobserved,  woiili; 
thus,  during  a  period  of  high  water,  be  forced  to  band  together  in  such  immciisi 
armies.  There  must  be  other  reasons,  not  yet  clearly  demonstrated,  why  tlicsr 
insects  apjtear  in  such  vast  swarms  with  an  <iv4'rflow,  and  this  problem  can  only  l" 
solved  by  a  critical  study  of  many  breeding  places  during  several  seasons  over  tlie 
whole  region  involved. 

Some  peculiarities  of  the  swarms  of  buffalo-gnats  have  been  observed,  and  thcsr 
may,  by  closer  study  in  future,  throw  some  light  upon  the  problem.  It  is  to  lif 
noted  that  all  the  specimens  comjiosing  these  swarms  are  females,  and  that  not  one 
male  has  been  found  among  them  either  here  or  in  Europe.  There  is  every  reason 
to  believe  that  none  of  the  females  composing  the  blood-thirsty  swarms  return  t« 


1 


e  1o(  all 
JDi>;eil  w 


LMMAL8. 

>r  tlieir  wnter  supply,  mi, 
I'll  li'iiiilili'. 

I.irvii'  in  yliiHs  tuhes  .n 
)\viiin  <l»'i  oitiiniH  mill  Sill 
pliiir,  liir  wiiter,  ktiroMi 
1  tluMii;  diluted,  it  pi(i\i 
lilt  krrosniic  \v:is  I'llcctn, 
liifal  within  ten  iiiiiiiiti. 
,v  rostly  to  put  ciioiijili, 

"or  till'  dtsHtriiitivti  swaiiu 
ion  of  Nucli  li'vet'H  wonlil 
IVoiii  tlu'Hn  iiisoctn.  'Hi;, 
tnirtioiis  in  all  hikIi  p:iri 
Hwiftcst  ciirreut. 


fcHted  reKi<»i>  that  as  Imn 
urft'ct  luveoH.vstiMii,  wind 
oils,  no  (lainnnc  was  oc  i  n 
y  iiifi'strd.  It  is  lurtlic: 
V,  nnd  only  with  an  dmi 
I  tho  projuM-  toiiiperatiin 
l.or  May. 

Ii  assertions  correct.     'I'd 

ata.     Tho  ri'j^ion  is  as  vf 

pearanco  of  lmtl'alogii;ii. 

videspread  apix^arancr. 

nniulation,  and,  yraiitln. 

>r  it  are  yet  obscure.    1; 

discover  some  nieaiis  (i: 

lication  of  the  larva'. 

oned  Ity  local  rains,  liii' 

>r  and  its  iiiore  nortlnii 

icin  regions  infested  li; 

learancc  of  these  iuscct- 

that  an  overtlow  l)ri;ii;> 

selv  allied  insect  does  >i 

appear  every  spring  ii. 

with  the  wind;  but  in 

es  the  region  infested. 

by  the  conditions  coiisi- 

heir  usual  haunts  to  tb 

have  at  least  one  of  tin 

anil  unobserved,  woiilii 

jether  in  such  iniineiisi 

nionstrated,  why  tlii"<f 

lis  problem  can  only  Ih 

leveral  seasons  over  tlie 

een  observed,  and  thcst 
problem.     It  is  to  hf 

nales,  and  that  not  oiif 
There  is  every  reason 

irsty  swarms  return  tn 


DII'TKRA. 


61 


i 

iBe  localities  where  they  wore  born  and  developed.  Kxperiem  e  indicates  that  once 
■ftrged  with  blnod  tliey  die.  The  swarnm  dwindle  in  proportion  as  they  are  carrlel 
duny  or  move  I'roiii  their  luceding  jilaceH. 

'Close  investigation  with  the  microscope  has  failed  to  reveal  any  eggs  in  the  ovaries 
4yf  the  females  cmiiposiiig  these  swarnm,  and  if  they  deposit  eggs  at  all  it  is  before 
«*ngiegatiiig  to  attack  aiiiiiials. 

>fl'iiese  singular  facts  invite  speenlatton  and  theory,  but  It  were  iinwise  to  indulge 
m these  before  we  have  learned  more  about  the  eggs,  when  and  wheredeposited,  and 
i|i|icthur  the  females  depositing  them  are  in  an,\  way  dillereiit  Ironi  those ooinpnsing 
swarms.     |ir.  Frit/,  Milller  has  jniblished  in  the  Arehivos  do  Miiseii  .Nacional  do 
o  de  .Janeiro,  Vol.  IV,  i»age  I",  I'ls.  I\-VII,    some  very  intercHtingobservatiimH  on 
other  lly  (I'dlloxtoum  tDrreiilhim),  the  larva  of  which  is  only  i'oiitid  in  the  torrents 
d  cascades  of  certain  streams  descending  the  nioiintains  of  Mra/il.     There  the 
pie  fasten  b,\  the  llat  venter  t()  the  rocks  under  water,   and  change  into  the  jier 
t  llies.     He  found  liy  o]ieiiing  the  mature  ]nip,'e  that  there  are  always  two  forms 
^  fcinaloH  associated  with  one  form  of  le  lie.      The  one  form  of  female  jiossesses  a 
jjildiiiieutary  mouth  «nly  lit  to  sip  honey,  while  the  other  has  a  mouth  well  adapted 
'Ijl  penetrate  tho  skin  of  warm-blooded  animals  and  to  suck  Idood. 
*The  male  Simuliiim,  so  far  us  known,  is  only  found  near  where  it  developed      The 
uctiire  of  its  mouth  |irevcnts  it  from  biting,  and  it  shows  no  inclination  to  Join 
ie  roving  swarnm  of  females.     Hence  pairing  of  the  sexes  must  take  place  in  the 
iiiity  of  birth,  and  the  egys  are  ]>robably    Icposited  soon  afterwards.     It  is  also 
sible,  as  in  the  case  of  other  I)i])tera,  thai  the  eggs  are  alri'ady  well  developed  in 
le  ]>u|)a. 

['he  condition  of  the  inundated  region  forbids  an  indiscrimiimte  selection  of  places 
deposit  in,  since  the  young  larva'  must  in  time  lind  suitable  swift  currents  of 
ater  after  the  subsidence  to  the  normal  level.     Such  breeding  places  we  hope  to  be 
le  to  map  out  in  future. 

It  has  also  been  claimed  that  a  number  of  successive  broods  of  the  butfalo-gnat 

jiear  in  early  spring.     If  such  were  the  case  the  rehitiouship  between  the  presence 

tho  gnats  and  an  overtlow  could  be  very  readily  imagined;  but  wo  have  already 

iowu  that  there  is  absolutely  no  ]iroof  thus  far  of  more  than  one  annual  brood. 

Ir.  'Wobster,  while  studying  in  the  neighborhood  of  Vicksbnrg  last  spring,  was 

ipressod  with  the  idea  that  the  connection  between  the  Simuliiim  increase  and 

ertlows  was  dependent  ui»on  the  condition  of  the  levees,  in  that  the  river  water 

swelling  the  waters  of  tho  bayous  not  only  creates  a  stronger  current  in  the  main 

you,  but  brings  the  current  in  contact  with  many  trees  and  shrubs,  as  well  as 

mps  and  vines,  along  the  bayous,  thereby  otVering  much  greater  chance  for  the 

irva'  to  attach  themselves. 

While  we  were  at  first  inclined  to  give  some  weight  to  this  view,  and  it  seemed  to 
ord  an  additional  important  argument  in  favor  of  keejiing  the  levees  in  good  con- 
tion,  a  survey  of  the  whole  field  leads  ns  to  abandon  this  as  the  most  important 
use  in  the  increase  of  the  gnats  during  the  period  of  tho  overflow,  and  to  adopt 
e  theory  already  advanced,  viz.,  that  tho  connection  is  at  least  partly  due  to  the 
its  being  driven  by  the  advancing  waters  from  the  lower  to  the  higher  lands. 
Another  theory,  not  supplanting  this  last,  but  supplementing  it,  we  would  advance 
re:  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  advance  of  the  waters  from  the  main  river  and 
eir  commingling  with  tho  clearer  streams  and  tributaries  carry  a  suddenly  increased 
od  supply,  in  the  way  of  minute  Crustacea  and  other  aiiuatic  erec^ures,  to  the 
mulium  larva;  .just  at  the  season  when  these  are  about  to  transform.  It  is  quite 
obiiblo  that  development  in  these  larva'  remains  more  or  less  latent  or  stationary 
ring  tlie  cold  winter  months  or  when  the  water  in  which  they  occur  is  depleted  of 


'  Reviews  of  his  paper  appeared  in  Kosmos,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  37-42;  Nature,  .Inly  7, 
il,  p.  214;  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine,  February,  1881,  p.  206  and  pp. 
5-132,  and  March,  1881,  pp.  225,  226. 


52 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


luiuutc  iiiiiitial  lite,  and  that  a  siKldeu  acdeas  of  food   would  accelerate  the  tiiial 
traiiMfoi'iiiatioiiB. 

A  posHible  third  couiiectioii  between  the  overllow  and  thin  increase  may  arise  from 
the  fact  that  the  larvic,  when  the  water  rises,  leavtj  their  attachments,  or  t'lat  the 
(l^liris  upon  which  they  are  fasteni  ,1  becomes  itself  started  by  the  Hood  current,  and 
that  in  coiisc(]uence  the  lar-  c  from  hundreds  of  smaller  streams  and  tributaries  are 
carri.d  away  by  the  visini;  water  and  impidled  into  tluMuirrent  of  the  larj;e  streams, 
by  which  they  :ii;;y  l)e  carried  for  many  miler,  sjireadinjiont  at  last  in  the  overflowed 
rejiion  at.jnst  the  time  when  they  are  ready  for  their  tinal  transformations.  On  this 
theory  the  larvic  from  regions  far  distant  become  massed  in  the  overllowed  refjioii 
and  vastly  augment  the  uunibers  which  have  naturally  bred  there. 

The  Ti  rkey  Gnat. 

(Si III II Hum  iiieriiUiiiialc  K'iley. ) 

The  eai'ly  liistory  <  i'  the  tiirkey-jiiiat  is  so  iiitiimitely  connected  with 
that  of  the  pr'^i-ediuj;'  species,  and  the  losses  due  to  the  two  species 
hiive  been  so  y  iierally  confused,  that  what  has  been  already  stated 
upon  these  topics  covets  about  all  that  can  be  said.  It  is  nnnecessary, 
therefoi'e.  even  if  it  were  jxissible,  to  give  separate  account  in  detail. 

In  the  insect  itself,  however,  and  in  many  details  of  its  life  history 
and  habits,  there  is  so  much  difference  that  it  becomes  necessary  to 
give  some  attention  to  them. 

LIFE    HISTORY. 

While  the  area  occupied  by  the  adults  c(UTesi)onds  in  general  with 
that  of  the  S.  fH'CKto'iim,  the  breeding  places  appear  to  be  (piite  different. 
In  tills  sj»e<-ie>i  the  breeding  grounds  are  limited  to  the 
smaller  streams  and  biiiiiches,  and  the  larva-  are  found 
attached  to  submerged  dead  leaves.  Often  these  leaves 
are  held  by  sticks,  rails,  ami  other  obstructions,  which 
serve  to  fasten  them  in  the  nuid  and  at  the  same  time 
create  currents  which  are  favorable  to  the  existence  of 
the  larva'. 

The  larva  has  the  peculiar  shape  and  appearance  of 
the  Simuliida'  larva*  in  general  (see  tig.  1(5  for  the  hirva, 
the  hair  line  giving  natural  length).  The  nnirkings  of 
the  head  and  body  are  \mu:h  more  irregular  than  in  <S'. 
mcKnrinn.  They  usually  possess  one  or  two  lateral 
spots  on  the  enlarged  hind  part  of  the  body;  the  head 
lacks  the  regular  arrangement  of  spots  and  lines;  the 
breathing  organs  are  (pute  different,  and  three  main 
trtmks  branch  each  six  times  and  the  branches  enter 
the  trunk  from  the  sides. 


Klo.  \n.—Sii)iiiliinii 
mcrhtidiiale .-  lar- 
VH,  sido  vii'w  — 
euliir(;('cl  (from 
Ann.  Hept.  nept. 
Agr.  188C). 


These  larva*  are  evidently  somewhat  social  in  their  habits,  as 
they  crowd  together  npou  one  leaf  in  numbers  varying  from  ten  to 
thirty,  and,  ju<lgiug  from  their  uniform  size,  they  must  be  the  ott- 
spring  of  the  same  parent.  As  the  current  away  from  obstructions  caused  by  twigs 
and  leaves  decreases  in  swiftness,  so  do  the  larva'  decrease  in  numbers,  until  only  a 
few  feet  away  but  ony  or  two  can  he  found. 


DIPTERA. 


63 


I'iemte  the  fiual 

e  may  aiitm  fioni 
'II ts,  or  t'mt  the 
>o<l  current,  and 

tributaries  are 
*'  liirjre  Ntroanm, 

tliooverllowed 
ivtions.  On  this 
erdowt'd  region 


iiiiected  with 

'♦'inly  stated 
uiiiiccessiuy, 
f  ill  detail. 

lil'e  history 
iie(!essHiy  to 


keneral  witli 
ite  different, 
iiiited  to  the 
ii'  are  Ibiiiid 
these  leaves 
tioiis,  wliich 
i  same  time 
t'xisteiice  of 

>eaiaiice  of 
r  the  hirva, 
iarlciiif>s  of 
tliaii  ill  ,s'. 
"■()  lateral 
;  the  head 
lines;  the 
liiee  main 
ches  enter 


ir  hahits,  as 
:l'roni  ton  to 
I  hi'  tlic  off- 
3»l  hy  twigs 
intil  only  a 


Wlieii  first  found,  in  early  March,  they  art-  <|uite  sniiill.  but  thoy  grow  rapidly  dut- 
iii^j  the  latter  part  of  March  and  early  April.  'I'iu'y  arc  (|uiti'  stationary  when  not 
(listurltt'd.  Ut'Hidcs  licing  fastened  to  the  leaf  )>y  the  last  jiostorior  segnieiit,  they 
iire  also  securely  anchored  by  a  very  tiue  silken  tiiread.  Wiien  di,sturl>ed  they  loosen 
tiieir  h(d<l  at  ouet;  and  lloat  down  stream,  suspended  and  retarded  by  this  thread, 
wliicii  very  rapidly  increases  in  leugtli  while  tlie  liiiv.e  are  drifting  witii  the  current. 
Wliilo  tlius  <lriftiug  they  Jerk  about  in  a  lixely  uiauiier,  searclung  loi'  a  new  resting 
jdace,  and  sink  to  the  bottcun  (|uite  gradually.  Owing  to  their  small  size  and  to 
the  fact  already  stated,  that  their  color  is  in  liannony  witii  tlieir  surroundings,  or 
with  tlu'  leaf  upon  whi<'li  they  an-  fastened,  these  larvie  are  ditlicult  to  delect  in  a 
depth  of  3  to  I  inches.  When  removed  aiul  i)ut  iji  a  glas.s  vessel  they  soon  settle 
against  the  sides  of  their  prison  and  can  then  be  studied  with  a  lens. 

The  larva  can  movi^  about  very  rai)idly  in  thi'  manner  of  a  span-worm,  but  with 
this  (iirtereuce,  that  it  always  remains  ancln)red  by  means  <d'  a  thread,  which  length- 
ens as  the  animal  proceeds.  Ueiug  very  restless 
and  active  in  such  coulinement,  it  will  keep  on 
looping  for  hours,  at  a  rate  of  tweuty  to  twenty- 
live  loo])8  per  minute.  It  can  move  both  forward 
and  backward,  the  forward  motion  lK>ing  ]>ro- 
diiccd  liy  fastening  the  single  thoracic  leg  to  the 
side  or  liottom  of  the  vessel,  loosening  the  anal 
prolcg,  bringing  it  close  to  the  former,  and  let- 
ting the  latter  go  at  almost  th<!  same  moment,  the 
l)ackward  motion  licing  simidy  a  reversal.  In 
the  coui.!c  of  six  to  eight  hours  the  larva  becomes 
weak  and  sickly.  It  will  dro]i  to  the  bottom  of 
the  vessel  if  disturbed,  but  will  no  longer  try  to 
escape.  All  the  lar\ie  thus  im))risone(l.  in  re- 
peated trials,  died  in  the  course  of  twent.v -four 
hours.  A  colony  of  nearly  fiillgrown  larvic,  in  a 
small  creek,  shared  the  same  fate  when  the  over- 
llow  of  the  Mississip]>i  b'iver  created  a  back  tlow 
and  made  the  water  in  this  creek  stationary  for 
some  time. 

All  the  creeks  and  branches  in  which  such  larvie  were  found  by  Mr,  r^ugger 
(lcs(  end  in  beds  composed  of  clay.  The  Hocky  Hottom  Hrancli.  a  tributary  to  the 
Horn  Lake  Creek,  Mississippi,  has  worn  out  a  bed  in  a  solid  deposit  of  stratified 
ferruginous  sandstone,  intermixed  with  couglomi'ratious  of  the  same  substance. 
The  water,  t)  to  S  inches  deep  in  luu'iual  seasons,  even  during  the  summer  months, 
runs  over  this  stony  bed  in  very  ra])id  currents,  forming  every  where  little  c;i8cades, 
and  no  better  breeding  places  tor  the  laiva'  of  any  Simuliiim  could  be  imagined. 
Yet  none  could  be  found,  plainly  indicating  that  the  sitccies  under  consideration 
must  be  aide  to  fasten  to  submerged  material  to  lind  a  suitable  home. 

The  larva'  form  their  cocoons  Just  above  the  bottom  of  the  smaller 
perennial  streams  and  are  henee  iu»t  endanuered  by  tiie  variations  iu 
tlie depth  of  the  water,  for  while  it  may  rise  suddenly  with  every  heavy 
rain  iind  fall  as  sndilenly  afterwards  the  dei)tii  is  quite  uniform  at  other 
times. 

The  cocoon  {W-^.  11,  ti)  is  much  neater  than  thai  of  S.  jHriointm,  beinjj 
fornu'd  of  line  tlireads.  lined  witii  ji'elatinous  <mes.  The  web  is  (piite 
dense,  uniform,  with  well-defined,  .sometimes  thickened  rims.  The 
cocoon  is  always  .securelv  fastened  sin}>iy  to  a  leaf  or  stick,  and  even  if 
luiuiy  are  fastened  upon  tiie  ssime  leaf  they  do  not  crowd  each  other. 


Kio.  17. — Simvliinn   tiii'iiili'iiKih':  a.  00- 
oooii;  h,  1)111)11— ('iil.uyvil  (IVoiu  iiiley). 


54 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Hi 


Fl(i.  lii.  —  Sniiidiuiii 
iiiciiiliuniil:  :  fc 
luiilc  —  I'll  liirm'd 
(fnim  Ann.  licpl. 
Dept.  Agr.,  ISHfi). 


It  tits  simjjly  about  thv  pnpa,  wliicli  is  so  securely  anchored  inside  as 
to  be  with  diilicnlty  extricated. 

The  pupa  (fiy.  17,  h)  has  the  general  shape  ami  color 
ation  of  that  of  tS.  juvKarum,  but  the  thoracic  tilanients 
iousist  only  of  the  original  six  rays,  which  do  imi 
branch.  The  length  of  the  impa  stage  for  this  s])eci('s 
averages  five  days. 

The  adult  insect  (Jig,  IS,  female;  tig.  U>,  male)  has  llii' 
general  ai)earance  of  pcciiuntm,  but  is  smaller  ami 
lighter  in  color. 

The  females  are  L',.~>  to  8  nun,  in  length,  the  males  from 
l.r>  to  1*  mm.  The  fenuiles  are  of  a  general  slate-blue 
color  and  have  darker  markings  on  the  thorax  and 
abdomen,  as  siiowii  in  the  tiiiure.  There  is  also  a  sil 
very  pubescence  over  nn>st  portions  of  the  body,  and 
the  colors  of  some  parts  change  in  certain  lights,  giving  greenish. 
coppery,  and  dark  blue.  The  n)ale  has  C(tntluent  eyes  composed  of  t\v(» 
very  diflf'ercnt  sets  of  facets,  wVieh 
are  clearly  shown  in  the  figure. 
The  body  throughout  is  darker, 
mostly  black  Avith  bluish  luster, 
and  rather  sparse  white  pubes- 
cence. 

The  rtight,  method  of  attack, 
and  other  habits  of  this  species 
need  not  be  given  separate  de- 
scription, neither  is  there  any- 
thing to  add  regarding  remedies 
that  may  be  available  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  adults  or  preven- 
tion of  their  injuries. 

The  breeding  places  of  the 
larva',  however,  seem  more  open 
to  attack  than  the  others,  and  ex- 
periments recorded  in  the  report 
of  the  Department  for  liS8<»  show 
that  it  is  possible  to  atfect  them  with  solutions  added  to  the  water, 
but  not  with  great  success,  except  when  used  in  such  quantities  as 
to  kill  other  insects,  fishes,  etc.,  which  probaliy  prey  npim  the  gniit 
larvje. 

It  the  brewliiijj  ]iliices  in  tli<»  creeks  liavo  t<»  Le  searched  out  to  npply  the  insecti- 
cides, it  would  lie  much  more  siuiple  to  remove  all  tho  logs,  sticks,  and  leaves.  All 
the  fences  across  tho  branches  should  bo  removed,  or  rather  replaced  l)y  wire  fences, 
which  would  neither  impede  tho  current  nor  catch  as  many  sticks  and  leaves,  l-oj,'* 
and  larger  twigs,  if  not  embedded  too  deep  in  the  mud  of  the  creek  or  banks,  will 
always  be  removed  by  the  high  water,  a  very  common  occurrence  in  the  buifalo-jiiniit 
region.     Old  leaves  made  heavy  by  tho  adhering  mnd  would  also  be  carried  away  liy 


M\.  -Simiiliiuii    III!  ridiuiuilf  .•   male— Hiilarjiiil 
()'r(iMi  Ann.  Kt-pl.  Dept.  Afir.,  1H8fl). 


lALS, 


DIPTKRA. 


55 


aiich(n«'d  inside  as] 

al  .shape  and  color 
thoracic  filaments  J 
»ys,  which  do  ikii  1 
ige  for  this  s)>e('it's 

K.  11>,  male)  has  llie'i 
lit   is   smaller  and  /^ 

f?th,  the  males  from 
general  slate-bliiel 
II  the  thorax  audi 
'heie  is  also  a  sil 
<  of  the  body,  and 
i,  giving  greenisli. 
s  ('omi)osed  of  two  I 


iiliunalf  :  iimlc— HiilHr;;i  il 
Itt'pt.  A^r..  IH8C). 

ded  to  the  water, 
uch  quantities  as 
ey  upon  the  gnat 

to  apply  tlio  insect  i- 
cks,  and  leaveH.  All 
laced  by  wire  fences, 
iks  and  leaves.     ].i>^'8 

eieek  or  banks,  will 
ze  in  the  bnft'alo-^^nat 
o  be  carried  away  tiy 


ly  hif{h  water  if  tiio  obstrnctions  in   these  creeks  were  removed,  and  with  t^e 
licks  and  leaves  many,  if  not  most  of  the  larvic,  wonld  be  carried  away  either  into 
(•  main  rivers  or  the  lower  level  of  the  creeks  or  lakes  where  there  is  no  current  and 
|hcre  they  wonld  perish. 

The  Western  Bufi-alo  (Inai. 

(Shniiliiim  iKiidinlale  Towiisiiul.^ 

This  huffalogiiat  is  lir.st  recorded  by  Mr.  C.  II.  T.  Townsend,  in  1891 
['syche,  Vol.  VI,  p.  10(»),  from  .southern  New  Mexico. 

While  no  subse(iuent  rec()rds  have  appeared,  there  is  little  doubt 
jiat  it  has  continued  to  appear  along  the  river  valley  where  it  was  first 
Ibserved.  I  can  do  no  better  than  to  quote  from  Mr.  Townsend  with 
!^ard  to  its  habits,  etc. : 

III  tlu'  sonthern  jiart  of  New  Mexico,  along  the  valley  of  the  liio  (irande,  there 
;iiis  to  appear  abont  the  1st  of  May  a  bntlalo-j^nat  which  is  (|iiite  as  tronblesome, 

kiiciially  to  man,  as  its  more  Kastern  conj^ener,  S.  jwcuanim.     It  jirovcs  to  be  an 

iidcscribed  sjiecies.     The  lirst  individuals  that  I  have  noticed  this  year  were  in  an 
■IimkI  near  Mesilla,  on  the  7th  of  May,  and  they  were  at  that  date  swarming  in 

iiisidcrable  nnnibers.     Mesilla  is  abont  ca  mile  from  tlui  Rio  (irande,  which  Hows  to 

}!■  west  of  the  town.  Gnats  were  found  also  on  the  sunie  date,  but  in  leas  nnnibers, 
■n  liie  collegia  grounds,  which  are  sitnati;d  abont  4  miles  from  the  river.  Tht'  river 
lists  ill  M.iy,  overllows  all  the  low  areas  lying  adjacent  to  it,  ami  becomes  a  roaring, 
liisliinn- liody  of  water.  Its  voliinn!  is  dependent  upon  the  amount  of  snow  in  the 
liiotliills  to  the  north,  ])artieularly  in  Coloralo,  and  on  the  rains,  which  are  only 

iceidionally  a  factor.     The  snow  in  the  canyons  exerts  little  inllueuie,  for  its  thaw 

so  gradual  as  not  to  be  felt.     I  give  these  data  for  what  bearing  they  nniy  have 

In  the  breeding  habits  of  this  spe<'ies.     It  is  well  known  that  Simulium  breeds  in 

Hilling  water,  and  our  cjiecies  is  no  dojibt  dependent  on  the  rise  of  the  Rio  (irande 
Sfir  its  appearance.  Doubtless,  also,  it  is  distributed  through  the  valley  by  the  sys- 
leni  (if  acei|uia9  or  irrigation  ditches  in  nse  in  this  country,  which  open  from  the 
[ivcr  on  a  higher  level  to  the  north,  ami  t>"rnish  the  only  source  of  water  supply  for 
llie  raising  of  crops.  This  is  an  adverse  bearing  of  the  riparian  irrigation  on  in.ju- 
|ioiis  insects.  The  stu'uring  of  artesian  water  and  shutting  olf  of  the  river  water 
^oiild  no  doultt  lessen  the  dispersion  of  the  gnats  through  the  valley. 

From  the  first  jtart  of  May  the  gnats  iuere,  lo  in  numbers,  until  by  the  middle  or 
last  of  the  month  they  are  very  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  valley.  It  is  usually 
Detween  this  time  and  the  middle  of  ,lnno  that  the  river  is  at  its  highest  jioint, 
I'liey  are  then  to  be  found  on  the  mesa  to  the  east  toward  the  Organ  Mountains,  and 
nay  lie  met  \\  ith  also  on  the  elevated  mesa  nearer  the  mountains,  esjiecially  to  the 
aorfli.  On  May  17  I  ob8erv(;d  them  on  the  summit  of  the  (irst  mountain  at  the  east- 
ern end  of  the  Dona  Ana  range,  which  is  nearor  the  river  than  the  Organs,  and 
pirtlier  north.  The  elevation  is  at  least  i,'>()0  (probably  ,5,000)  feet  above  sea  level, 
)r  iilidut  1,500  (perhaps  2,000)  I'eet  above  the  level  of  the  river.  They  are  not  found 
n  the  ( »rg;ni  Mountains,  which  are  about  20  miles  east  of  the  river,  nor  on  the  plains 
fii  the  east  and  south  of  them,  though  on  the  mesa  to  the  west  they  .approach  to 

ntliin  a  few  miles.  This  was  observed  May  23-24,  while  in  the  valley  itself  at  this 
gillie  they  were  almost  unbearable. 

These  gnats  are  a  great  annoyance  to  man,  by  far  greater  than  any  other  insect 
lliat  we  have  in  this  locality.  Many  persons  are  so  susceptible  to  them  as  to  pre- 
serve through  the  height  of  the  gnat  season  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  exposed 


56 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


jiartBof  tilt'  face  anil  iifck.  rt'siiltin;;  from  tlio  ropcitteil  l)it('s,  which  cause  an  inl>  n- 
irritation  and  even  give  rise  to  ciitaneoii.s  sores.     The  inclination  oftlie  junats  to  in;. 

increases  with  the  advance  of  tli 
season,  hnt  the  i)e8t  is  consi<l(i:i 
hly  ahatcd  after  the  fall  of  tli 
water.  'I'iiey  are  also  very  tim; 
lilesiiin((  to  animals,  and  are  ^n\. 
posed  to  cause  the  iiillamed  e\(■^ .; 
the  h(  es  of  this  region  throii;;: 
the  s  I'ijiier  months.  I  aii]ieiii!„ 
descrii)tion  of  the  species.  I  h 
female  is  aloiK!  descrilied,  aslli;r 
is  the  only  sex  which  (•om])oscs  ih 
liitiiig  swarms,  and  I  have  nut  ^i 
cured  either  the  nnile  or  the  cmi, 
•iges. 

.!t>iii]»iii'('(l      with     otlu'i 
ioriiis.  Townsinid  says: 

'I'liis  species  is  smaller  tli:ii 
eithm  •'^.  jieciiaritm  orN.  mendionn'' 
S.  iiictulliiitm  Iiell  ,  t'rom  Mexicn,  !• 
Hiven  as  2  mm  long,  hnt  it  is  Ih' 
male  which  is  descrihed.  anil  i!i' 
female  would  he  very  mneh  lari;i'i 
.S'.  occiih'ulalc  diti'ers  from  > 
pvriniruiii  \»'ry  markedly  in  tli' 
thoracic  and  altdominal  markings.  These  markings  are  ver,v  much  liki'  those  of  > 
meridionale;  hnt  the  median  thoracic  line  is  always  very  faint,  the  al)domen  is  li^ir 
fnlvons,  the  lateral  lines  ol'segnuiits,"),  t>,  and  7  are  curved.  ;!uil  theahdominal  maii 
ings  are  of  a  dilferent  color,  ln'sides  otlier  nunor  ditferenccs. 


1'"I0.  20. — Siiiiiiliiiiii  pinrividiinii:  ",  lili'Xii;  '',  ]>ii|>;i,  ilcirs.'il 
A-icw;  (',  siuiu'.  lateral  view;  (/,  same,  vcnliiil  view  :  i. 
tlKiriicic  pnilcjr;  J\  r«wn  of  bristles  at  cml  of  luxly  (fnnn 
Aiuuricaii  Eiitmiiologist). 


ISo  far  1 
fesof  tlu 


iTliis  sp 
5ten  Sa( 


ICitt'd  b 
)es  not 


est  t»'('lii 


Simiiliiim  piKcicidiiim  Ii'iley. 

The  past  liistory  of  tliis  species,  tojiether  witli  tiie  important  fejitiiies 
of  its  life  liistory,  Inive  already  been  stated  in  eoiinection  witii  the  (lis 
eussion  of  the  habits  of  tiie  members  of  the  family. 

It  has  been  recorded  from  New  York  and  Ohio,  bur  further  than  tins 
we  are  not  infornu'd  as  to  its  ,ineoj>'raiiliieal  limits. 

The  eggs  of  this  species  have  not  been  described,  nor  is  it  known 
where  they  are  laid.  <»r  the  details  of  the  early  life  of  the  larva.  The 
larger  larva'  and  their  habits,  to  some  extent,  hiive  been  detailed  ami 
already  referred  to  The  accompanying  (ignres  will  serve  tt)  show  tlic 
similarit}^  to  tln^  other  sjx'cies,  and  we  include  them  in  order  to  briiiu 
together  as  nmcli  as  ])ossible  the  material  wliicli  will  be  of  service  in 
the  further  study  of  the  habits  of  the  groii|). 

The  adult  described  in  the  Americsan  Entomologist  (Vol.  11,  p.  'M'' 
is  for  the  most  part  velvety  black,  with  a  faint  fulvous  luibescence  mi 
the  thorax,  and  the  eyes  and  sides  of  the  abdomen  ineliuing  to  brown 
ish  or  rufous.  The  length  of  the  body  in  idcoholie  sitecimens  is  0.11  i' 
0.17  of  an  inch. 


iNIMALS. 


DIPTERA. 


r>7 


<■><.  wliicli  caiisi"  iiii  int.  11,. 
nation  of  tlio  nuats  to  i,i;. 
's  witli  tlio  imIvjuic'o  of  til 
lint  flio  ]K;st  is  roii.sid,::, 
t<'(l  iiCter  the  fall  of  t| 
I'lii-y  iin,  also  very  tidi: 
to  animals,  aud  an-  mm, 
<'ans(!t lie  iiitlaiiicd  eyes,: 
t's  of  this  u'jrion  tliioii- 
miT  iiiontlis.     I  a]ii)ciii!; 
ion  of  tlio  specios.     T], 
*  iiioiio  (!esciil>(.(l,  as  lli,r 
ly  sex  wiiich  com  poses  111 
vaniis.  and  I  liavo  not  ^r 
lii'i'  till)  malo  or  tlitM'.nv 

)ill(Ml        Witll        Otill'l 

r<>\viis<'ii(l  says: 

pt'cifs    is    .smaller    th.n 
ifciuiniiii  (tvS.mcriilio)iiii. 

11)11  I'.ell  ,  from  Mexico,  i. 
.'  mm    long,  Imt  it  is  1 1,, 
•li  is  descriliod.  and  ih, 
Mild  lie  very  much  larj^ri 
■iilalc     diifcis     iVom    > 

\cry  markedly  in  th 
y  much  like  those  of  >, 
nt.  the  alidomen  is  Imhi 
lid  the  abdominal  mark 


'unpoitanr  rcatiiits 
it'ctitm  with  the  dis. 

uf  fiiitlKM'  thiui  tliis 

M'd,  nor  is  it  known 
of  till'  liirvji.  The 
i  Ix'oii  (Ichiiled  and 
I  servr  to  show  tlie 
1  in  onli'i'  to  bi'iiiij; 
li  be  of  service  in 

ist  (Vol.  II,  p.  ;?(;7i 
ous  pubescence  on 
incliiiinyto  brown- 
peciniens  is  O.H  \' 


io  far  as  l^now  n  the  adults  never  exhibit  the  bloodthirsty  projjensi- 
ksof  their  Southern  cousins. 

Simnliutii  canesceim  nreiiii, 

[This  species  has  been  studied  by  Kolliker,  according  to  a  citation  of 
^ten  Sackcn  (American  Kntoniologist,  Vol.  11.  ]».  L*;31). 

Simtilium  rinilarc  I'lanch. 

('ited  by  Osten  Sacken  (American  Entoniolojjist,  Vol.  II,  j).  I'lU).     It 
|)es  not  ai)pc.u'  that  it  is  discussed  from  an  i'cononiic  standpoint. 

Simiiliiim  sp. 

A  species  <tf  Sinndiuni  is  said  to  be  a  sciions  pest  in  Brazil.     It  was 
fst  technically  discussed  by  Pohl  and  KoUar. 

Simiiliinii  veininliiw  Say. 

In  ISL'.J  Thonuis  Say  desiiribed  in  a  paper  entitled  "  Descriptions  of 

apterous  insects  of  the  Tnited  States"  a  nund)er  of  Diptera  whiidi  he 

jys  were  collected  chiefly  durinjL!,'  the  expedition  to  the  Itocky  JMoun- 

fcins  under  the  command  of  ^lajor  Lonji'.      AmoUj.''  the   rest  is   the 

lescription  of  the  jtresent  sjjecies  and  the  following-;  )iote:  "This  very 

jreity  species  pendied  in  con.siderable  numbers  on  our  boat  at  Ship- 

|ingsi>ort,  l-'alls  of  the  Ohio.     It  ran  with  considerable  rapidity,  con- 

taiitly  advancing  its  long  anterior  feet.     Its  bite  is  pungent." 

While  very  ]M'obably  one  of  the  forms  included  under  the  general 

lead  of  butfalo-giiats  of  tlie  Mississippi  Valley  no  further  records  of 

N  csjiecial  attacks  are  known,  and  nothing  is  kiu)wn  as  to  the  larval 

)rni  from  whi(di  it  develops.     Shippingsport  does  not  appear  on  pres- 

it  maps,  but  the  ''  Falls  of  the  Ohio"  lie  between  Louisville,  Ivy.,  and 

k'tfer.sonville,  Ind.,  and  since  some  of  these  species  are  peculiarly  local 

n  their  distribution,  it  would  be  courting  success  to  search  for  the  larva* 

the  rapids  of  the  river  at  that  i)oint. 

Say's  description  of  the  adult  form  is  as  follows: 

IMack  ;  thora.x,  twoiterluceons  spots  liefore  and  a  larui-r  one  liehintl:  poisers  black, 
:ai>itulum  bright  yellow,  dilated, 

Inhabits  Shi])iiin;;'sport. 

liody  Idark;  winys  whitish,  with  yellow  and  iridesciuit  rellections. 

Male,  eyes  very  large,  separated  only  by  a  simple  line,  dull  reddish  .yellow,  inferior 
balf  black  ;  thorax  velvet-black,  a  bright  oblli|ue,  perlaceous,  dilated  line  each  Hide 
pefore,  and  a  large  perlaceous  spot  or  band  behind  ;  sides  beneath  .ariod  with  })er- 
ceous;  feet,  tibia  above,  aud  (irst  Joint  of  the  f(nir  posterior  tarsi  white;  abdo  nen 
I'itli  an  oblique  perlaceous  line  at  base,  anil  two  ajtproximate.  lateral,  perlaceous 
^ncs  near  the  tip. 

I'eniale.  eyes  moderate;  thorax  plumbeous-black,  immaculate;  scutel  black ;  abdo- 
kicii  whitish  beueatb. 


58 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


c- 


-i» 


*r 


Simuliiim  H]). 

Baron  Osten  Sacken,  in  !iis  careful  i)aiK'r  in  the  Aiiieri(!an  EntoiiK.; 
gist  «»u  \]w  habits  and  structnie  of  species  <»f  Siiimiiuin,  ilescriln 

larval  form  coininoii  iu  streams  near  VV;b 
\       in<>ton,  but  does   not   connect    it  witli  ai 
species  described  in  the  adult  form.     Ili>  li 
nies,  wliich  represent  only  certain  parts 
the  anatomy,  are  here  rcprodui^cd  (lig.  I'l  , 
Possibly   the   observations    made   by    I 
Howard  may  refer  to  the  same  spetues. 
this  case  the  larva-  are  ibund  iittached  to  tli 
Fici.'.'i.-.Mmi///i(m  s|i.:  <(,  jioriidii    d'ocks  fomiiuji'  the  bed  of  the  stream,  ;iii 
of  ray  of  t\xu-  b.  nu.n.iii-i.. ;  <•,     ^,,^.i^.  ]^.^l^■^^^  oencrallv  conform  with  thos.- , 

niaxiUii;   11,  iiniU'r  lip;   e.  uiipcr 

lip -all  .uiarg..!  (alter  (tst.n     the  Northern  8i»ecics. 

Sackeii). 

Simiiliiim  pictiju'g  Ha<reii. 

This  species  has  already  been  mentioned  as  described  by  Hauc 
(Proc.  Host.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  .Ian.,  1S8(I). 

Larva'  and  pupie  occurred  in  tlie  Au  Sable  River,  Adirondati 
Mountains. 

Family  TAHANl  1 )  K. 
(Horse   Fli<>s,  C^ad  Flics,  etc.) 

The  members  of  this  family  are  large,  some  of  them  being  among  tlie 
largest  of  the  order  IJijitera,  and  the  females  are  provided  with  pow 
erful  mouth  parts  by  means  of  which  they  inflict  very  painful  bitcj 
upon  cattle,  horses,  and  other  animals.  Man  docs  not  escape,  and  a- 
t hey  are  able  to  penetrate  even  thin  i'lothing  worn  in  summer,  tliej 
sometimes  become  a  source  of  annoyance  to  workmen  in  fields. 

The  bodies  are  never  very  hairy,  the  head  is  large  and  composed 
almost  entirely  of  the  eyes,  which  during  life  are  of  brilliant  col()i> 
and  varied  reflections.  The  antenna'  are  in-ominent  and  the  tlu^u  Joint 
is  comi)osed  of  from  three  to  eight  minute  rings,  a  character  whiili. 
■with  the  large  eyes,  distinguishes  them  at  once  from  nearly  all  otlicr 
large  flies.  The  strong  piercing  mouth  parts  of  the  female  are  com 
posed  of  six  lancet-like  organs,  while  in  the  male  there  are  but  foui 
and  these  are  not  adapted  to  i)iercing  the  skin  of  animals.  The  males, 
and  also  the  females,  if  not  finding  other  food,  feed  upon  the  nectar  of 
blossoms  or  the  juices  of  plants,  exuding  sap  from  trees,  etc. 

The  flight  of  these  flies  is  very  strong  and  rapid  and  is  attended  witli 
a  buzzing,  tormenting  noise.  The  males  may  often  be  seen  with  the 
wings  vibrating  so  rapidly  that  they  become  invisible,  resting  motion- 
less in  one  place  and  then  darting  rapidly  and  resting  suddenly  again, 
generally  turning  the  head  in  some  other  direction  each  time  they  dart, 


Su 

parge 

ori 

ir  to  ii 

ei| 

y  i»  l» 

tbj 

can 

pli 

[IS  eas 

tlH 

1  com 

o« 

rhich 

' 

ich  of 

en 

h  and 

\^ 

he  bl( 

t 

abund 

''« 

Ing  th 

ANIMALS. 


DIPTERA. 


59 


he  Aiiierican  EntoiiK,;®' 
-■  Siiimliiuii,  (lesorilxs^f 
ill  streams  near  VVih 
t   coiiiiecf   it  witli  r^ 
lie  adult  form.     His 
^  only  certain  parts  ,®' 
I  reproduced  (Hg.  I'l  , 
vatioiis   made   by   |i 
the  same  spe<Mes,    | 
a  found  attaclied  to  tl; 
d   of  the  stream,  ;i;i 
conform  with  tliosr  , 

I  described  l)y  Ua-t  "^^ 
le   Kiver,  Adirondan -^1 


i'tC 


l»ein  beingr  amorifj  tlie 
provided  with  p,)« 
t  very  painful  bites 
■s  not  escape,  and  ;h 
orn  in  summer,  tliev 
nen  in  tiehls. 
arge  and  composed 
e  of  brilliant  col(ii> 
t  and  the  tliixu. joint 
a  ciniracter  whidi, 
fom  nearly  all  otiier 
the  female  are  com 
there  are  but  fmii 
iiimals.     The  males, 
I  upon  the  nectar  of 
trees,  etc. 
iud  is  attended  witli 
i  be  seen  with  the 
)le,  resting  motion 
ng  suddenly  again. 
ach  time  they  dart, 


i'argeau  has  ascertained  that  this  maneuvering  is  performed  iti 

^r  to  intercept  an<l  seize  the  females.    The  jtower  of  vision  is  api>ar- 

in  pr(»portion  to  the  size  of  the  eyes.     Dr.  Williston  says,  "that 

can  see  for  a  loi  g  distance  seems  ceitain.     On  tiie  uninhabited 

IS  east  of  the  Ivocky  Mountains  the  writer  has  fre(|nently  seen 

coming  from  a  long  distance,  attracted  by  the  sight  of  the  horse 

rhich  he  rode." 

icli  (tf  the  larva'  as  are  known  are  either  a<|uatic  or  live  in  moist 
111  and  are  canivorons,  hence  they  may  in  some  degree  compensate 
Ihc  bloodthirsty  liabits  of  the  adu-lt  females.  Hut  notwithstanding 
(abniidance  of  the  insects,  very  little  has  been  d(Uie  toward  deter- 
png  the  early  stages  of  the  species.  More  than  a  century  ago  De 
|r  described  the  larva  of  the  common  European  species,  TahonuH 
\)iHs,  and  \\\)  to  1.S(I4  this  was  the  only  larva  of  the  kind  known.  In 
year  3Ir.  Walsh  described  a  tabanid  larva  (Proc.  liost.  Soc.  Xat. 
.,  \'ol.  IX,  i)p.  .")02-;{0(5),  but  without  obtaining  the  adult  form.  In 
Trofessor  Kiiey  bred  the  same  kind  of  larva  to  the  adult  form 
described  tlie  various  stages  (Hecond  Hep.  3Io.  State  Eutom.,  pp. 
-1.'52),  the  insect  i)roving  to  be  Tahdniin  atratiis  Fab.,  which  is 
uribed  further  on. 

»r.  Williston  says:  "The  sjjindle-shaped  brown  or  black  eggs  are 

ml  in  sjiherical  or  tlat  groujts,  stuck  together,  and  attached  to  the 

j^es  or  stems  of  grass  and  other  plants;  those  of  the  aquatic  larvse 

i fastened  to  rushes.    The  larva'  are  carnivorous;  many  live  in  the 

th,  others  in  water.    They  are  i)redaceous,  often  upon  snails  and 

Irious  insects,  thus  in  a  measure  repaying  the  agriculturist  for  the 

jestatiou  they  cause  nim.    The  young  larva*  are  known  to  penetrate 

ties  or  other  larva' and  renuiin  within  them  till  they  have  completely 

sumed  them,  and  their  enlarged  bodies  have  filled  out  the  skins. 

IS  the  larva'  of  ILematopoLa  have  been  observed   feeding  upon 

lops  and  those  of  Tabanus  iipon  Noctuic."    (Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol. 

[p.  417.) 

►uite  recently  Mr.  C.  A.  Hart  has  made  a  notable  contribution  to 
knowledge  of  this  subject,'  which  will  be  drawn  from  in  discussing 
early  stages  of  particular  species. 

LUthors  generally  agree  that  the  after  eftects  of  the  bites  of  these 
lects  are  less  injurious  .hau  tiiose  of  mosfjuitoes  or  buttalo-gnats. 
le  painfulness  of  the  bite  and  the  terror  inspired  by  their  presence 
Ihowever,  a  source  of  great  torment  to  animals  that  are  almost  help- 
pin  protecting  themselves  against  them.  The  i)unctnre  they  make 
large,  and  after  the  proboscis  is  withdrawn  there  is  not  unfrequently 
|exu(Uition  of  blood  from  the  wound.  This  would  tend  to  remove 
poisonous  injection,  but  since  there  is  rarely  any  swelling  or 
lainraation  produced  by  these  bites,  it  would  appear  that  no  poison  is 
jveyed  upon  their  piercing  organs.    Dr.  Packard  speaks  of  cattle 

'  Article  VI,  Vol.  IV,  Hull.  III.  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist. 


60 


INSECTS    AFKECTINCi    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


and   lioi'.ses  beinj?  "  occiisionally  killed   by  their  iei)eated   liai'iis> 
bites,"'  and  wliile  this  seems  to  l)e  rather  stionjj  lanj.'iiafie,  and  wimi^ 
refer  to  it  ajiain  in  e()nsi(leriii<i'  Tahainis  //;/ro/^(,  tliere  is  no  (iii(>i 
that  the  ett'ects  are  serious  enonj^h,  so  that  it  is  desirabh'  to  pKiit^ 
animals  as  far  as  ]»ossible  from  their  bites.  *■' 


With  horses  in  use  the  common  ]>iaeti('«'  of  protectinff  with  lie 


pa? 


the  most  ell'ective  method  we  know  (»f,  bnt   for  animals  in  pastnuj^jn 
would  be  particularly  desirabh'  to  find  some  substanc*'  which  eoulilaii 
rubbed  over  the  hair.  and.  retaiinnj;'  its  pro|)erties  for  a  roasnnaa&j 
len]iith  of  time,  have  sulhcuMit  repellinjj  power  t()  keep  the  Hies  ji\v''"> 


The  larva-  are  not  open  to  successful  attack,  and  even  if  they  wi 


wt 


the  fact  that  m<tsl   of  them  are  pi()l)ably  benelieial  should  detci  g,- 
from  usiiin'  destructive  measures  ayainst  theui.  pi 

They  are  widely  distributed,  and  species  occur  in  all  parts  or;i»| 
world,  torturinjn'  abke  the  elephant  and   lion  of  the  tropics  aiul  ;™* 
peaceful  reindeer  of  the  arctic  re^jion.     It  is  during'  the  hottest  si 
mer  months  that  they  are  the  most  abundant,  and  they  fre(]uent  ln^, 
our  tind)ered  and  praiiic^  rejiious.  bet 

The  species  are  (piite  uumumous,  ovei-  I.-'IOO  beinji'  known,  of  wliM 
about  loO  are  credited  to  North  AnuMica.      Manilestly  it  would 
impossible  in  a  work  like  this  to  even  nuMitiou  luore  than  a  t'i'w  spcci 
and,  since  so  little  is  known  of  the  early  stajjes,  there  is  no  iiec(s> 
for  treating- ea(!h  specties  in  detail.     We  will  therefore  in  considcir 
the   species   simply   refer   to  the   more   common   ones,  the  habits 
which  have  been  observed,  and  more  particularly  those  oceurriiii: 
this  country. 

Osten  Satikeii's  admirable  '■  I'rodrome  of  a  .Mono}>rai)h  of  the  Tali 
Hida'of  the  United  States"'  in  Meui()irs  of  the  Uoston  Societ.\  of  Xatii; 
History  (Vol.  II,  Part  IV,  Nos.  1  and  4)  will  enable  anyone  to  maU 
thoroufjh  study  of  our  native  sjn'cies. 

TuE   Ui.ACK  (iAi)   I'l.v  oi;   r.Ki:i;/.H   I'l.V. 


(  I'ahinnit  <ili<ilits  I'alp.  i 

Probably  this  is  the  larj^est  species  in  the  family,  and  it  is  certaii 
one  of  the  most  eonsi»icuous,  beinj^'  (piite  common  and  of  such  a  ilctiil- 
black  <'ol<)r  as  to  attract  attention  either  on  the  wiiiin"  or  when  pcnli' 
on  the  back  of  .some  i)oor  animal  that  tries  in  vain  to  <lrive  it  i 
Fabricius  described  it  in  ITltt  (lOnt.  Syst.,  \'ol.  JV,  p.  3(»(>).  V  nl 
described  its  larva  in  1804  (Proe.  Uost.  8oc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  IN.  i 
302-300),  and  in  Itiley's  Second  Mi.ssouri  Report  (p.  IL'.S)  its  life  liism 
is  given  except  the  egy  and  early  larval  stages.  Its  bite  is  one  <•!'  i: 
most  severe  of  the  tribe,  but  fortunately  the  species  does  not  occui 
such  great  numbers  as  the  green-head  tly.  Its  attacks  seem  more  en 
moldy  directed  against  cattle  than  hor.ses,  and  it  is  most  uoticeahjc 
sunny  pastures,  though  occasionally  seen  pendied  on  trees  or  the  >i 


ANIMALS. 


DIl'TKKA. 


61 


leir  i('i)eiittMl  liar;is> 
ig  laiiyiiaH'c,  tiud  wim 
ht,  tliere  is  no  (imsi 
t  is  (U'sirahlc  t()  iiiml 

I 

indtectiiif;:  witli  iu'i-| 
•r  animals  in  ])astiiiij 
iibstancc  wliicli  coiildi 
uTtit's  tor  a  roasonai 
I"  to  k«H'|>  llu^  llios  iiw 
,  and  even  it'  tlicy  wi 
lu'licial  slionld  diMci  , 

I'cur  ill  all  i)arts  <it  ; 

of  tJH'  tropics  ami  ; 

lmiii«;'  tlio  liottt'st  si 

.and  they  trcqiu'iit  In 

bein;;-  known,  of  wli 
•Mam lest ly  it  wouiii 
more  tiian  a  i'ew  spcci. 
es,  tlicr*'  is  no  ni'ccsv 
tlierofore  in  considcn: 
on  ones,  the.  lialiits 
arly  tliose  occiiiiiii;; 

iono<;Tai)li  of  tiic  T;il 
)s)on  Soch't.N  of  ^^ltl^ 
labk'  an\()n('  to  niakt  1 


■;/.K  Flv, 


idly,  and  it  is  certiiii 

n  and  of  sncli  a-  (U'ciii- 

winy-  or  wlion  \H'\r\\' 

n  vain  to  <lrivc  it  i 

1.  JV,  J).  3m).     V'ai 

fat.  liist.,  Vol.  IX.  I 

:  {]}.  128)  its  life  liisi. 

Its  bite  IS  one  of  t 

ecies  does  not  occur 

ttacks  seem  more  en 

t  is  most  uoticealiii 

hI  on  trees  or  the  >i 


I'lti.     -2 'itthttlllllt 


II I  III  I II  x  .     II.   l;irvii ; 
(iil'lcr  liili'V  I. 


imiiil: 


iillllt 


>me  imildin^;.    Tlu'  oj;f?s  are  doubtless  deposited  in  the  vicinity  of 
\v  in  moist  places,  but  tlie  exact  details  of  ovijjosition  are  unknowu. 

larvii  (lij;.  22,  n)  is  a  l:uf;i', 

te-JoiiitiMl.  cvliiuliiial  iitViiir, 

iiiii;  lit  fiuli  <'iiil,  "I"  fi  tniiiH- 

|t,   lii^lilv    iiolislifil,   ^ilassy, 

Kitsli,   (II'    jin't'iiisli    iippcar- 

jsliadtMl   witli   liliiisli  .urct'ii 

liniislicil  almvt!  iiml  lii-ltiw, 

Jill'  lij,'ui(',  witli  laij:,'e,  roinid- 

Doiii^fliUf  tiiln'r<U's  which 

fctr;ictt'(l    (ir  cxsiirli'd  at  tlu' 

)t'  tilt!  insect,     'riiimnii  tlin 

ii:il  iiitt'fj;iini«'nt  is  so  tiniis- 

|jt  th;it  the  intrriial  striularc 
idily  visili!'.-,  yet  this  iiit<'y,u- 

is  lirni  iiiid  the  hil'va  most 

^)iis   and   activi',  Imirowiiij^ 

(gi'ciit  strength  fiihcr  l)ack- 

[or  I'orward  in  the  earth  and 

gen  one's  linjierH  when  it  is 
heiil.     riaceil  in  water  it  will  swini  vi^roronsly  hy  .suddenly  curling  round  iind 
IT  out  its  tail,  hat  it  is  apparently  not  as  much  at  honic  in  this  element  as  in 

loist  earth,  tor  it  is  restless  and  remains  near  the  surface  with  the  tip  of  its 
|]eviited  in  the  iiir.  When  tiio  water  is  loiil,  it  mo\  es  about  aetivoly  near  tiie 
surface,  hut  when  it  is  fresh  it  remains  more  (|iiiet  at  the  bottom. 
The  speciiiieii  whu'Ii  I  succeeded  in  breeiling  was  sent  to  me  by 
Mr.  Adolph  Kngelmanii,  of  .Shiloh,  St.  flair  County,  111.  It  was 
found  by  Mr.  William  Cooper,  ot'  the  same  county,  about  10  feet 
from  a  sm;ill  but  iiermaiieiit  body  of  water.  Mr.  Cooi>er  at  tirst 
took  it  to  be  a  letieh,  and  when  ho  attempted  fi)  capture  it  it 
iimnediiitely  eonimenced  burrowing  in  the  ground. 

The  larva  reared  by  Dedeer  was  terrestriiil.  This 
larva  is  semiacpiatic,  for  it  is  ([uite  at  home  either  in 
moist  earth  or  water.  My  specimen  was  kept  for  over 
two  weeks  ill  a  lar<ie"  earthen  Jar  of  moist  earth  well 
supplied  witli  earthworms. 

It  manifested  no  desire  to  come  to  the  surface,  but 
burrowed  in  every  direction  l)elow.  I  found  several 
pale,  dead  worms  in  this  Jar,  though  I  can  not  say  pos- 
itively whether  they  iiad  been  killed  and  sucked  by 
this  larva.  Mr.  Walsh,  in  speakiny  of  its  haunts  and 
its  food,  says: 

I  have,  on  many  dilVerent  occasions,  found  this  larva  among 
floating  rojectainenti..  On  one  occasion  I  found  six  or  seven 
specimens  in  the  intvrior  of  a  Itoating  log,  so  soft  and  rotten  that 
it  could  be  cut  like  .cheese.  Once  I  discovered  a  single  specimen 
under  a  Hat,  submerged  stone,  in  a  little  running  brook.  Finally, 
I  once  met  with  one  alive,  under  a  log,  on  a  piece  of  dry  laud 
which  had  been  submerged  two  or  three  weeks  before,  whence  it 
irs  that  it  can  exist  a  long  time  out  of  water.  I  had  on  several  previous 
lions  failed  to  breed  this  larva  to  maturity,  and  the  only  imago  I  have  was 


\.—Tabanus 
Itua:     liirva 
Hart). 


(>2 


IXSF.rrS    AFFKCTING    f)^)-IESTir    ANIMALS. 


ohtiiincil  ill  IHtil  from  larv.'i',  wliicli,  biin]i*      iii;;'  tln'in   to   lio  ciiniivoroim  lYcn 
vt'i'y  vtiriud  Htations  in  which  they  iiinl  oLTiirrcil,  I  hail  Hiiiiplicil  with  a  iiiiii>Iik 
I'rt'isli-wati-r  iiiolliiskH,  but  tlir  haliits  nf  which,  in  voiiMci|iieiicc  of  liavin^  hccii  n 
from  homo,  I  was  iinahlo  to  watch.     Viii  Seiitemher  liu',  ISli;},  I  foiiml  a  iicailv  , 
{jrowii  larva  amonjr  lloatiii;;  rojcctamt'iita,  ami  hctwccii  that  thito  aiul  Dcccinlii 
ho  had  (IcvonrtMl  tiic  iiioIIuhUs  of  cU'vcii  univalves  (h;<miiih  I'laiiorliis)  from  mn'- 
to  thrcc-foiirths  of  an  iiidi  in  diameter ;  and  on  three  separate  occaMioiiN  I  h.'i\  i  < 
him  worlv  his  way  into  the  Hlitdl.     In  this  o|ieration  liis  ]iHend())iod.s  weru  eini. 
icaliy  eiii)ilovcd,  and  I  found,  on  crackin;;  die  Biieljs  after  ii(>  liail  withdrawn,  ili 
.small  jxirtion  of  the  tail  end  of  the  anim.il  wa.s  left  nntoiiched — no  doubt  in  k^ 
(|iU'nco  of  his  Iteiiijj  unahlu  to  ]ienetrate  the  Miiall  end  of  the  whorl  of  tlie  shell- 
also  the  skin  of  tho  remainin;;  part  and  thu  horny-ton<riied  memhrane. 

.My  larva  transformed  to  |inpa  within  the  ;;roniid  diiriiiij  tho  lore  ]iart  of  .ImI\ 
romained  in  this  slate  liiit  a  low  days  and  thu  lly  issiu'd  .Inly  Kf,  and  soon  mail. 
liresence  known  hy  its  loud  hn/zin;;  inside  the  Jar.  It  was  a  ])orfect  specimen,  iiiid 
pn])al  inte<{uineiit  was  snDlciontly  linn  and  polished,  tluit  hy  caret'iilly  wasliiii; 
tho  earth  an  (ixcellontcahine!  speciiiien  was  ohtained,  which  retained  almost  the  i 
form  and  a)i]>earanc(M>f  tho  liviii};  i»ii]>a.  Hcibrc  tho  escape  of  the  (ly,  whiih 
olVectod  through  a  lon<;itndiual  liBHiiro  on  tho  l)iick  of  the  head  and  thonix,  vr\u; 
in<;  one  of  the  mode  of  escajic  of  onr  harvo8t-llie.s  (Cicada-),  this  pupa  hy  means  oi 
horns  with  which  it  is  furnished  had  pushed  itself  up  to  the  surface  of  the  vx 

Tlic  ])n\y,\  (lij;.  22,  h)  i.s  nearly  an  iuvAi  and  a  <iiijirter  in  lenj^tli  :iii< 
third  «>!' an  incli  in  diaun'ter.  It  i.s  cylindiiiial,  sli^litly  curved,  ;is 
the  lij^ure,  rounded  at  th«'  head  and  tiiperinj?  at  the  extreme  hind  [i 
tion.    Tlie  iibdomiinil  sefrnients  are  sUl  but  the  first  one  i)rovide(i  w 

a  rinjf  of  line  yellowi.sh  bristles,  ])(iiiit 

biiekwiird.     There  is  a  .stout  thorn  at; 

anal  extrenuty,  bearin},r  six  other  tlmi 
The  ])ni)a  state  lasts  but  a  few  di 

and  before  the  emergence  of  the  lly  i; 

pushed  to  the  surface  of  the  grouiitl 

means  of  the  bristles  and  thorns  nt  ; 

abdomen,  with    bending   movements 

the  body. 

it  s})lits  along  the  dorsiil  line  and  t 

Hy  emerges  leaving  the  pupa  case  in  vi 

j)erfect  condition. 
The  adult  Hy  (tig.  22,  r)  is  an  imli 

more   in   length,   bhu-k   throughout.  ; 

back   of  the   abdomen    covered   witli 

blui.sh  white  bloom  and  the  wings  siin 
black.  They  are  common  thnmgh  the  summer  months  and  it  is  \t 
sible  from  the  ditt'erent  times  that  full-grown  larva'  have  been  obsen 
that  there  is  more  than  a  single  brood  in  a  j'ear.  It  seems  pr()b;il 
however,  that  the  winter  is  8i)ent  in  the  larval  stage  and  that  tlic  i 
grown  larva'  observed  by  Mr.  Walsh  in  September  were  simply  I 
specimens  that  had  lived  ove '  the  previous  winter  and  would  lis 
pupated  the  same  fall,  producing  the  flies  a  few  days  later,  and  tli' 
have  laid  eggs  to  pass  the  si.oceediug  winter.    Hart  says  the  hii 


Fio.  24. — Egj;  mass  Tabanut  atratiig  hikI 
singlo  (!^<!  CDiitniiiiiij.;  piiratjito  (I'miii 
llnrt). 


ANIMALS. 


DII'TKHA. 


63 


:(>  Iti^  iMiriiivoroiiH  t'rciin 
i  Hii|)iilicil  witli  a  iiuihlk 
|iieii('o  of  liiiviii^  )H'fii  ;i 

IMtilt,  [  foiiiiil  a  ni!arl\  . 

that  «laf«  and  Dcccinlii' 
ins  l'laii(irl)i8)  Iroiii  oiii- 
[>aratti  (iccaHioiiH  I  liavi-' 
s  ])S('ii(l()ii()tls  wertf  t'liii. 
51'  111'  had  withdrawn,  ih 
touched — no  donht  in  (d 

thi'  whoii  of  t\w  whill    , 
led  ineiiiliraiii'. 
n;;  the  I'oro  jiait  of  .lul} 

, I  Illy  l.'{,  and  soon  in;iil> 
s  a  ]t()rf('('ts]>ft'iiinMi.  mill 
liat  Ity  carcfnlly  wasliiii; 
ich  retained  ahnost  tin'  i-\ 
scajx'  of  the  lly,  wliicli 
lie  licad  and  tliorax,  iiiii. 
•),  this  piijia  by  means  oi 
;o  the  surface  of  the  oar 

<|uarler  in  leiigtli  :iiii 
1,  slifi'litly  curved,  ;b 
t  the  extrenui  hind  i 

(irst  one  provided  w 
lowish  bristles,  jtoiiit 
e  is  ii  stout  tliorn  at* 
earin).v  six  otiier  tlini 
B  lasts  but  a  lew  di 
iiergeiuie  of  the  lly  ii 
faee  of  the  ground 

sties  and  thorns  ot ; 

jending   inoNenieiits 

the  dorsal  line  and  I 
!"•  the  pupai'ase  in  v. 

lig.  22,  r)  is  an  indi 
black  throughout,  i 
omen  covered  witli 
in  and  the  wings  siii^ 

months  and  it  is  \> 
va'  have  been  observ 
ar.  It  seems  probal 
stage  and  that  tlio  It 
smber  were  simply  1 

inter  and  would  Im 

r  days  Liter,  and  tlit 

Hart  says  the  hir 


taken  every  month  of  the  season  ex<'ept  June,  at  which  time  they 
mostly  reached  the  pupa  or  imago  stage. 

lie  habits  of  the  adult  have  already  been  sultlciently  stated,  and  as 
have  unfortunately  no  certain  means  of  repelling  them  from  cattle 
to  pievent  the  bites,  whicli  is  the  only  thing  we   need  fear  from 
1,  a  discussion  of  remedies  is  unnecessary. 

might  be  stated,  however,  that  observations  on  tlu'  elliHtt  of  tar 
[oil  or  other  substances  used  to  repel  bot-tlies  would  be  of  value  in 
ang  at  some  method  of  preventing  their  atlacdis. 


Fio.  J5.— /'/idHKcini  taOanicorus  Aaliui.  (from  Hart). 

irt  records  the  rearing  of  parasites,  riinnurus  talxunroriis  Ashni., 
the  egg  masses  of  this  species.     Also  the  apparent  parasitizatiou 
i  hu'va. 

(iUKEN-IIKAD    IIOUSK    FlV. 

(Tubaiiiin  Ihu'ola  Kab.) 

lis  is  generally  regarded  as  the  most  common  species  in  North 
prica,  and  its  occurrence  in  all  parts  of  the  country  in  large  numbers 

snpi)()rts  such  estimate. 

Idle  it  nuist  have  been  a  fannliar  pest  to  the  early  inhabitants  of 
lountry,  its  iirst  scientific  description  was  given  by  Fabricius  (Eut. 
' ,  Tom.  IV,  p.  3G9.) 

ckard,  ''Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects,"  page  394,  says: 

I  tty  is  our  most  common  species,  thousands  of  them  appearing  tluriug  the  hot- 
art  of  the  summer,  when  the  sun  is  shining  on  our  marshes  and  western  prai- 
norses  and  cattle  are  sometimes  worried  to  death  by  tlieir  harassing  bites.  In 
r  weather  they  do  not  fly,  and  tliey  perish  on  tlie  cool,  frosty  nights  of  September. 


(J4 


INHIiClH    Al'FECTlNCJ    DOMIISTIC    ANIMALS. 


in' 
Mr. 

(J 


—  (rriiiii    I'lirkiird's 
Gui(lf). 


Ami  also  in  'M)iir  (loiiiiiioii  lnsiM't.s,"  piiyc  11: 

\V«  wi^rit  ti>lil  <liii'iii'i  tlio  ImhI  Htiiiiiiifr  thiit  ii  linrsi'  whii'h  hIoimI   l'it.sti'ii«*<l  In  .   n, 
ill  II  Held  ii*;;irtlii)  iiiiii'slifs  lit   l\'(>\vli'\ ,  MiiHs.,  was  ImIIoii  to  ilcalli  l)y  llicsc     i  c; 
lit'iitls;  ami   it  i.^i  known   tlmt    linisi's   ami   i':ittl<'  an'   incaHioiiallv    killi^l  l)\    t 
rt'|icat)-il  liaraMHiuy;  hiti's. 

ThisdciiiMi  ot'iiiiiinals  iVuiii  hiU's  must  lie  vny  lavo  iiulct'd,  fur  in  m 
years"  n'sidciifc  in  tin'  Mississippi  Nalley,  wlu'ic  tlio  tluis  ubomni 
aiitlntr  lias  iicvor  known  of  such  an  im'i<h'iit,tlio 
liic  bites  art'  rvrtainly  a  ori'at  toinu'iit. 

IMie  llics  arc  brown,  with  a  tiiiof  of  rcibiisli. : 
the  abdomen  lias  a  e<Mi.spieuous  whitish  line  ;i|. 
the  miihlle.  The  eyes  are  a  brilliant  jrrren.  ii 
wliieii  the  nanui  is  derived.  to 

Hart  has  (b'tailed  the  ehaiatters  of  the  <  ,i  ( 
stages  as  f«»llows:  "The  larva  of  this  spe«'ies  einM 
rt'seinbh's  the  youn;;'  of  nifinstcus,  and  was  not  separated  from  ii 
lirst."  lOxaniple.s  of  larva'  aio  said  to  have  lu'eii  colloeted  in  April  i 
ill  dune,  jaipa'  in  .May,  and  iinajioes  in  May  and  dune,  "'riie  tal>a; 
pupa-  develop  iiineli  more  rapidly  in  hot  weather  than  in  eold.  am 
this  fact  is  probably  due  the  difference  in  time  of  enieijjfence." 

Larva:  LriiL;lli.  L.M)  nnii,  ;  iliaiiictcr,  I.' 7  nun.  I'rollior.ix  w  iili  la!ii':il  ^liiiiini:  n 
alioiit  as  Ion;;  as  tlai  dorsal  an-a,  striatimi  ahoiit  tlic  smiiic  as  that  nf  tlic  ii;* 
int'sothoracii'  aira;  no  iinticcahli'  cfiitial  siiiootli  Npot ;  a  small  oiii' 
on  lowt'i'  mar^iii  jiostcriorlv ;  i't'iiiainin<r  lateral  iircim  a  little  inor<' 
lim'ly  ami  flo.s('|y  Htriatv ;  dorsal  ami  ventral  areas  ol'  tlioiax  ne.arly 
siiiootli  on  disk,  with  Nasal  stria';  those  on  alidomcn  with  iiiodii- 
ately  elose  striie.  more  or  less  inteinipted  on  disk;  all  areas  more 
or  less  sliiniiij;. 

Surface  whitish,  dull  jtiiheseeiil  markiiif^s  m'iv  liylit  lirowii  hut 
distinct,  annilli  narrow,  erest.s  ol"  false  I'eet  akso  ihill  imheseent, 
their  Hides  striate;  lateral  stripe.s  id'  thorax  distinct,  slender,  not 
dilated  posteriorly,  lateral  cdyes  ot"  dorsal  area.s  of  thorax  diver::;- 
iiifi;  an  oi)a<iiie  dark  riiiL;'  ahoiit  tlio  haso  of  respiratory  tiihe,  and 
another  cneirelin;;  anal  proiiiinemie,  ahovo  it  usually  three  lij^ht- 
browu  sjiotH. 

Main  iiitern.'il  trachea'  rather  tliii'k  and  noticcalile,  siilipjirallcl, 
not  str()ii;;iy  sinuate,  at  least  liaek  of  the  middle,  'rerminal  sti;;- 
niatal  s]iim'  often  ]tr(ttriid«;d. 

ru])a:  Length,  1!)  mm.;  diameter,  .'i  mm.  I.i;;ht  lerrui;inoiis 
brown,  sbiiiin;;,  abdomen  roughly  wrinkled  and  siibopaiiue.  I'al- 
l)al  sheaths  imlistimt,  not  distant;  tubercles  not  dark;  oecllar 
tubereles  indistinct  or  wanting;  thoracii'  spiracular  tubercles  (lig. 
-'8)  slicrhtly  but  nearly  ciinally  elevated,  free  margin  rounded  at 
tiji,  nma  not  vertical,  evenly  iiniiiate,  slightly  hooked  in  front. 

Abdominal  spiraciilar  tubercles  subtriangular,  narrower  behind, 
obli(|uely  subconical,  much  shorter  than  basal  diameter,  bearing  a 
small  subcircnlar  or  short  and  strongly  arcuate  rima  (lig.  L'i));  on 
anterior  slope  a  transverse  groove,  usually  longer  tiiau  the  rima; 
fringes  formed  of  iinecpial  jialc  Hpines,  only  one  or  two  long  spines 
above  on  seventh  segment;  outer  terminal  teeth  much  longer  than 
the  others,  directed  hiterally  .and  upward,  the  tips  of  the  four  npper  teeth  al« 
in  hne  (tig.  30),  fringe  anterior  to  anal  proinineuco  showing  a  chitinous  webln 


Kio.27.-7'''ii 

lilU'old  :  ]' 
(liirsiil  ^ir' 
enlarj;iil  r 
Hart). 


hi 


fini><ii'i' 

thai 
lei    ll  I 

Id  my  ti 

one   ll 

iiiii^  liii' 
knts  of 
stout 


AM  MA  IS, 


DII'TKUA. 


<;r) 


irh   stood    I'liHtfiu'd  til       a 
U    to   ilrUtll    by  tlli'Hi;      I    ug 

rcaNloually  klllml  li\    i 

laid  i\iil<'C(l,  i\)V  ill  III   '** 
•('  tlu'  tilt's  iilxMiini. 

«iich  an  in('iilciit,tl / 

'lit  tnninMit. 
a  tiiij;*^  (if  i('(l(iisli.  ;; 
iioiis  wliilisli  liiu-  :i|,, 
ii  luilliaiit  urceii,  ii 


liaractrrs  oC  tlii'  i m; 
a.  of  this  s|n'ru's  rIciM 
»t  S('|>aiat('(l  iVoiii  ii 
I  colU'cti'd  ill  April  ;i 
il  Jiiiic.  ••'I'lic  talM 
icr  than  in  told,  aiu! 
»!'  i'iii('r;;oii<'0."" 

\   Willi  iMtrl'iil  •"lliuill;:  :i' 

<iiin((  US   lliat  of  I  he    ii; 

I  miimII  one 

lilllc   irioic 

liix  luai'ly 

ith  iiioili'i'- 

irciiM  iiioio 

Iji'owii  bat 
•  IllirHciiit,        i 
iidcr,  not 

l\'  lllNtTj;-- 

tiilir,  anil 
irei'  li;;ht- 

l.p.inillel, 
I i Mill  Htii;- 

rniniiioiis 
|Ue.  I'al- 
occllar 
M'clcs  (f\jy. 
>iiiul(^(I  at 

Voiit. 

V  Ix'liiiid, 

l)cariii;i;  a 

,r  2!)) ;  ou 

tlio  riina; 

nj,;  Hpines 

iigtT  than 

10  four  upper  teeth  alio 

v'mg  u  chitiuuua  wtblji: 


to 


S1| 

hi 


I 


I''I0.27.-7''''J 
llneola  :    | 
(iDrsal  ^> 
eiilarjicil    ' 
Hart). 


■••n  thi'  DaMcs  of  the  NpineH,  mo  that  the  («i'piirated  tufts  of  tlie  feniah*  hn'k  liki« 
of  hroad,  hiw  tct'lh  witli  several  spiny  |ioiiitH;  latiral  tufts  low  down,  near 
^(  ventral  frin^fe,  foriiied  of  ulioi  t  Hpiiitrt.—  (  Hart,  i 

spoiiics  may  bo  stated  to  havti  at  U'ast  oiut  iiatiiial  eneiiiy,  for 

American  Kiitoiiiolo;:ist  (V»d.  II,  p.  S-\')  thi'ie  is  an  account,  hy 

,1.   Diiiilap,  of  tlicir   l>ciii«'   eaten   l»y  tin'   Nelmiska  bee   Killer 

\^Ulclttls  hdslilfdil  Mllcq.). 

is  aceoiiiit  IS  of  consnleral>le  interest,  and  we  (|iiote  it  lierewitli: 

|m)<'((;/»(,   ///•>     iiiijiiil  '.',  /s',"".— I  st'iid  you   an    iiiBi't  I  liy  mail  to-day  in  a  K'aHS 

that  has  interested  me  for  tliree  or  four  ,\earM.     1  am  hardly  aide  to  deeide 

„(  1   It  is  a  friend  or   foe.     Idy  attention  was  fust  railed  to  it  liy  Heeiny  weveial 

id  my  team  diirmj;  sumnu'r.     Sujiposin;,'  tlieiii  to  he  a  new  horsr-lly,  I  watched 

J)  one  liite,  hul   was  linallv  nwarded   l»y   seciny  it  jiounce  upon  a  j;reenheud 

liiiix  llneiihi  Falir.  >.     It  settled  upon  my  sleeve   and  soon  had  transferred  the 

Ints  of  Mr.  (ireeiiliea<l's  Imdy  inside  its  own  hy  sneking  thfjiiiees  out  liy  means 

stout   luolioseis.     1  Haw   this  opiMatioii  repeated  many  times.     The  present 


\ 


_k 


'J8 


20 


:!0 


I'm.  'H.  —  Tithiiiiiin  liiK'ulii:  N|iii'aiiil:ir  tiilicrcli'  of  impa— i'iilar).;i'il  (Iniiii  Hart). 

I'm. 'Jli Taliaitiiii  liiKdta:  alMluiiiliial  splriulc  of  imjia  (tVoni  ILirti. 

V\i,.:w.  —  Tiitiiiitiisliiiv<>Uf  iiiil  111'  List  Ni  i:iMi-iit  of  impa  (fruin  Haiti. 

Iicr  1  liavn  Scon  them  dozens  of  limes,  often  live  or  .si\  around  my  team,  and 
always  noticed  that  in  an  hour  or  so  after  tliey  appeared  no  mont  horse-llios 

I  to  lie  found.  I  have  atso  seen  them  "  siickinjf "  liouse  (lies,  lady  bu«;s,  chinch- 
I,  seveiiil  moths,  and  liavi^  also  seen  tliein  eat  each  ol  her  I'he  one  sent  .\  ou  had 
[<'aptiifcd  a  hoiii'vliec,  for  which  otl'ense  1  m.nlc  a  iii;iilyr  ol'  him  (or  her)  for  the 
Jlit  of  sciemc. 

Tim-;  (iIji;kmikai). 

(  TuhiiiiHs  t(>.\l<ilin  \\  ied.) 

fliis  is  anotlier  common  species  very  abundant  in  the  Prairie  States, 
was  described  many  years  a.u'o.     It  is  probalily  al)Oiit  as  abundant 
widely  distril)nted  as  hnvoln^  and  causes  a  j;reat  amount  of  iinnoy- 
ti  and  sutterinj^  to  domestic  animals. 

flie  followinj;'  from  Hart  presents  our  i)resent  kiio\vledj;;e  of  the  life 
pory  of  the  species: 

lis  seems  to  ho  normally  a  terrestrial  larva.  AVe  have  taken  it  two  or  three 
JBs  in  the  earth  of  cornlields  in  Champaii^u  County.  The  dates  yiven  are  May  .U 
I  June  4.  Kxainides  were  placed  in  a  breeding  cage  anil  an  imago  of  co.N/tt?it  wtis 
Jred  from  them. 

4053 — No.  5 J 


66 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Tho  imayo,  kuowii  as  the  "greenhead,"  is  very  jjenerally  coinuion,  and  is  quite  a 
pest  ill  some  buttoni  land  prairies.  A  few  examples  were  noted  alou^  shore  at  Sta- 
tion 1),  August  20.  Tho  exaini>les  iu  our  collection  were  taken  on  twenty-two  occa- 
sions, all  between  July  15  and  August  13,  except  three  dates,  July  8  and  August  IS 
and  31,  which  would  make  it  ])robaI)le  that  it  is  single  brooded.  The  localities  are 
Carroll  Lake,  Cook  and  Ford  counties  at  the  north,  and  Fulton,  AIcLean,  and 
Champaign  counties  in  central  Illinois.  Tho  specimens  were  Irom  a  variety  of  situ- 
ations, usually  111  low  herbage,  often  taken  visiting  llowers. 

Larva:  Length,  20  mm. ;  diameter,  12.7  mm.;  jirotborax  with  lateral  shining  areas 
about  as  long  as  the  d(U-8al,  coarsely  striate,  a  smooth  spot  near  ceuter  of  disk ;  dor- 
sal and  veiitrai  areas  of  thorax  smooth,  a  few  striic  en  those  of  metathorax,  especially 
posteriorly;  remaining  areas  moderately  striate,  lateral  areas  of  abdomen  a  little 
more  finely  striate  than  the  others;  all  more  or  less  shining. 

Dark  anniili  pale,  narrow,  longitudinal  strijjes  scarcely  present;  false  feet  with 
<lull  pubescent  crests,  their  sides  rather  finely  striate;  a  narrow  dark  annulus  at 
base  of  respiratory  tubes,  another  round  base  ol  last  segment,  inclosing  anal  promi- 
nence and  giving  oft'  a  pair  of  lateral  stripes,  the  lower  one  longer;  no  projecting 
spines  seen. 

Pupa  (from  defective  east  skin  of  male) :  Length,  20  mm. ;  diameter,  3  mm. ;  light 
fuscous  brown,  shining;  abdomen  smoothly  wrinkled;  slightly  opa(]iie;  prothoracic 
8])iracular  tubercles  slightly  but  nearly  equally  elevated,  free  mirgiu  rounded  at 
tip,  rima  not  vertical,  evenly  arcuate,  slightly  hooked  in  front. 

Abdominul  spiracular  tubercles  small,  subtriangular,  narrower  behind,  obliciuely 
subconical,  much  shorter  than  basal  diameter,  bearing  a  very  small  subcircular 
ring;  fringes  formed  of  unequal  pale  spines,  the  longer  ones  sparse  on  seventh  seg- 
ment above;  outer  terminal  teeth  twice  as  large  as  lower  pair,  directed  laterally 
and  slightly  backward ;  upper  pair  smallest,  (lirected  ui)ward  ;  veutral  fringe  of  last 
segment  not  noticeably  webbed;  lateral  tufts  rather  high,  not  near  ends  of  ventral 
fringe. 

My  material  of  this  s))ecies  is  not  in  )>est  conditiou  for  accurate  comparisons. 

Tahanun  aiiiiidatiiH  Say. 

This  species  was  tU'scribetl  by  Say  in  1S22  (Jour.  Acad.  IMiil.,  Yol.  Ill, 
p.  ol;  Conip.  Writ.,  Vol.  II,  p.  .v3),  and  its  territory  stated  as  Missouri. 

It  does  not  seem  to  have  received  special  notice  since. 

It  is  probably  not  abundant  enough  to  (lause  serious  annoyance  to 
stock  or  is  commonly  confused  with  some  more  common  species  and 
has  consequently  received  little  attenticm. 

It  is  smaller  than  Tahanus  lineola,  the  length  of  the  body  being  a 
littic  more  than  two-lifths  of  an  inch. 

It  iii  of  a  leaden-gray  color  ti;iged  witli  reddish;  the  abdomen  black- 
ish brown  with  gray  margins  to  the  segments,  the  wings  without  spots 
and  Slightly  dusky.    (From  Say's  description.) 

Tahanus  ntyiiina  Say. 

This  species  is  almost  as  large  as  Tabanus  airnfm  Fab.,  nine-tenths 
of  an  iiich  in  length  and  occnirs  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Say's 
description  in  1822  (,lour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  I'hil.,  p.  33)  locates  it  iu 
Arkansas. 

It  is  violet  bla(!k  and  with  the  thorax  pale  chestnut.  The  front  of 
the  head  is  yellowish,  the  thorax  with  live  gray  lines,  the  wings  rusty 
with  three  brown  spots.     (From  description  of  Say.) 


DIPTERA. 


67 


■^'i^-' 


It  is  fairly  coninion  at  Ames,  Iowa,  but  has  not  been  observed  as 
especially  anuoying  to  stock.  It  has  a  wide  range,  however,  and 
deserves  to  be  studied  with  reference  to  its  early  stages. 

Hurt  gives  tiie  following  facts  concerning  the  species,  with  descrip- 
tions of  early  stages : 

Tho  present  species  Wiis  the  most  abuiuliiiit  tiilianiil  larvii  in  the  vicinity  of  Havana 
lust  spring  (1895)  It  first  appeared  in  our  collections  September  11,  when  a  num- 
ber were  noted  swinnnin;;  amidst  vegetation  near  tlie  margin  at  Station  IJ.  In  tlie 
spring  they  were  found  at  nearly  all  of  the  stations,  but  more  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  tii)ulid,  niuscid,  and  Eristalis  larva-,  in  matted  accumulations  of  dead 
stems  and  leaves  over  nnid.  They  were  esj)ecially  abundant  March  30  in  Flag  Lake, 
where  large  plump  laiva^  appeared  at  every  turn.  It  was  a  surprise  to  find  a  few  of 
them  npon  tho  bottom  in  open,  shallow  water,  far  from  shore,  in  the  middle  of 
(Quiver  Lake  at  Station  A.  Young  larvai  have  been  common  in  connection  with 
larvic  of  Ihttacomorpha  and  Limnophila  at  Station  I  since  March  17.  At  Stations 
n  and  Gr  they  have  been  conmion  in  moist  drifts  of  tine  rubbish 
washed  tip  by  waves  l*ui»a'  w»'i(!  found  in  the  breeding  cages 
May  10  and  23.  One  emerged  May  27  and  another  tried  to 
emerge  .June  2,  but  died  and  was  removed  from  its  case. 

The  larva'  resemble  those  of  the  lincola  grouj)  in  their  stria- 
tion  and  coloration,  lint  differ  in  their  short  lateral  prothoracic 
areas  and  larger  size.  They  are  like  atratitn  in  size,  but  may  be 
readily  sejiarated  from  it  by  their  coarser  lateral  striation, 
s  raw-yellow  tint,  slender  lateral  vitta',  and  usually  projecting 
erniinal  stigmatal  spine. 

Larva;  Length,  4.")-.")  mm. ;  di.ameter,  6-7  mm. ;  bright  straw 
yellow,  varying  in  some  young  larva'  to  nearly  clear  white, 
marked  with  light  fuscous  lirown  microscopic!  pubescence, 
usually  paler  at  each  stage  than  alratua. 

Lateral  jirotlioracic  striated  areas  not  more  than  half  as  liuig 
as  tho  (forsal,  striation  not  liner  than  that  of  the  middle  and 
lower  lateral  an^as  of  the  mesothorax,  striated  portion  shining; 
a  small  smoiitlispot  adjoining  the  impressed  line  below;  remain- 
lug  upper  thoracic  areas  a  little  less  closely  striated,  but  not 
strongly  ditt'erent  I'rom  that  of  the  ])rothorax ;  abdominal  lateral 
areas  a  little  more  finely  striate;  dorsal  and  ventral  areiis  with 
margin  striated,  disks  nearly  smooth  in  adult  larva',  last  seg- 
ment more  strongly  striate,  especially  beneath. 

Dark  anniili  distinct,  broad,  including  false  feet,  a  distinct, 
transverse  dorsal  and  ventral  pale  spot  in  front  of  the  false  feet; 
.abdominal  annnli  often  with  a  small  triangular  backward  pro- 
longation on  median  line  above.  Prothoracic  lateral  sjiace  occu- 
pied by  a  pale  brownieli  fuscous  quadrate  sjiot  in  front  of  tho 
striated  space.  Meso-  and  meta-thoraeio  lateral  .stripes  usually  distinct,  but  slender, 
scarcely  dilated  posteriorly,  lateral  edges  of  dorsal  areas  diverging;  lateral  stripes 
above  the  abdomen  almost  wanting,  except  on  last  t-.  o  segments.  In  these  stripes 
the  punctures  of  the  iijiper  and  lower  rows  are  indicated  by  rounded  pale  dots,  and 
those  of  the  inner  rows  by  elongate  dots.  Last  segment  with  bases  of  respiratory 
tube  and  anal  iiromiueuco  encircled  with  dark  rings,  joined  by  a  lateral  connection, 
its  dorsum  with  at  most  a  short  basal  line  or  pair  of  dots  on  each  side.  Coarser 
pubescence  of  false  feet  tipped  with  pale  brownish. 

Main  internal  trachea)  thick  and  noticeable,  especially  in  young  larva',  lustrous, 
subpar.allel,  not  strongly  sinuate,  nearly  straight  posteriorly;  terminal  stigmatal 
spine  dark  reddish  browu,  smooth,  usually  protruded  (fig.  32,  p.  68). 


'^'i 


Fio.  31.—  Tab  anus 
uti/'jiiis:  l.irvii  (alter 
Hart) . 


68 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Fio.  H2.  —  Tahan  kk  ).7,i/,</t i/a:  last 
sogmoiitof  laivii.  side  vii'W 
showing  ])rojcctiii{;  spiuo— 
enlarj;e<l  (from  Hart). 


Pupa  9  :  Length  iibont  30  luiu. ;  diameter  about  fi  mm. ;  light  Itiownish  fuscous, 
thorax  paler,  shining;  alxlomen  roughly  transversely  wriiikled  and  sul)opa(|ue. 
Pal])al  sheaths  distinct,  as  far  a))art  as  are  the  sctie  borne  by  the  larger  tubercles  at 
the  center  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  head ;  surface  lietween  them  rounded,  bear 

ing  a  small  wrinkled  tubercle  at  middle;  antenna-  and 
tubercles  darker  tlian  surrounding  surface;  ocellar  tuber- 
cles distinct;  prothoracic  spiraculartul'Tcles  slightly  but 
evenly  elevated  in  a  i>lano  i)arallel  wii  h  i  li;it  of  the  sur- 
rounding surface;  rima  lUiarly  straight  in  its  oi.  ler  half, 
inwardly  curving  strongly  forward  and  ending  in  a  con- 
spicuous hook ;  free  margin  of  tubercles  rounded  at  tip. 

First  alxlouiinal  with  two  distinct  seta'  each  side  above 
the  si)iracles;  abdominal  spiracular  tubercles  rounded, 
broad  behind,  low.  subhemisplierical,  rinia  long,  following 
posterior  border  of  tubercle,  slightly  curved  at  middle, 
more  strongly  curved  forward  at  each  end;  on  anterior 
surface  a  transverse  groove  extending  a<Toss  the  tubercle, 
but  not  as  long  as  the  rima.  Fringes  of  nne<|iuil  spines, 
often  tipi)ed  with  blackish,  all  but  two  of  the  long  spines 
wanting  in  a  broad  space  above  on  seventh  segment.  Ter- 
minal teeth  nearly  eipial,  tipped  with  blackish,  their  points  marking  the  angles  of  a 
hexagon,  slightly  wider  than  high.  Ventral  fringe  of  last  segment  not  webbed 
together;  lateral  tufts  high,  on  a  level  with  upiier  lateral  line. 

Ttilxuiiin  molSntun  Say. 

In  de.scribiiifjf  this  species  in  1S1*2  (Jour.  A(!a(l.  IMiil.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  .'Jl; 
Coiup.  Writ.,  Vol.  11.  i>.  .■"»;>)  Thomas  Say  s;  ites: 

This  is  onc!  of  the  spi>cies  tjiat  are  called  pr.airie  tlies.  It  is  numerous  in  the 
]irairies  of  the  i^tati^  of  Missouri  and  is  very  troublesome  to  the  cattle.  1  liavt^  seen 
cattle  in  the  forests  which  margin  these  prairies  when  attackeil  by  these  insects 
start  suddenly  and  jdunge  into  tlu!  thickets  that  tlie  branches  may  divest  them 
of  their  enemies.  Travelers  are  much  incommoded  by  them ;  many  cover  their 
horses  with  canvas,  etc.,  to  shield  tlu'ui  from  their  attacks,  or  rest  in  some  shaded 
or  secluded  situation  during  that  part  of  the  day  when  tiit^y  are  the  nio.st  abnndaut. 

No  special  mention  is  made  of  it  in  subsequent  works,  but  we  know 
it  to  be  (airly  <;ouunon  in  tise  Mississippi  Valley.  Hay's  acicount  i)rol)- 
ably  covers  territory  outside  of  the  i)resent  State  of  INiissouri;  and 
Wiedemann  (vide  O.  S.  Cat.,  p.  2tl)  is  autiu)rity  for  its  occurrence  in 
Kentucky. 

It  is  a  rather  large  s[)ecies,  nearly  four-fifths  of  an  inch  lonj;';  the 
thorax  j-ray,  with  brown  lines;  the  abdomen  black  brown  with  a  };ray 
central  stripe  which  is  widened  on  the  middle  sejiinents  and  consists  of 
triangular  spots  on  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  segments. 

EUROl'KA.N    (i AD  FLY. 

(  Tithamin  liDviiiKK  Linn.) 

From  the  statements  of  European  writers  this  is  api)arently  the  gad- 
fly of  Europe,  or  at  least  the  one  which  is  particularly  troublesome  to 
cattle. 

According  to  Liuna'us  (Syst.  Nat.,  Turton  Transl.,  \'oI.  Ill,  i(.  07), 
it  inhabits  Europe,  and  is  extremely  troublesome  to  cattle. 


DIPTERA. 


69 


viiish  fuscous, 
tl  Hul)opa(|iu>. 
r  tubercles  at 
•••iiiiiled,  hear 
aiitenu.c  and 
)celliirtuber- 
3S  slightly  but 
I*  '>'"  the  snr- 

Is" 'half, 

"ig  in  ii  cou- 
idcd  iit  tip. 
h  side  above 
1<'S  rounded, 
II J,',  followiaj? 
<l  at  middle, 
oil  anterior 
the  tiiliercie, 
t"i|iial  spiueN. 
o  lonjj  spines 
jrment.     Ter- 
•'anirlesof  a 
uot  webbed 


erous  in  the 
I  hav(^  seen 
these  insects 
divest  them 
cover  their 
*ome  shaded 
tt  abundant, 

t  we  know 
>unt  ]>rol)- 
oiui;  iiiitl 
ureiice  in 

I<»nK;  the 
til  ii  «riiy 
oiisists  of 


The  eyes  are  greenisli;  back  of  abdoineu  with  white  triangul.'ir  lou- 
•iitudiiial  spots. 

The  early  stages  of  this  species  were  traced  by  I)e  Geer  (]Meni.  Ins.), 
who  found  tlie  hirva  to  be  terrestrial  ami  carnivorons.  His  observa- 
tions on  this  species  were  the  first  giving  inlorniation  ui)on  the  early 
habits  of  the  Tabauida'. 

THK    liANDKl)    MlJKKZE   FlY. 

(Iheriopleclcn  riiictiia  Fab.) 

The  banded  breeze  fly,  or  orange-belted  horse-fly,  is  a  species  of  some- 
wliat  larger  size  tlian  the  greenhead.  It  is  rather  less  abundant  than 
the  black  breeze-Hy  which  it  somewhat  resembles,  excepting  the  orange 
or  reddish  band  on  the  abdomen.  It  is  limited  more  to  the  Eastern 
States.  It  was  described  by  Fabricius  at  the  same  time  as  Tabanus 
(itmtiis  (Ent.  Syst.,  Vol.  IV,  p.  3(5(5). 

Ilivmaiopola  pliirlalia  Linn. 

According  to  Kollar  this  is  one  of  the  most  troublesome  species.  He 
says : 

It  is  not  much  larger  than  the  common  horse-tly,  and  is  chiefly  distinguished  by 
its  largo  green  eyes,  through  each  of  which  run  four  brown  mululating  bands, 

The  body  is  gray  with  brownish  cross  stripes;  tlie  wings  gray  with  brown  spots. 
It  fre(nients  meadows  and  pastures  and  attacks  horses  and  luTued  cattle  in  sultry 
weather  before  rain,  nor  does  num  escape.  Although  the  woui'd  it  intiicts  is  sharp, 
it  does  not  produce  any  lasting  itching  or  burning. 

This  statement  regarding  the  injury  caused  does  not  agree  entirely 
with  the  statements  of  other  authorities,  for  in  Kirl)y  and  Spence'a 
Entomology  (p.  93)  we  find  a  quotation  from  MacLeay  which  reads  as 
follows : 

I  wont  down  the  other  day  to  tlie  country,  and  was  fairly  driven  out  of  it  by  the 
Hdmatopolii  iiliirialis,  which  attacked  me  with  such  fury  that,  althoii;jh  at  last  I  did 
not  venture  beyond  the  iloor  witluuit  a  veil,  in,v  face  and  hards  were  swollen  lo  that 
<legree  as  to  be  scarcely  yet  recovered  from  the  ell'ects  of  their  veiu)ni,  I  was 
obliged  on  my  return  to  town  to  stay  two  days  at  honu?.  Wlienever  this  insect  bites 
lue  it  has  this  elVect,  and  I  have  never  been  able  to  discover  any  remedy  for  the  tor- 
ture it  ])uts  nie  to. 

Also,  in  Linna'us  under  tlie  description  of  the  species: 

Like  '/'.  civcnth'HH,  this  little  insect  fixes  on  tlie  hands,  face,  and  legs,  exciting  a 
painful  iutlamniation  in  the  part  where  it  has  drawn  blood. 


'  t/n'  gad- 

esome  to 


r,  p.  (57), 


TlIK    \')Ml   Flv. 

(Chrynopn  vittiiliiii  Wied.) 

t 

This  is  a  rather  small  species,  yellow  in  color,  with  black  strii)es  and  a 
broad,  smoky  band  across  the  nuddle  of  c-ich  wing.  It  was  described 
in  1821  by  Wiedemann,  but  without  reference  to  its  habits. 


70 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


It  is  said  to  l)e  very  troublesome  in  tlie  wooded  regions  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi "V'alley,  directing  its  attacks  particularly  upon  horses'  ears,  in 
consequence  of   Avhicli   it  is   coniujonly   called   the 
'•car-liy.'' 

('lirii>«>i>n  iitiirittnliin  'Mnr(\, 

This  is  a  c(nnnion  species  in  the  ])rairie  region  and 
is  recorded  from  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland, 
Connecticut,  >'ow  Jersey,  and  Kentucky  by  Osten 
Sacken.  It  appears  to  be  the  most  common  species 
at  Ames,  Iowa. 

ChrjisopH  niger  Maccj. 

A  similar  species,  black  in  color;  also  vc^y  com- 
mon. 

(Iirjisopn  iiiKidriritliiliin  Say. 

Say  described  this  species  in  I.Sl'l!  as  inhabiting 
the  rejiion  near  the  Kocky  IMountains.  It  is  of  a 
gray  color,  with  four  longitudinal  brown  lines  on  the 
thorax.  The  wings  have  a  large  brown  spot  on  the 
front  margin.  It  is  neaily  two-lifths  of  an  incii  iu 
length. 

I'hrysopx  voHlainx  Kali. 

Occurs  in  Scmth  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Oifjisops /iitia.r  (>.  iS. 


FlO.  'd[i.—  ('iii!ltl(lli,1  vif 

tatxis :    liii'vu  (alfer 
Hart). 


Tliis  species,  easily  recognized  from  the  figure,  is  widely  distributed. 
Osten  Sacken  rcc«n'ded  it  from  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Canada,  Idaho, 


Flo.  .'U. — Chriisop*  iiniviltatvs  <(iriginnl,  from  i1rawiii|;  liy  M1b«  L.  Siilliviiii). 

Montana,  and  Yukon  River.     It  occurs  at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  doubtless 
throughout  the  northern  Mississippi  Valley  at  least. 


DIPTERA. 


71 


'v^y  <^om- 


t™ 


The  llll'l'OBOSOID-LIKE  Tauanid. 

((loviojtx  hippohoncoiden  Aldrich.) 

rnder  tlie  above  luiine  Mr.  J.  M.  AUlricli  has  dcscrilu'd  a  very  peca 
liar  fly,  that  has  the  structure  of  the 
tabanids,  but  the  j>eneral  appearance 
of  a  liippoboscid,  although  it  is  not 
known  bi.t  only  surmised  that  it  may 
have  a  i)arasitic  or  semiparasitic 
liabit. 

Sinc«^  nothing  is  known  as  to  the 


•■ajBgSNi, 


k 


liabits  or  the   early  stages    ot    the  i'"o.  35.-h-gini..sH<.i  <hn,,oj,^a-iti,„„nivom 

',,                           ,           /.  Hint). 

spoi'ies,  and  it  wouhl  seem  to  be  ot 

very  rare  occurrence,  it  will  sufli«"e  for  tiie  purpos     of  this  paper  to 


Flii.  '.\i\,  —i  'li  iiiKiij'x  noiiix  ("litiiiiiil,  (riini  dniwiii};  liv  Miss  I..  Siilliviiiil. 

simply  refer  to  the  original  description  and  figures  ( Psyche.  \'ol,  VI, 

pp.  2;;«;,L».'i7). 

F:miilv    T.KPTIl  ).i:. 

(Snipe   Flics.) 

]\[ost  .)f  the  sjiecies  in  this  family  are  of  medium  size,  with  rather 
slender  bodies,  and  the  abdomen  generally  somewhat  tapering.  They 
are  sparsely  haired :  tlie  head  short;  the  eyes  in  the  males  set  ch>se 
together;  the  aiiienna'  short,  and  the  third  Joint  with  a  terminal  bristle 
or  slendcf  style. 

The  larva-  are  carnivorous  and  live  in  the  ground  or  else  in  decaying 
Mood,  in  sand,  moss,  or  water. 

The  sjiecies  generally  prey  upon  other  insects,  but  according  to  Dr, 
S.  W.  Willistou  "some  Western  species  of  Symphoromyia  suck  blood. 
as  do  the  horse-Hies." 

As  he  does  not  particularize  as  to  the  species  observed,  the  animals 
attacked,  or  the  method  of  attack,  we  must  let  this  brief  mention  sutlice. 


72  INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 

Faiuil>'  (KS'ITMl  KK. 

(Bot-ilic's,  P,i'<'(>x<>  F]i«>s.) 

The  bot-tlies  loiin  a  distinct  tainily,  easily  rccojiiiized  in  larval  or  adult 
staties.  The  adults  are  heavy-l)()died  insects,  generally  rather  hairy, 
and  characterized  by  the  small  eyes  standing  at  the  sides  of  the  head, 
the  small  antenna'  sunken  into  deep  pits  on  the  front  of  the  head  and 
by  the  rudimentary  mouth  parts. 

The  larva'  aie  thick.  Heshy  grubs  living  parsisiti<'ally  iu  various  por- 
tions of  the  bodies  of  uiammals,  the  alimentary  canal,  the  subcutaneous 
tissue,  nasal  passages,  etc.  The  tracheal  openings  are  located  at  the 
posterior  extremity  and  protected  by  horny  i)lates. 

Frequently  the  segments  are  provided  with  rows  of  spines  which 
serve  to  assist  the  animal  in  locomotion.  The  pupa  stage  is  ]»assed  in 
the  grouiul,  the  i)arasite  leaving  its  host  and  entering  the  gnmnd  for 
this  purpose  upon  attaining  its  full  larval  growth. 

From  the  manifest  economic;  imimrtance  of  the  ditlereiit  species  and 
the  great  interest  attaching  to  the  hsibits  of  the  species,  which  depart 
widely  from  oven  the  most  nearly  related  forms,  they  have  been  the 
subjects  of  investigation  from  the  earliest  jveriods  of  scientitic  work. 
The  habits  in  general  of  the  mere  common  species  were  known  more 
than  a  century  ago  and  stated  iu  the  works  of  Linna'us,  DeGeer, 
Keaunuir,  and  others,  while  the  Liter  studies,  early  in  the  present  cen- 
tury, by  Clark  and  afterwards  by  Joly,  Urauer,  and  others,  have,  cleared 
up  most  of  the  essential  points  in  their  life  history. 

For  the  most  part,  these  must  be  stated  in  detail  for  each  species, 
since  the  habits  are  very  ditt'erent  anu)ng  the  difllerent  species,  and  i)ar- 
ticularly  so  iu  the  ditt'erent  genera. 

In  all  cases  the  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  animal  to  be  infested, 
either  where  the  larva'  will  gain  acj-ess  to  the  })roper  part,  or  in  direct 
contact  with  the  jiarts  to  be  invaded. 

In  one  case,  at  least — the  sheep  bottly — the  eggs  may  have  already 
hatched  and  the  free  larva'  be  deposited  by  the  female. 

Studies  of  the  young  larva  have  been  attemled  with  some  ditticulty, 
tlumgh  iu  the  later  stages  they  are  well  known  and  were  accurately 
described  at  an  early  day.  The  full  life  of  the  larva  has  been  a  sub- 
ject of  study  by  .loly  and  esi)e(!ially  by  IJrauer,  who  presents  iu  his 
"Monographic  der  Oestriden"  a  veiy  careful  discussion  of  the  subject. 
A  translation  of  this  i)art  has  been  i)ublislu'd  by  Mr.  B.  IMckmanu 
Mann  (Psyche,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  305-310),  and  the  following  extracts  from 
this  translation  will  be  of  such  service  in  gaining  a  full  understanding 
of  the  early  life  of  the  bot-Hies  in  general  that  it  seems  desirable  to 
include  them : 

Tlio  larva-  of  the  (Estridii-,  although  in  many  cases  (luito  peculiarly  sliiijied,  are  so 
nearly  related  to  the  larvir  of  the  rest  of  the  Miiseid.e-calyittra  that  it  has  not  yet 
been  possible  to  discover  for  them  a  constant  distinijnishinji  character  founded  npoii 
their  structure.    The  reason  of  this  lies  iu  part  in  the  lestrid  larvie  themselves,  since 


DIPTERA. 


78 


tlicy  iin-  very  dilVcri'iit  iiiiioii!j  tlieiiwelves,  iiml  in  jmrt  also  in  our  flofertivo  knowl-, 
cilyo  of  till)  iiiuscid  liirvir. 

At  ]>reseiit,  it  is  true,  no  real  inuscid  larvic  nre  known  with  liir>;e  thorn-warts — as 
[will  call  the  dermal  formations  which  occur  in  many  icstrid  larva",  which  are  con- 
ical, soft  at  the  Itaso.  Meshy,  and  corneous  at  the  tip — also  none  with  the  character- 
islii' stijfinatal  ])late  of  the  (iastrophilus  larva-;  ou  the  other  hainl,  very  many  are 
known  with  thorns,  like  those  of  Derniatoliia,  or  naked,  like  those  of  the  young 
llyixxlernia,  or  with  horny  stiginatal  ]>lates,  like  those  of  ('c])henoniyia.  The 
rcniarkalile  |iarasiti(;  method  of  life  in  niaiumals  can  prohably  be  looked  upon  aa 
peculiar  to  the  (Kstridie.  I  leave  it,  therefore,  to  a  future  observci  to  establish  a 
character  for  the  u-strid  larva'  whereby  they  niiiy  lie  distinifuishiHl  irom  all  other 
nniscid  larva-,  and  limit  myself  here  to  the  description  of  the  larva-  ac(-ordiuf^  to 
j^cncra  and  8jtc<-i(-s. 

The  o-striil  larva-  beloni;  io  tin-  ;rreat  division  of  those  di])terou8  nuigtjots  which 
ha\ebeen  called  headless.  sinc(-  they  are  sej^meuted  throu<rhout  and  the  usual  rej^ious 
of  the  iu8e(-t  body  an^  not  separated.  Only  a  C(-}dialic  and  an  aunl  end,  therefore, 
can  be  distinj^nished  on  the  annulate  body  of  such  larvie.  In  j^encraltlie  following 
common  cliarac-ter-*  and  peculiarities  of  the  lestrid  larva-  can  bi;  s])e(-itied. 

(1)  'I'he  body  of  all  o-strid  larva-  is  really  conipos(-d  of  twelve  rings.  The  lirst 
two  are,  however,  not  always  distinctly  separated,  so  that  I  take  them  together  in 
the  description,  and  designate  them  both  by  the  name  of  ceithalic  ring,  on  whi(-h  in 
many  (-asesan  anterior  ami  ]>ostt-rior  section  is  (-learly  to  be  distinguished.  On  that 
a(-count  I  assume  only  elev(-n  segments,  as  earlier  authors  have  done.  Only  the  new- 
born larva-  of  (iastrophilns  make  an  excejttion  to  this  number;  they,  if  ,I(dy's  state- 
ment is  (-orrect,  ])osse8sing  thirteen  segments. 

(2)  Two  anterior,  external  breathing  organs  are  always  to  b»>  distinguished  ou  the 
larva-,  between  the  tirst  and  second  segments  of  the  body,  and  two  posterior,  exter- 
nal breathing  organs  ou  the  last  ring.  The  former  are  very  small  and  ajipear  either 
as  points,  knobs,  or  lissures,  or  th(^  anterior  ends  of  the  trachea-  are  hidden  entirely 
in  a  cylindrical  in\agination  of  the  skin  ((iastrophilus).  Tim  ])08terior  breathing 
organs  are  either  breathing  tubes  which  are  protrusileand  retractile  (new-born  Oas- 
trophilus  larva-  [p.  3()]  and  Cephenomyia  larva-),  or  large  stigma tal  i)late8  which  are 
constructed  ai-cording  to  two  kiiids  of  types.  One  of  these  types  is  represented  in 
OastropliiluH  and  Dermatobia,  the  other  in  the  rest  of  the  genera.  The  stigmata! 
jdates  are  mon^  or  less  jirotected  by  lip-like  organs  on  the  last  ring  or  by  withdrawal 
into  the  pre(-eding  ring,  and  are  in  this  way  cleaned  from  substances  which  adhere 
to  them. 

I  have  des(-ribed  in  detail  under  that  genus  the  strui-turi!  of  the  posterior  stigmata! 
plates  in  Gastrophilr.s,  Th(-  majority  of  the  g(-uera  jtossess,  however,  two  stigmata! 
plates  in  a  real  sense,  consisting  of  corneous  chitinous  substam-e  ou  the  last  ring. 
Each  ring  is  usually  cr<-scent-shaped  or  reniform,  in  younger  larva-  even  (piite  cir- 
cular, and  appears  when  magnilied  eith(-r  as  latticed  with  (-oarse  meshes,  tinely 
ponuis  or  almost  snu)otli,  sometimes  radially  furrowed.  On  the  inner  l)order  of  each 
plate  is  in  all  larva-  in  the  third  and  in  nmny  in  tin-  second  stage  a  thinner,  mem- 
branous or  kiiob-lik(i  plat-e  suj)erposedor  embedded,  sometimes  inclosed  in  the  jilate 
itself.  The  attacdiinent  of  the  trachea  corrcsixmds  to  this  place  on  the  inside.  Since 
it  usually  has  the  appearance  of  an  opening,  and  also  has  been  taken  for  sm-h,  1  call 
it  the  false  stigmatal  oi>eniiig  It  has  not  yet  been  ascertained  without  doubt  that 
breathing  goes  on  in  such  stigmatal  i)lates,  but  it  jjrobalily  takes  ])lace  through 
pores  of  the  plate.  It  seems  to  me  as  if  the  plates  were  penetrable  especially  at  the 
circumference  of  the  attachment  of  the  trachea-. 

(3)  The  new-born  larva-  all  possess  external  mouth  parts;  in  the  later  stages 
larva-  with  oral  hooks  and  those  witliout  tht-m  are  to  be  distinguished.  An  internal 
pharyngeal  framework  of  various  development  always  occurs;  this  incloses  the 
nienibranoiis  gullet  and  by  its  muscular  structure  is  of  essential  service  in  the  siu-lv- 
iug  of  the  larva.     If  oral  hooks  are  present,  they  are  connected  with  this  by  a, joint. 


74 


liNSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Usually  ii  U'^^l'^P'"-'''  ''unt  chitiiKius  jilati'  is  to  lio  seen,  wIionc  open  sidt-  looks  up- 
wjird;  t'roni  tho  sidf  it  liim  tlie  sbii])^  of  a  Kittiii!;  biitterlly  wlumo  liirgo  upper  winy 
reaches  far  back  and  has  the  smaller,  narrow  under  wiujj;  under  it.  Since  tho  win>;8 
of  the  two  sides  are  j;rown  together  (irmly  nnduriicath,  tho  whole  pharynj;eal  frame- 
work ajjpears  like  a  liyinj;  insect,  when  the  winjjs  are  bent  ajiart  from  above,  and 
with  the  l/isc  in  a  i>lane.  The  part  lyin<j  more  or  less  in  front,  wliich  is  to  }n\  fou&d 
in  the  middle  betwet-n  the  iv.ti;;s,  and  which  really  ratliates  out  into  these,  or  is  united 
with  them  like  a  li<;ament,  is  what  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk  calls  tho  tongue  boue. 

In  the  ])haryn,neal  franu-work,  therefore,  there  can  bt;  reco{i;nized  a  body  (Sehroeder's 
tongue  Itone)  and  four  wing-like  ]irocess«H,  wh  U'h  often,  again,  consist  of  several  parts. 
The  body  is  connected  with  the  wings  i»  .steri'irly.  It  is  always  bent  in  a  U-sha]>e, 
and  so  that  the  o|ien  end  look  ii'Vt. '.  e..  if  other  soft  jiarts  of  its  vicinity  which 

also  close  this  are  disregarded  ^  »,  ;•  't  Hat,  it  shows  a  more  or  less  distinctly 
Hshaped  ciiitinous  plate,  with  ^  ,;  broa(.  si ''»  parts,  which — in  full-grown  larva'  •- 
become  conllnent  behind  into  a  simple,  br'"  i  idate,  and  only  lea\  e  an  oval  hole  lu 
flout  of  them  for  tho  passage  of  the  tlischarge  dnrt  of  the  salivary  glands,  but  jios- 
teriorly  bear  the  four  wing-shap(!<l  jirocesses  (two  large  upper,  lU'  in  tht!  outspread 
plate  (Miter  ones,  and  two  smaller  slenderer  inferior  or  inner).  On  the  anterior  end 
of  the  body,  In  many  genera,  oral  hooks  are  Jointed  to  the  short  anterior  side  parts. 
Ill  the  an*''  rior  curved  excavation  of  this  lies  in  the  membranous  expansion  a  Binall 
corneor.s  chitiiioiis  jdate  which  is  iderced  like  a  sieve  and  whose  nature  has  not  yet 
been  more  closely  investigated.  It  seems  to  iiie  as  if  this  jilato  l.iy  at  the  outlet  of 
the  salivary  ducts.  It  is  especially  distinct  in  Cephenomyia  larva-.  It  is  wanting 
in  several  others. 

Ill  young  larva-,  the  ]iliaryngeal  framework  consists  only  of  two  ciiitinous  rods, 
which  are  united  in  front  by  a  ciiitinous  band.  These  ciiitinous  rods  radiate  out 
behind  in  little  wings.  A  (similar)  jtharyugeal  framework  occurs  in  ail  other  muscid 
larva',  and  corres]ionds  in  tho  pcr'ect  insect  to  the  ciiitinous  frame  of  the  proboscis. 
I  have  repeatedly  convinced  myself  that  such  is  rtally  the  case,  since  I  have  opened 
the  coarctate  piijia'  of  ('e]tlieiiomyia  and  (iastrophilus  before  the  emergence  of  tho 
tlies.  Since,  in  these  genera,  as  we  will  see  later,  the  nymjdi  is  tiglitly  iiiclose<l  by 
the  puparium,  it  can  be  noticed  how  the  already  fiH'cd  jdiaryngeal  fiaiuework,  which 
reinaius  attached  to  the  puparium,  rests  in  the  month  tissure  of  the  nymph,  aud  is 
drawn  out  of  it  as  soon  as  the  iiym]>h  is  taken  away  or  the  lower  lid  is  lifted  otf. 
It  is  also  easy  to  form  an  idea  that  the  piiaryngeal  'ramework,  together  with  its 
internal  parts,  corresponds  to  the  proboscis  of  the  *'y  if  it  is  observed  liow  other 
muscid  or  syrphid  larva'  while  alive  iiro.ject  and  withdraw  this  exactly  as  the  lly 
does  its  jiroboscis. 

lu  Hyi>oderma,  the  month  jiaits  undergo  a  retrograde  metamorphosis  fnnn  the 
second  stage  (after  tho  tirst  molt);  the  oral  hooks  disappear,  and  therewith  all  the 
external  moiitli  ])arls,  but  the  internal  pharyngeal  frt.iuowork  remains. 

(1)  The  o'strid  hirva'  show  ;  iitenna'  (at  least  rudimentary  ones)  above  the  mouth 
parts;  these  have  the  appearance  of  c(U'ueoiis  or  usually  membranous  knobs,  and  in 
the  latter  case  are  provided  with  one  or  two  ocelli-like  points.  Subiilaie,  iiiany- 
Jointed  antenna',  such  as  occur  in  iiiaiiy  muscid  larva',  an^  never  found. 

(5)  All  possess  an  anus,  which  lies  on  the  last  ring,  under  the  stigmatal  jtlate.s, 
and  is  very  small. 

(ti)  They  molt  twice  while  they  are  ])ara8iti<'.  I  have  oliserved  most  closely  the 
molting  in  llypoderma  larva'  of  tho  second  stage.  In  //.  (/i«»(«,  tho  passage  from 
this  stage  (p.  SS)  to  the  last  one  takes  place  about  tho  beginning  of  February.  If 
ill  a  cutaneous  muscle  which  is  richly  larded  with  cMch  larva'  the  capsules  of 
those  larva'  whose  hinder  stigmatal  jdates  have;  the  shape  of  the  third  stage,  but 
are  still  clear  yellowish-brown,  are  carefully  slit  open,  tho  skin  characteristic  of 
the  preceding  stage,  with  tho  many  little  thorns  heaped  in  groups,  will  be  found 
either  still  partly  att.'iclu'd  to  the  front  end  of  tl'.e  larva  or  entirely  dependent  from 
the  cephalic  end  or  folded  together  along  the  dorsal  side.     The  process  of  molting 


DIPTERA. 


75 


si'i'iiiH  to  l>t»  cntirt'ly  Biinilnr  to  tliiit  in  the  Mclopliafjiis  liirvii- ;  at  loiist  Tieiickart 
>t;ili'8  that  the  <)1<1  Hkin  in  tlieso  is  Mbovcd  together  toward  the  eeiihaliu  end  of  the 
liirvn',  and  there  n-niains  attaeho<l.  The  Hyitoderina  larva,  inunediately  after  the 
iriolt,  is  pnre  white,  very  sol't,  and  appears  naked,  since  tlie  thorns  do  not  become 
iliirk  and  distinctly  separated  from  tlieir  surronndings  until  tJiey  liarden. 

Three  forms  or  stages  are  to  be  distingnished,  cdrrespondiiiij  to  the  molts,  which 
luvnis  in  Hypoderma,  (iastro]iliilns,  and  nermatohia  show  great  diti'erenees.  In  the 
iliird  stage  tlie  larva-  reach  their  full  size,  usually  change  their  color,  anil  that  often 
very  considerably,  and  then  lirst  leave  their  host  animal,  crawl  away  and  pupate, 
after  the  nninner  of  tlie  .Muscicbe. 

(7)  This  pupation  must  be  considered  as  a  third  molting,  in  which,  however,  the 
skin  is  only  detached  around  the  ])iil>a,  but  is  not  strip]ied  otV,  an<l  remains  in  con- 
nection with  it  by  means  of  four  traclieic.  The  hardtuied  larval  skiu,  or  puparinin, 
is  l)nrsto]icn  at  the  cephalic  en*l  by  the  emerging  ily  by  nu-ansof  the  frontal  bladder 
liiled  with  lluid,  in  the  direction  of  the  arcnate  sutures  in  adouble  manner.  Although 
ilic  ])upation  resembles  herein  that  of  the  Muscida' in  general,  yet  there  occurs  m 
line  part  of  the  (Kstrida',  i.  e.,  in  Hypodernni,  a  peculiarity  which  has  not  l)eeu 
(iliserved  before,  namely,  that  tlm  larva  translorms  in  th(^  ]inparium  in  a  comi)letely 
outstretched  condition,  an<l  this,  therefore,  is  far  larger  than  the  insect  which  comes 
I'orth  from  it. 

(8)  So  far  as  they  have  been  observed,  they  lead  a  i)araaitic  life  in  mammals,  and 
Iced  ujion  tin;  juices  of  these*  animals.  In  Hypoderma.  a  blood-red  intestine  often 
sliiiws  through,  and  it  is  likely  that  these  sometimes  suck  up  blood  in  addition  i'> 
the  exudation  wiiich  immediately  snrronnds  them. 

(fl)  The  closely  observed  larva-  all  sliow  at  lirst  a  slow  and  linally  a  rapid  devel- 
opment, so  that  tliert!  occurs  a  resting  stage,  which  often  lasts  seven  months,  between 
the  swarming  of  the  imago  and  the  lirst  visible  appearance  of  the  larva-. 

The  larva-  of  the  flCstrida-  were  formerly  divided  into  two  groups — into  larva- 
with  oral  hooks  and  those  without  external  mouth  jiarts.  Such  a  si-paration  is  of 
service  in  distinguishing  the  full-grown  larv;e,  but  scientitically  unnatural  and 
incorrect,  since  in  the  lirst  jilace  this  jiecnliarity  of  the  full-grown  larva*  corre- 
sponds to  no  similar  degree  ot  relationship  of  the  j>erl'e<'t  insects,  and  in  the  second 
place  it  is  (Uily  teiiipiu'ary  (p.  I{!h.  since  all  o-strid  larva-  possc-ss  oral  hooks  when 
they  are  ((uite  young.  Such  a  division  also  as  Clark  attenii)ted  to  make  into  cari- 
voUv,  ciilicohr,  and  (lUHlrirohv,  is  inade(|iiate,  fur  wiiib-  the  species  of  a  genus  do, 
indet-d,  tilways  agree  in  life  history  so  far  as  their  occurrence  as  parasites  in  a  deter- 
minate organ  is  concerned,  nevertheh-ss  the  larva-  of  very  ditl'erent  genera  may  also 
share  this  same  manner  of  life  with  others;  for  instance,  Hypoderma.  Cuterebra, 
Dcrmatobia,  among  which  there  is  far  more  dittercnce  between  one  and  two  than 
lietweeu  Cuterebra  and  Cephenoniyia.  if  the  imagoes  are  considered.  Such  a  divi- 
sion is,  therefore,  likewise  not  a  initiiral  one,  since  it  disturlis  the  natural  n-lations 
of  albuity.  Two  cleinents  must  be  considered  in  order  to  bring  about  an  appioxi- 
iiialely  natural  division  :  In  the  lirst  place,  the  organization  of  the  larva-,  and.  in  the 
Si  ^-ond  place,  their  manner  of  life,  and  the  latter  in  a  subordinate  degret;,  though 
this  is  here  more  important  than  in  other  animals,  sin(-e  as  yt-t  there  is  no  example 
iif  two  species  of  (Kstrida-  of  one  genus  having  been  found  parasitic  in  dilferent  sys- 
tems of  organs.  Thus  the  Cophenomyia  larva-  bi-long  to  the  (esophagus,  tin-  Cepha- 
loinyiii  and  (Kstriis  larva-  to  the  nasal  and  frontal  cavity,  those  of  (Jastrophilns  to 
the  intestinal  tract,  and  those  of  Ilyjioderma  to  the  subcuticular  cellular  tissue. 

Although  it  is  stated  that  the  larva  of  (iastrophilns  has  been  found  in  the  (esoph- 
agus, this  is  one  of  the  exceptional  cahes  which  are  not  authenticated.  Of  course, 
only  the  full-grown  larva  is  meant  ht-re.  since  young  larva-  nniy  always  be  found  in 
other  places  during  the  immigrations.  So,  for  instance,  the  young  (Kstrus  and  Cephe- 
noniyia larva-  both  immigrate  in  like  manner  through  the  nose,  and  their  roads  do 
not  separate  until  they  get  there,  but  the  former  migrate  into  the  frontal  cavity  and 
the  latter  into  the  tesophageal  cavity. 


76 


INSr.CTS    AI'KKCTINIi    DOMKSTK"    ANIMALS. 


<M  ilif  orf^jiiis  ill  wliiili  (I'.si riihi'  nci 


the  Hkii].  or  iriillv  till'  Hulii'iitiriiliir  t'i'lli 


lar  ti>siic,  is  thai  wlii<'ii  is  tlic  riuist  Mlr(iii>;l\  ;il  liickrd  ;  tlif  liiiv;i'  ol'  lour  unifia- 
ll,v|Miili'niia,  (Kstroiiivia,  Dcrniiitiiliia,  Ciiti-ri'lirii — Ii\'i'  in  it,  'I'lio  nasal  ami  I'loni;! 
I'avitv  arc   iiiiialtitcd  liy  tlii<  ficiii'iii  Ct'idialoia.via  and  <l'',>tniH,  tlii'  nasal  and  ii'soiili 

d 


iiK''iil  cavity  liy  llic  j^cniis  Ccplicnoiny  ia,  llic   intestinal   canal  l>y  the  f;cniis  ( iaslrn 
|i1iiliis.      Ill 


le  iransrorniatiDiis  cii'  tlie  otiier  ueiicia  i)i'  d'.striila'  arc  unknown 


It  is  interesiinif.  t'lirtlicr.  that  many  f;enera  occur  only  as  )iarasites  ol'  certain  I'anii 


lies  of  niammals.  while  others  have  a  sHiiiewhat  wiiler  o 


•rv  w  ide  ranjic  of  distri 


hution,  and  so  have  fur  hosts  the  dilfei'cnt  niiimnials.  yet  ncd  ijiiite  without  clioiii 


and  often  even  scidi  man  foi  their  hreed 


iiiji  jdaccs 


Thus,  until  now,  the  larva'  of  ('e|ihunomyia  lia\)'  only  lieeti  found  in  the  throats  ol 
I'LTvina,  tlio>i'  of  the  ircimra  ('ejdialoniyia  and  (I'.slriis  only  in  tiihipoila  and  <  ttricuriiin. 
tliotii;  of  till'  ncnii8  (iastro|diiliis  in  Hiil'uhinijulu  and  iiiiilliniiinlii  {  Hhiiiiiirni'i'i,  lnit 
lly|M>dernia,  on  the  other  hand,  in  (■iiiiciiriiiti  i  Hos.  Cajira.  Antilopei,  ccriMi/ ((  erviis. 
Moschus).  ami  tiiiiiiln.  Ciiteridira  lai  \  a'  in  liodenlia  and  Marsupial ia.  and  linally  those 
of  I  )oriiiatolda  in  dons,  oxen,  horses,  and  even  upon  man. 

( 1>.  lOl  Another  picture  is  formed  if  the  pci  I'ect  i  usee  Is  are  divided  accord  in;;  to  a 
jK'culiar  characier  int(»  those  with  pectinat<>  aiileiiiial  Irrislles  i  Cnteiehra,  Dernia- 
toldai.  and  Ihost-with  naked  antennal  liristles  ( lly|)oderma,  (iaslrophilns,  Ccjihe- 
iioniyia,  ( Ophalomy  ia ).  sini'o  tlii>  larva'  of  the  former  are  parasitic  In  ungulate 
nuimals  as  well  as  csjiecially  in  K'odeiitia  and  .Marsnpialia,  hut  tlioso  of  tlm  latter 
only  in  Un;;ulata,  This  hitherto  so  con\'enient  and  practical  division  likewise  can 
not  ln)  relied  upon  tor  an  inference,  wince  (KhIvhh  liiiurhiiin  hel(iny;s  to  the  f;roii|i  of 
(I'".strida'  with  naked  hristle,  Inil  its  larva  Ine.s  ujion  :i  rodent.  It  is  set«n  that  such 
divisions  are  only  ;irtiticial  and  .servo  for  orientation,  hut  that  nevertheless  nature 
can  not  he  forced  into  tln-iii.  Such  divisions  are  therefore  oiil.\  tcinjiorary,  and  only 
too  oi'tcn  hueonie  nntruu  mo  soon  as  new  dis<'overie.s  ai'<i  piihlished.  It  is  therefore 
best  to  troat  of  the  larva'  accordin;i;  to  their  geiu^ra,  and  to  limit  these  as  natually 
a.s  jiossihle,  since  it  ha.s  thus  far  heen  found  constantly  in  this  family  that  the  lar\a' 
of  one  j;eniis  all  liaxc  a  like  life  liistorv ,  and  eonversidv  the  jnenerie  characters  of  the 
imagoes  can  scarcely  lead  us  astray  if  we  wish  to  draw  an  inferenc(>  as  to  the  life 
history  <d'  a  larva  perliajis  not  yet  investi^jated.  In  tln^  case  of  a  new  ycnus,  how- 
ever, we  can  infer  its  lite  history  with  very  little  certainty.  l'',xperience  alone 
teaches  this. 

The  tlies  are  seldom  observed  ex('ei)t  in  open  smiiiy  places  and  secrete 
tlieiuselvcs  mostly  in  low  Iierbaj^e,  {jrass.  aloiiji'  roadsides,  and  other 
situations  where  they  may  j^ain  ready  access  to  their  victims,  Mo.st  or 
all  of  them  live  in  this  stage  strictly  without  I'ood,  the  mouth  ])arts, 
except  in  a  tew,  beiiifj  very  rndimentiiry  or  entirely  wanting.  All  are 
eonlined  in  their  attacks  to  vertebrates,  and  all,  so  far  as  iiositively 
known,  to  mammals. 

The  species  are  qnite  numerous,  about  sixty  beino-  known  in  the  adult 
form,  Imtoidy  tiie  more  common  ones  have  been  thoroughly  studied,  and 
in  our  detailed  discus.sion  of  the  s])ecies  we  will  give  particular  atten- 
tion only  to  those  affecting  the  common  domestic  animals. 

TUK    IloUSi;    IJOT-ILV. 


A; 


( liantrophiliin  njiii  l'"al).  i 

Bets  in  boige.^  have  been  a  familiar  form  of  i>arasite  to  farmers, 
stockmen,  and  veterinarians  for  we  know  not  how  long.  Whether  they 
were  familiar  to  the  ancients  has  been  a  matter  of  discus.sion  among 


Bui.  5,  now  serius,  Div.  of  Entonnology,  U,  S   Dopt   ■  f   Agncultuii 


Plate 


I  iiiii'iiliir  t'l'lli 
ii'  Ibiir  liciifra 
:is;il  mill  truiilii 
ismI  mill  <i'.so])|i 
I'  ficiius  (instill 
kiiiiwii. 

Ill'  rrltilili  Imiiii 
IMIl;j[<'  lit"  (listii 
w  iliiiMlt  elinirr 

II  till'  tliriiiitM  III 
n  iiinl  ((iriiiiriiiii. 
'ilii>liiffri)y),    I  lilt 

■I  rfiiiii  ( (  rrviis, 
Mil  liiiiilly  liiosr 

1  arriiliiilio-  to  a 
tiTlllIM,    DlTllia- 

■|i|illiln^,  Ci'idir- 
tii'  ill  iiii^iilali' 
)M)  nf  tll<!  latter 
inn  likcwisi-  ran 
I  tit  tlic  )fri)ii|)  of 
s  si'iMi  that  siicli 
rtlii'lcss  natni'i' 
lorary,  and  only 
It  is  tlicrcl'iiri- 
|lirHi'  as  iiatiially 
y  that  tlio  larva' 
?liaiarter.s«if'the 
ii'i'  as  to  the  litV 
lew  Kt'uus,  hi)\v- 
lxiu'ricnc«<  alone 

e.s  iiiul  setrreto 
es,  jind  other 
iins.     Most  or 

inoutli  ])arts, 
-iny.     All  are 

its  positively 

n  ill  the  iidult 
►'stiulled,  iiiid 
tictilar  atteii- 


B  t()  fanners, 
Whether  tliey     '* 
issioii  among 


'.>..  1. 


Fig.   2. 

Gastrophilus  equi  in  Stomach  of  Horse. 

t'"l(i.  I.   -Hols  oil  till"  Willis  of  a  lioi'si's  stoiiiacli.     il'"riiiii  a  plioio^vapli  liy  tlii'  aiithor.  i 
l''iG.  'J.     I'orliniiot'  stoiuiii'li  wall  showing  iinliitsof  attacliiiii'iit  of  hots.    iFroiii  a  plioto- 
Ki'uiili  li.v  llii'  aiitlioi',  I 


liiiriK'tl  iiu'i 
ii>  hiiWits  is 
1  iipiibU'ol'  I 

led  to  SOIIH 
IIM'IIH  iii»i»<'i» 
I  lie  lattor  a 
iiirmorrlioiil 
.1  (li.sciissi<»i 
tonus  \vi'i( 
a;,'(>  as  wril 
tlic  stattMiK 
follows:  •• 
pints  \vlii( 
in  tlio  i'iiii  < 
and  passiii 
tlicduufr."' 
ISi:.  Mr.  IJ 
animals  pr 
intt'iostin^i' 
in  laif,'0  i>a 


DilVrnMit 

injury  <lu»' 

tliu  opinion 

presence  ol 

normal  act 

and  soiiiet 

orji'ans,  or 

The  injii 

attachmeii 

interfere!  \\ 

ulandular 

walls  of  tl 

acli  itself: 

they  serve 

ach  to  int 

theniselve 

Some  cont 

presence  (i 

in  larfi'e  d 

ing  no  €ip] 

seen  then 

must  cans 

sufficient 


MIITKHA. 


77 


Ifiinu'd  iiMMi,  but  tlic  ilu'iiiion  in  ancient  writin)4:s  nt'  the  (Kstnis  imd 
ii>  liiihits  is  now  jjentTiilly  «'ttnsi(U'n'(l  us  n'toraltU!  t(»  sonic  <»l"  the  Hich 
I  jpahleot'  iiicrcin<;',  sncli  as  t  lie  •^ailllic,"  or  horse  lliesand  not  iiie  l)ots. 
'i'lie  occniiciice  of  two  or  ilnci^  siinihir  species  all'cj'tinf;'  tiie  horse  has 
led  to  some  confusion  in  tlicir  names.  Tiiiis  tlie  iKslriix  njui  of  Lin- 
iiii'UM  appears  to  correspond  wiiii  tlu'  illntrns  ritnli  of  Falnicius,  wliilo 
ilic  latter  autlior  inchnles  in  (h'stnis  ciiiii  tiie  (l\.slnis  nannlis,  (EntruH 
liii morrlioiiliilis,  mu\  U-!sln(s  rtttriinisot'  I/wumvws.  Witiiout  fjoinj;'  into 
.1  discussion  of  tliis  synonymy  iicie,  it  will  he  seen  Unit  all  of  these 
loriiis  w«'re  apparently  familiar  to  scientilic  writers  more  than  a  century 
;i<;o  as  well  as  the  more  strikiii}:  features  <A'  their  life  history.  Thus 
the  statement  made  by  Linineus  (Turton's  translation,  p.  5X1,')  reads  as 
follows:  "neposits  e<;:jis  on  the  hairs  of  horses,  and  always  on  those 
parts  which  are  most  liabh'  to  be  licked  by  the  toii<;ue;  these,  eitli<'r 
in  the  ejijif  or  larval  state  are  conveyed  by  the  tongue  into  the  stonnu^h, 
and  passiii;;'  through  the  intestines  with  the;  food  aic  dischar^'cd  with 
the  (binj;.''  These  lai\  a-  are  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  bots.  In 
lSl,"i  Mr.  Ilracy  Clark  published  his  essay  on  bots  of  horses  and  other 
animals  i)resentin^'  the  results  of  thorough  investij;ation  upon  these 
iiiterestin;;'  parasites,  and  subsetiuent  investi}>ation  has  but  contirmed 
III  hiviio  part  the  conclusions  reached  by  him. 

NATUUK    AM)    KMKNI'    ul      IN.Hin. 


I  liferent  writers  have  jdat'cd  very  dill'erent  estimates  upon  the 
injury  due  to  bots,  and  as  ;;ieat  diveisity,  or  perhaps  greater,  exists  in 
the  opinions  (d' practical  men  and  veterinarians,  some  holdin;^'  that  the 
presence  <d"  the  bot  in  the  horse's  stomach  does  not  interfere  with  its 
normal  activities,  while  others  look  upon  them  as  extremely  dauf^erous 
and  sometimes  refer  almost  any  serious  disturbance  of  the  <lige8tive 
or;ians,  or  death  fnun  unknown  cause,  to  bots. 

The  injury  to  the  horse  from  the  larva'  may  take  four  forms :  (1)  The 
attachment  to  tlie  walls  of  the  stomach  causes  an  irritation  which  may 
interfere  with  the  normal  action  of  the  ji'lands  or  reduce  the  extent  of 
;;landular  surface;  (2)  the  bots  abstract  some  nutriment  from  the 
walls  of  the  stomach,  or  b  absori)tion,  from  the  contents  <d'  the  stom- 
ach itself;  (3)  by  c(dlectiuj;.  particularly  in  the  rej-ion  of  the  pylorus, 
they  serve  as  an  «tbstruction  lo  the  free  passaj^e  (d'food  from  tlu^Tstom- 
lU'h  to  intestines;  (I)  in  passajje  through  intestines  they  may  attach 
themselves  at  times  to  walls  or  in  rectum  and  cause  yreat  irritation. 
Some  consider  this  as  the  source  of  most  of  the  serious  symptoms  from 
presence  of  bots.  In  any  of  these  methods  the  extentof  injury  depends 
ill  larj-e  dej^ree  upon  the  number  of  bots  present,  a  few  probably  caus- 
ing no  .appreciable  damage,  while  larj-e  numbers  (sufficient,  as  vre  have 
seen  them,  to  completely  cover  large  patches  of  the  stomaidi  walls) 
must  cjiuse  serious  disturbance  and  loss  of  nutrition  and  would  seem  a 
sufficient  cause  to  produce  fatal  results.     From  the  nature  of  the  ttase 


78 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


no  (leflnito  statistics  can  be  given  lor  tlie  losses  incurred.  It  is  prob- 
ably safe  to  say  that  nine-tenths  of  all  colts  and  horses  that  are  i)as- 
tured  during  summer,  and  a  smaller  proportion  of  driving  and  work 
horses,  become  infested  with  bots  each  year.  Aside  from  the  injuries 
inflicted  by  the  larva',  we  must  consider  the  excitement  produced  by 
the  flies  wiien  depositing  the  eggs  as  a  sourceof  loss,  and  this  in  many 
cases  is  by  vo  means  insignificant. 

LIFE   HISTOKV   AM)    IIAHITS. 

Adults  of  this  species  are  about  three-fourths  of  an  indi  in  length, 
the  wings  are  transparent  with  dark  spots,  those  near  the  center  form- 
ing an  irregular,  transverse  band.  The  body  is  very  hairy,  the  head 
brown  with  whitish  front,  thorax  brown,  abdomen  brown  with  three 
rows  of  blackish  spots,  which  are  subject  to  considerable  variations. 
In  the  females  the  segments  are  often  almost  entirely  brown  with  sim- 
ply u  narginal  series  of  yellowish  spots,  while  in  males  the  abdcmien 
may  be  almost  entirely  yellow  or  very  light  brown,  with  brown  or  dark 


Fio.  H7. — tiantinplilliifi  rijii! :  n,  t'jii;— onlarsod  ;  h.  cii;— iiutiiral  h'i/.v  .  c  ynuiiu  Imvii :  (/,  vdiiii}?  Inrvn — 
inuoli  i'iilary;i'il,  Mlmwiii;;  Mpiiiv  uriiiatiirr:  .•.  mal  liooks:  /',  body  siiimx:  ;/,  liiH-j;ro\Mi  larva— twice 
natural  Hi/.)'!  Ii.  mliill  t'oiiialc  loriiriiiali. 

spots  very  distinct.  The  males  are  rarely  seen,  fur  while  it  is  one  of 
the  most  common  occurrences  to  witness  the  female  around  the  horses 
depositing  their  eggs,  the  males  evidently  hold  aloof.  They  are  readily 
distinguished  by  the  foini  of  the  abdomen,  which  lacks  the  two  tubular 
segments  at  the  end,  and  is  provided  on  the  under  side  of  the  last  seg- 
ment with  ;  of  dark-brown,  or  black  hooks,  or  clasping  organs. 
Otherwise,  c  the  color  of  the  abdomen,  alrerdy  mentioned,  they 
resemble  very  closely  tiie  females.  The  eggs  (fig.  .'?7,  a  and  h)  are  light 
yellow  in  color  and  will  be  found  attached  to  the  hairs  of  the  shoulders, 


DIPTERA. 


79 


forelegs,  under  side  of  body,  and  sometimes  even  tlie  mane  and  other 
parts  of  the  body,  most  commonly,  however,  on  the  forelej^s  and  shoul- 
ders. The  method  of  deposition  has  been  frequently  observed.  The 
female  hovers  near  the  horse  in  a  ]M)sitioii  which  appears  to  be  nearly 
v«'rticiil,  since  the  body  is  bent  downward,  and  the  extended  abdomen 
is  thrust  f(U'ward  under  the  body  to  its  full  extent.  The  tly  then  darts 
toward  the  horse,  the  eyjjf  is  glued  to  the  hair  in  an  instant  and  the  tly 
retreats  a  yard  or  two  to  hover  till  another  egg  is  ready  to  be  deposited. 
Tlie  operation  is  repeated  at  very  short  intervals,  so  that  hundreds  of 
eggs  may  be  <leposited  upon  a  horse  in  a  comparatively  short  time. 
The  eggs  are  held  by  a  sticky  tluid,  which  quickly  dries  and  thus  glues 
them  lirndy  to  the  hairs.  They  are  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  in 
length,  anil  taper  a  little  toward  each  end,  thougii  tlie  attached  end  is 
the  smaller.  The  outer  end  is  provided  with  a  little  cap  (operculum), 
Avliich  is  set  (juite  obliiiuely  to  the  axis  of  the  egg,  though  some  authors 
represent  it  as  cutting  the  egg  sipiare  off  at  the  end.  This  cap  or 
operculum  breaks  or  is  ])ushed  otf  when  the  grub  hatches.  Bracy 
Clark  wrote  that  the  eggs  do  not  hatch  until  twenty-tive  to  thirty  days 
old,  while  .loly  found  them  to  hatch  in  timr  or  five  days.     Verrill  says: 

The  ogyH  contain  more  or  less  pt-rfeotly  developed  larvii'  when  laid ;  and  when  they 
arc  mature  <ir  have  been  a  few  days  attached  to  the  hair,  they  hurst  open  and  allow 
the  young  to  escape  alnu>8t  instantauiMUJsly,  when  moistened.  Thus,  when  the  horse 
licks  itself  or  its  companious,  the  nioistuie  hatches  the  eggs  an*l  the  young  larva'  are 
transferred  to  the  mouth  l>y  tiio  tou^ue  or  lips,  and  thence  to  the  stcuuach.  where 
they  fasten  themselves  to  the  lining  memhrane  l>y  their  two  hooks. 

Evidently  some  such  condition  is  essential  to  the  hatching  of  the  eggs, 
as  we  have  reiuoved  haus  containing  eggs  from  tlie  horse  and  keeping 
them  where  not  subject  to  moisture  they  failed  entirely  to  hatch,  and 
even  after  a  year's  time  do  not  appear  greatly  shriveled.  Doubtless 
they  must  hatch  in  a  comparatively  short  time  or  lose  their  vitality, 
for  moisture  does  not  etVect  a  hatching  in  those  long  kept  away  from 
the  horse.  The  empty  egg  shells  may  I'ling  to  the  horse  for  some  time 
after  the  hatching  of  the  larva'  and  give  it  the  appearance  of  being 
coated  with  eggs.  I'^xaniination,  however,  will  readily  disclose  the 
absence  <tf  the  opercnlum  in  the  hatched  eggs. 

In  order  to  determine  more  certainly  as  t<t  the  exact  condition  of 
hatching  and  the  time  involved,  I  undertook  in  18J)3  some  observations 
whi(!h  were  reported  in  ISiilletin  No.  '.V2  of  the  Division  of  Entomology 
(pp.  40—1!)).  I'jggs  collected  from  a  horse  while  tlies  were  depositing, 
and  therefore  probably  not  long  laid,  were  opened  at  ditl'erent  times  by 
rubbing  them  with  a  moistened  linger,  simulating  as  nearly  as  possible 
the  action  of  the  tongue  in  licking  the  body.  While  the  larva' appeared 
to  be  fully  formed  during  the  first  three  or  four  days  after  deposition, 
the  eggs  hatched  with  ditliculty  and  the  larva'  seemed  (|uite  inactive, 
and  all  I  irva^  that  were  freed  in  this  manner  up  to  the  tenth  day  were 
hatched  with  diHiculty,  though  the  larvae  at  the  end  of  this  time  were 
becoming  fairly  active. 


80 


INSECTS   AFrECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


\'\nn  wi'cks  aft«'r  liiitrliiiij;  the  t'f^jjs  ojitMird  with  tlio  slijjhtt'st  toiidi 
of  ii  \v»'t  iinjior,  ami  the  hirvu'  adhcrinf-'  to  tlic  lin;;«'r  were  very  active, 
though  in  some  east's  they  were  inactive  and  apparently  dead.  Ahoid 
live  wceiis  after  eoilectiiif;"  the  e.n»s  nearly  all  j^ave  oidy  inacliv*'  oi' 
iU'ad  larva',  thouj;h  (>pen«'d  with  t'aseon  hcinj;'  louehed  with  the  linj;er. 
and  in  Ibrly  days  alter  collect iiij;-  no  livinj;'  larva-  eonid  he  found  in  the 
remaining' ('{ifis,  4'xcept  one  which  had  sncccctled  in  pnshinji'olV  the  cap 
of  the  ciii;  and  partially  enierjiinj;'. 

In  view  of  (lies<'  resnlls,  I  concluded: 

(1^     I'llilt   thf  t'liUS  (if   lIu'lliU'sc   I'tll    ll\  <ll>  IlOl    lllltrll,  l'\CC|)l    1>\    Mil'  !(ssiMliillc't' of  tlic 

liorsn's  i()ii>fiu>. 

('-)  riiiit  hatcliiujj;  ilocs  nut  in'ilinurily  occur  w  li  liiii  ten  or  I  w  cl\  c  duyn  iiiul  poHHi- 
blv  loiiffcr,  or  if  diiriiifi  tliis  pcrioil,  <nil\  on  very  coiiiinnons  ^nd  iiclivc  liokint;  Ity 
tlio  liiirsc. 

(',i)  Tlial  tln>  hatdiini;  ol'  lln'l:ir\  c  talics  jilaci'  niosi  icailily  iliiriii!;:  t  lie  third  to 
lifth  wi'i'k  after  (lc|iosition 


,1)  That   the  majority  ol'  I  lie   1: 


their    \italit\    after  lhirt\    tive   to   I'ortv 


(Inya. 

('t)  That  larvM'   may  reiani   llieir  vitality  and  .show  nreal    ai'livit\   upon   liatchin;; 


atler  till'  eiius  were  denositi 


as  late  as  tliirt.\  nine  d 

(Ct)    I'liat  it  is   possilile,  tliouuli  not  normal,  I'or  e!',ns  to  lialili  without  moisture  or 
friction. 

(7>  That  in  \  ie\\   ol' t  licsc  results,  the  scrajiiliuj  olf  of  the  e<;<i;s.  or  t  lii'ir  .enioval  or 


tlestrnetion  li\   means  ol'  \v:  shes  will  lie  el'lective,  even  if  not  nse( 


(1  oil 


in  two  weeks  dnrinu  tl 


period   of  ej^jj  deposition, 


ind 


prolialily 


ener  than  once 


a  smule 


removal  of  the  ojr^x  al'tcr  the  period  of  ei 


d. 


losition 


las  p 


that, 
II   pr. 


it  t 


Iw 


j;reat  majority  of  hots  Irom   iiaiiiinj;  access  to   liie  slumaeh,  oral   least   ho   hufic  a 
priijiortion  that  little  injnr\  is  lil<el>  to  occur. 


(Mill's 


NVisliiiiii"  to  kno.v  still  more  dcliintcly  the  period  of  most  r«'ady  liat-cli- 
ini;',  and  the  elVcct  of  ditVercnt  washes  for  treatment,  I  siiofi'csted  to  a 
veterinary  student,  Mr.  Harry  Shanks,  a  carclnl  series  of  (thsei  vatious, 
which  were  carried  throiijih  dnriiij;'  the  siiimiu'r  of  IS'M. 

l-'roin  this  study,  which  was  made  under  my  direction,  and  so  that  I 
had  fieiiuent  opi.ort unity  to  note  progress,  a  irimlx-r  of  points  weie 
j^ained.  which  are  worth  addiiij;'  to  the  al»o\c  record.  Three  hundred 
were  collected  from  a  horse  which  had  )>«'<>ii  previously  freed  from 
e'iii's,  so  that  the  exact  date  of  deposition  was  as;-,, red.  The  eji'jjs  were 
tested  every  <lay. 

On  tlieday  ot'collectioii  tirstdayi  the  eci<;s;i])peaicd  iiiimatuie.  One 
day  later  eiyht  e^i'j^s  opened  by  pickinj;  the  oia'tculum  olV showed  three 
larva-  with  sliolit  moveinenl.  and  li\'e  '.mmovable.  On  the  third  day  a 
half  hour  of  frictittn  failed  to  hatch  e^'j^s.  but  the  larva-  when  treed  by 
piekinjLi  (tif  the  o|)(i(-iilum  showed  two,  slijiht  mo\'ement;  one.  no  move- 
ment, and  one  sutlieicnt  inovt'ineii^  t(»  j;et  out  of  the  opened  shell. 

On  the  Iburtli  day  the  larva-  in  (-leven  I'fins  were  all  active,  but  had 
to  be  freed  by  jdekiiiii'  otf  the  ojierculuni:  the  same  was  true  np  to  the 
seventh  day,  the  only  ditference  beiny-  noti-d  in  greater  luiituriiy  and 
size  of  Uirvie. 


DIITKUA. 


Hi 


tt'sl  toiicli 
'ly  iirlivc, 
il.  About 
liiclivt'  (»i' 
!Im'  liiij;tM', 
iind  ill  Mu> 
i>ll'  tlic  cap 


ilaiii'o  of  til)- 
M  Mild  poHsi 

tli<'  lliinl  to 
IVf   III   I'oity 

oil     llMlrllilll; 

iiioistiiro  or 

I"  .fiiioviil  or 
iT  I  hall  oiK'i' 
i.i!.  a  siiijilc 
|irt>Miit;  tlic^ 
t   HO   lar{;»'  a. 

luly  liiitcli- 
:t'st('(l  to  il 
st'i  vatious, 

I  so  til  at  1 
Hints  were 
'  Imiulred 
IVced  fVoiii 
t'lifjs  were 

lire.  One 
wed  tliree 
lird  day  a 
I  treed  by 
,  no  iiiove- 
diell. 

',  Imt  liad 
np  to  the 
iirity  iiud 


On  tlie  iiiiitlt  day,  or  ulieii  the  larva'  were,  eij^lit  «lay.s  lion;  deposi- 
iuMi,  one  larva  was  I'reed  by  sev«uiteeii  iiiiiintes  of  rnhbiii;;' with  wet 
liii;;er,  anether  in  t  wcidy  two  minnles;  on  the  leiilli  (hiy  t  wo  ot  iters, 
oiie  in  loiirteiMi  and  tlie  otiier  in  ei<4'::t  ininiites;  and  on  tin;  eh>\('iith 
(lay  several  wen^  liatclied.  the,  time  varyiu;;'  I'roni  two  to  live  iiiiniites  ol 
sahjeetioii  to  the  Hali\a  and  I'rietioii.  On  the  twelllh  day  it  reijiiired 
hilt  one  or  two  ininntes,  and  on  the  thirteenth  e;;<;'s  would  hatch  in 
tilteeii  to  thirty  seeinids.  (hi  the  rourleent!i  <lay  a  nniniier  of  e;;^s 
weie  tried,  alioiit  one  tliird  of  wliieli  hatched  almost  immediately  upon 
Iteinj;"  touched  with  the  moist  linger,  the  others  in  from  live  to  iuj;lit 
seconds.  On  the,  lifteeiilh  day  all  ej^f^s  seemed  fully  mature,  and  pnth 
alily  nine-tent  lis  would  have  hatched  at  oiic(>  upon  heiti;;'  touched  hy  a 


lorse's  tonijfuu  in   theordinarv  motion  of  li(;l;iii 


From  the  si.\te<'iit h 


(lay  to  the  twenty-second  the  c;:};s  would  open  with  a  tom-li  of  th<! 
fiiifier,  but  tin' larva'  would  not  adhere  except  with  moistnie.  On  the 
twenty-third  day  the  first  dead  lar\a  was  noted,  and  a  da.\-  later  four 
out  of  eleven  e;ii;s  opened  lia<l  dead  laiva'.  On  the  twenty  tbiirlh  «b»y 
all  of  theef;\us  not  previously  <»peiie<l  were  examined  with  a  lens,  and 
only  one  showed  the  cap  rt'iuovecl.  the  larva  beiii};'  partly  out,  but  dead, 
'flie  hatchiii};-  of  but  one  ef-fi'  out  of  tliree  hundred  seems  to  me  to 
establish  pretty  fully  my  former  opinion,  that  the  ef^j^s  recpiire  moisture 
or  friction  for  the  release  ol  the  yoniifjf. 

On  the  twenty-lifth  day,  out  of  10  e;;};s  three  <'ontaiiie<l  dead  larva', 
live  j'oiild  move  sli;ihtly,  and  two  were  (piite  active.  On  the  twenty- 
sixth  day  (!aps  were  removed  iVoiii  tiiirty  li\<^  e;4;4S,  twenty-seven  larva' 
heiiifj;  dead,  seven  were  capable  of  slij^ht  inovement,  and  one  was  active 
eiioujih  to  escape  from  the  shell. 

On  the  twenty-seventh  day  out  (if  fortytliice  c;:jis  ojicihmI  only  one 
larva  was  alive  and  on  the  t  went yciji lit  li  day  ( ml v  one  out  of  sixty- live, 
and  on  the,  twciit.x  ninth  day  all  the  icma.'niiijj^  e;^<;s,  one  hundred  and 
three,  sliow<'d  only  dead  larva-, 

'i'he  results  of  this  study,  it  Will  be  seen,  coiiliriii  in  tiie  main  the  coii- 
cliisi(Mi  of  the  I'ormei- ol  servations,  the  princii»al  ditVereiice  lyiiij;  in  the 
fact  that  all  the  larva'  were  dead  at  a  .somewhat  earlier  period.  Ot 
ciMirse  it  could  not  lie  said  that  of  the  ej;',i:s  opened  in  tlie  earlier  (biys 
none  would  have  survived  loii,iier  than  Ibui-  xvecks,  Itut  coiisiib  riiij;- the 
number  used  and  that  (iiie  third  of  them  were  kept  the  full  four  weeks 
and  two-thirds  nearly  that  loii.n'  iielbre  beiiiu  oju'iied,  the  oiesiimption 
is  stroiijn'  that  that  is  the  full  normal  jieriod  of  survival. 

it  is  sale,  I  think,  to  siini  up  the  matter  by  sayiny  that  the  i/u's  nor 
iiially  recpilre  IVietion  and  moisture  to  permit  of  tlieir  hatching;  and  trans- 
fer to  the  horse's  month,  that  hatchiii;;'  occurs  with  dillicnlty  before 
the  tenth  day,  and  most  readily  alter  the  Iburteeiith  day.  and  that  they 
]ose^  itality  at  a  period  varyiii;^'  betw<'en  the  f  wenty-eijiiith  and  fortieth 
days,  the  bulk  not  snrviviiiff  more  than  four  weeks.  This  jjives  a  solid 
foundation  u|mui  which  to  base  iccomiinMidations  as  to  the  time  when 
e{>fvs  must  be  destroyed. 
4(i.-,;5_>o.  .") (} 


82 


1N8ECTS    AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Tbe  newly  hatched  larva  ^flg.  37,  c)  is  a  slender,  worm  like  creature, 
so  transparent  that  the  internal  organs  are  plainly  visible.  It  grows 
rapidly  at  first,  its  food  consisting,  probably,  of  the  jnucous  secretions  ot 
the  month  and  (esophagus.  When  two  days  old  it  presents  the  appear- 
ance shown  in  lig,37,(?.  As  soon  as  it  reaches  the  stonuich  it  fixes  itsell 
to  the  walls  by  the  hooks  next  tl;e  mouth  and  .soon  undergoes  consider- 
able change  in  its  tbrm  and  appearance.  The  body  becomes  more  con- 
ical, but  instead  of  the  head  end  being  widest  this  be(!onies  more  slender, 
while  the  tail  end  broaden.s.  The  si)irach's  at  first  exposed  in  two  Hap- 
like  projections  from  the  last  segment  are  drawn  more  witiiin  the  body 
and  are  protected  by  the  development  of  a  horny  plate.  T\w  spines  on 
the  segments  following  the  head  become  more  pronounced.  When  full 
grown  the  laiva  is  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  one  inch  in  length  and  of 
the  appearance  shown  in  the  accompanying  figure  (tig.  37,  //).  xVt  this 
time  they  occur  in  large  clusters  upon  tlie  walls  of  the  stomach,  gener- 
ally more  esi)ecially  numerous  at  the  i»yloric  portion,  where  they  serve 
to  retain  the  contents  of  tlie  stomach.  From  the  fact  that  the  food 
of  the  horse  does  not  beconu'  comi)letely  reduced  to  fiuid,  this  obstruc- 
tion may  be  considerably  greater  than  if  only  fiuid  matter  had  to  pass 
the  pyh>rus.  This  growth  has  occupied  fntni  late  in  the  fall,  through 
the  winter,  till  late  in  the  spring,  and  when  fully  developed  the  bots 
loosen  their  hold  and  are  carried  through  the  intestines  and,  escapiiig 
with  the  excrement,  burrow  into  the  ground  to  i)ass  the  pui)a  stage. 
This  lasts  for  several  weeks,  thirty  to  forty  days,  according  to  .some 
authors,  when  the  fiy.  which  has  been  already  described,  issues  and  is 
ready  to  proceed  with  the  business  of  providing  for  another  generation 
of  bots. 

The  larva  of  this  species  has  been  found  i:  '  lu  stomach  of  the  dog. 
though  it  can  not  be  considered  a  lun-nnd  hah., at  for  it,  and  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  the  young  larva'  cctuld  survive  in  the  stomach  of 
a  carnivorous  animal.  Kailliet  (Comptes  Rendus  des  seances  de  la 
Societe  de  Biologic,  1804)  cites  records  by  Colin  and  others  of  such 
occurrences,  and  details  experiments  which  show  the  possibility  of  the 
survival  of  nearly  mature  larva'  that  a  e  swallowed  with  fragments  of 
the  stomach  walls  attaching  to  the  stomach  of  the  dog  and  remaining 
alive  and  healthy  fifteen  days  after  the  ingestion. 

PREVENTION. 

■  '1  dealing  with  bots  in  horses,  by  far  the  most  important  point  is  to 
prevent  the  inf/luction  of  the  larva-,  and  while  we  have  no  ojjpor- 
tunity,  as  in  the  case  of  the  ox  bot-fiy,  to  completely  v  xterminate  the 
pest,  it  is  certain  that  proper  att  'ution  to  preventive  measures  would 
in  a  few  yeais  greai'y  reduce  the  numbers  of  the  insect  and  procure 
comparative  freedom.  The  better  care  usually  accorded  horses  nuikes 
it  possible  to  deal  with  it  in  some  respects  more  easily  than  the  species 
infesting  :attle.  The  most  vulnerable  point  of  attack  li«'s  in  the  con- 
8picu(;us  position  of  the  eggs.    No  horseman,  probably,  can  overlook 


J*'.'. 


DIPTERA. 


83 


li  creaturo. 


rliese  <>bjects  wlu'u  occurring  on  the  horse  lie  is  earing  f(H',  iind  eolts  in 
pasture  sometimes  become  so  covered  with  thpm  as  to  give  a  decided 
ciiauge  in  color  to  tlie  parts  most  att'ected.  It  is  evident  that  removing 
or  destroying  these  eggs  previous  to  hatching  is  all  that  is  necessary 
to  prevent  '"bots"  in  the  horse.  With  horses  kept  in  stables  or  used 
daily  there  is  little  trouble;  the  Hies  have  less  opportunity  to  deposit 
eggs  upon  them,  and  the  ordinary  grooming  of  the  animal  serves  to 
remove  some  of  the  eggs,  or  being  constantly  under  observation  the  eggs 
attract  the  attention  of  *^he  person  in  charge  and  he  removes  them,  if 
not  to  i)revent  bots  at  least  to  avoid  the  unsightly  or  ill-kept  ai»pearan«e 
they  give  the  aninmi.  With  colts  or  horses  in  i)asture,  however,  the 
case  is  very  dilVerent.  i!iot  knowing  the  currycomb  or  card  through  the 
whole  summer,  and  perhaps  hardly  seen  from  one  week's  er-d  to  the 
other,  the  eggs  dejxtsited  on  them  by  hundreds  have  every  possible 
chance  to  transmit  larvic  to  the  alimentary  canal  where  they  connnence 
their  growth.  During  "uly,  August,  ami  September,  or  as  lat«!  asejjigs 
ajjpear  on  the  horses,  those  kept  in  jtastures  should  be  examined  once 
every  two  or  three  weeks  and  the  eggs  destroyed  or  removed.  This  can 
be  accomplished  in  several  ways.  By  using  washes  of  dilute  carb<dic 
acid,  about  one  part  carbolic  acid  to  thirty  parts  water,  or  rubbing  the 
affected  parts  over  lightly  witli  kerosene,  by  (!lii)ping  the  hair  or  by 
shaving  the  eggs  off"  with  a  shari>  knife  or  razor.  Our  own  experience 
leads  us  to  prefer  the  last.  Witli  a  very  sharp  knife  or  razor  (a  dull  one 
will  glide  over  tiie  eggs)  the  atl'ected  parts  can  l)e  very  (piickly  run 
over  without  removing  much,  if  any,  «»f  the  hair.  This  method  leaves 
no  doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  the  eggs  have  been  touched,  as  in  washes, 
and  subsequent  examinations  are  not  complicated  l)y  a  lot  of  dead  eggs 
or  shells.  Perform  once  every  two  weeks,  and  there  can  be  very  few  of 
the  larva'  which  gain  entrance  to  the  stomach.  Will  it  pay,  may  natu- 
rally be  asked  by  the  man  who  has.  say,  from  twenty-live  to  a  hundred 
colts  in  the  jtasture.  I'ossibly  not,  il'  but  a  single  season  is  considered, 
but  the  loss  of  a  single  horse,  or  the  poor  condition  (»f  a  number,  result 
ing  from  bots,  or  the  fretting  of  the  whole  number  in  i)asture,  would 
inore  than  ecpial  all  the  cost  of  removing  the  eggs  from  the  entire  lot. 
But  when  the  presence  on  the  farm  of  the  pest  year  after  year  is  consid- 
ered with  all  its  attendant  evils,  we  believe  most  emphatically  that  it 
will  pay. 

(i?uite  frequently  the  tlies  will  be  observed  at  work  depositing  eggs 
on  the  legs  or  body  of  a  hmse  at  work  or  in  carriage.  If  not  noticed 
at  once  the  nervous  stamping,  biting,  or  oftt'u  greater  excitement  of 
the  horse  will  ajjprise  the  driver  of  their  presence.  Although  the  Hies 
are  pretty  wary  m\C.  dart  away  when  approached,  a  fewsecouds'  watch- 
ing will  enable  •..('•,  hy  striking  them  down  to  the  ground  with  hand  or 
hat,  to  capture  and  kill  the  Hy  and  thus  stop  the  deposition  of  eggs 
and  annoyance  to  tii>,  litrse.  AVhether  the  larva'  of  this  si)ecie8  can 
mature  excei)t  ui>oii  gn-'iiing  access  to  eavth  seems  not  to  have  been 
determined,  and  for  all  the  time  the  horses  are  in  the  held  or  on  the 


A  f'^:-^ 


84 


INSECTS   AFFtCTING    DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


voiid  they  luive  ready  access  to  eartb.  But  as  some  other  forms  can 
inipate  snccessfally  in  the  duii;^-  heap,  it  would  seem  worth  wliihi  to 
subject  the  droppiujjs  of  horses  known  to  contain  L-ots  to  some  process 
that  wouhl  d"str(  y  them  and  thus  ])revent  maturity  of  the  tiy. 

KEJIEDIKS  FOW    «OTS. 

The  prcvscription  of  druj;s  for  the  reiuoval  of  hots  from  the  stomach 
when  their  presence  is  known  or  susjiected  l»eh>n}>s  ratlier  t(»  the  vet- 
erinarian than  to  tlie  entomologist,  but  it  nniy  not  be  out  of  place  here 
to  call  attention  to  a  few  of  tliem.  It  is  of  course  not  an  ea-y  matter 
to  determine  during  the  life  (»f  the  horse  whether  any  ])articul:ir  dis- 
turbance of  the  digestive  organs  or  lack  of  nutrition  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  bots  or  to  sonu;  other  agency  producing  similar  symptoms, 
and  even  a  competent  veterinarian  may  be  pn//Ied  in  diagintsis.  If 
occasional  bots  are  nctticed  in  the  excrement  of  tlie  animal  together 
witl;  j)oor  condition,  tlieii  presence  in  numbers  nniy  be  inferred.  It 
must  be  remeinbeicd  tliat  the  bots  are  capable  of  withstanding  almost 
any  substance  that  the  walls  of  the  stomach  can  endure,  ami  tlu'  safest 
]>lan,  if  intending  to  dose  for  them,  is  to  employ  a  veterinarian.  Tur- 
pentine is  perhaps  most  generally  given,  but  must  be  used  with  care. 

TilK    Il.ll.MOKUIIOIDAL    Itoi-FLi. 

(>ianlri>jtliiliix  hii  ifKin  hiiiilalis  Linn.) 

While  it  is  common  to  speak  of  tin  horse  bot  tly,  it  should  not  be  in- 
ferred that  there  is  but  one  kind  paiasitic  upon  the  horse.  Take  the 
world  over  there  au- at  least  six  well detined  sj»ecics  occniring  on  tiic 
horse,  ass,  or  mule,  and  any  ui  these  are  liable  to  be  introduced  into  this 
country  with  imported  animals.  The  alioveiiamed  species  is  juobably 
next  to  <(iiii,  the  most  generally  distributed  in  this  country.  Witii  the 
other  allied  specie  it  wuf  well  known  in  Murnpe  during  the  last  cen- 
tury and  received  mention  (U'  more  elaborate  (lescrii>tion  tVoiii  Liniia'us, 
iJeGeer.  Fabiicins,  .md  other  leading  writi'rs  on  entoniohigw 

Exii.-iT  ;'i'  iN.irm. 

The  losses  ti>  be  reterreu  to  this  species  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
other  species,  but  iVom  tlie  aciounts  ol'  various  authors  and  what  we 
have  heard  I'roiii  person^  who  were  plainly  describing  the  actions  of 
this  particular  toiiii,  it  is  I'vident  tiiat  llie  excitement  and  coiisciiueiit 
l(»ss  due  to  the  iitacks  of  tlie  adult  liy  are  much  worse  with  this  species 
than  the  common  one.     This  is  described  by  Clark  as  foll(»ws: 

At  till)  sij^lil  dl' tlii.s  ll.v  tile  liorso  a|)iiciirs  miirh  a;;it!Ui'<l,  and  moves  !iis  \n\nd  liack- 
wartl  anil  I'urward  in  tlio  air  to  l)allv  its  touch  ami  incx  eni  its  ilartinji  on  the  lips; 
but  tlitHly,  wait  mi;  for  a  favorable  oiijtortnnity,  ('(nitiiuifs  to  repeat  the  operation 
iVoni  time  to  tune;  till  at  len>ttb,  liiulin^  this  mode  dt'dereiiHe  iiisiiDicient,  the  eiirajied 
animal  endeavors  to  avoid  it  by  Kallopiiiji'  away  to  a  distant  ))art  of  tlie  liebl.  If  it 
still  eontiniies  to  follow  and  lease  him,  bis  las)    resource  is  in   the  water  where  the 


DIPTERA. 


86 


(Kstni.s  is  injvcr  obscrvt'd  to  follow  him.  At  other  tiiiit'>- tliis  <Kstru8  fjt'ts  between 
the  forelegs  of  the  liorse  whilst  ht-  is  yniziiig,  anil  thus  makes  its  attack  on  the  '  jwer 
lip.  TIk!  titillatioii  Ofcasioiis  the  horse  to  staiii])  violently  with  his  forefoot  ajijaiust 
the  ground,  and  often  strike  with  his  foot,  as  if  aiming  a  blow  at  the  lly.  They 
also  sometimes  liide  themselves  in  the  grass  and  as  the  horse  stoops  to  graze,  they 
dart  on  the  month  or  lips  and  are  always  observed  to  i)oise  themsehes  during  a  few 
seeonils  in  the  air,  while  tlie  egg  is  ]ire]iaring  on  the  jioint  of  tlie  {ilidomen. 

I.I  IK   IIISTOKV    AM)   U  A  111  IS. 

• 

Hii\iiiff  (list'ussed  juTtty  fully  the  habits  of  the  (•(•imuoii  .species,  it 
will  be  nil  necessary  to  ^o  into  details  that  are  .similar  in  other  species, 
but  simply  call  attention  to  distiiijiuishinji'  characiters  and  such  differ- 
ences in  habit  as  may  be  of  economic  importanci . 

Prof.  A.  1'-.  N'criill  (Keport  on  ICxternal  and  I'.fciiial  Parasites  of 
]Man  and  Domestic  Animals.  ]).  21))  o'ives  the  followinjj  condensed  state- 
ment of  its  life  history  and  habits: 

The  liastrDjihiliiK  lui  niiirrliniildHs,  or  red-tailed  bot-lly,  is  a  small  species,  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  bright  oiaiige-icd  tip  of  tlie  abdomen.  The  thorax  above  is  olive 
gray  and  hairy,  with  a  black  band  behind  the  suture.  The  base  of  the  abdomen  is 
whitish  and  the  middle  blackish,  in  strange  contrast  with  the  orange  red  of  the  end. 
'I'he  hirv;c  Inive  the  sann-  habits  anil  are  found  in  the  sann>  situations  with  those  of 
the  common  bot-lly,  which  they  much  resemble,  excejit  that  they  are  whiter  and 
smaller,  their  len.uth  not  exceeding  one-half  or  lixe-cightlis  of  an  inch.  They  change 
to  ]ini)a'  witliin  two  days  alter  leaving  iiic  horse,  and  th<>  ])up!e  are  deep  red.  They 
remain  in  the  ]iupa  state  about  two  months,  and  the  tlies  appear  from  tin'  last  of 
.lune  till   tlie  cool  weatlier  of  autiunn.     In  deposit iiig  tlu 


:s  til! 


leniale  ditVers  in 


habit  from  the  common  bot-l 


slie  selects  tlic  lip,^  and  nose  of  the  h 


orse  as 


the 


most  suitaldi-  place  for  thi^  jjurpose.  The  e^gs  are  darker  colored  [some  authors  say 
Idack]  than  those  ol'  the  common  bot-lly,  and  ciuitaiu  a  luarly  develo]ied  embryo,  so 
that  they  very  soon  hatch,  .iml  the  young  larvic  are  transferred  to  the  mouth  by  ihe 
tongue,  and  thence  gel  into  tlie  sioniacli. 


i;i;:\ii;iiii;s. 

On  account  of  thc^  shorter  time  b<'t\v«'cii  deposition  <  if  cogs  and  hatch- 
ing- of  larxic.  it  is  evident  that  the  removtil  of  eggs  as  for  that  spc'iies 
would  be  less  successful,  ("or  Inu'ses  in  use.  immediiite  attention  when 
they  give  signs  of  the  presence  of  the  lly.  the  ctipture  of  the  insect 
and  the  removal  of  eggs  tilready  attiichetl  wouhl  be  Itnt  tlie  natural 
method  suggested  by  a  knowledge  of  *lie  insect.  I'or  horses  in  pasture, 
if  e\liil»itiiig  signs  of  molestation  liy  this  insect,  the  stiine  attiMitioii 
Avould  be  iidvisable  whenever  the  nature  of  the  ctise  w  ill  i>ermit.  It 
wouhl  be  worth  while  to  try  the  application  of  some  oil  or  tar  to  the 
hairs  of  tiie  lips  as  a  ])revi'ntioii   to  the  faslening  of  the  eggs  to  them. 

lloijsi;   Hot  i'L\    oil  >-('iiiN   V].\." 

('i((.s/;'((///u7».s  /i((.s((//«  I, inn.) 

As  already  stated,  this  sjn'cies  litis  been  more  or  less  confused 
with  ft/Hi  in  scientilic  writings  tind  doul.ttless  still  more  so  in  general 
ob.servation. 


86 


INSKCTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


It  was  (loscribed  as  U'^ntnis  iia.st(lis  by  Liimu'ius  (Fauna  Sium'. )  and 
iMvii!^  :?lso  yivi'U  the  name  of  rctfrinus  by  (.'lark.  It  was  incliuU'd  by 
Fabricius  with  li<niiorrhoi(l(ili.s  under  (Kstnis  nfiii.  The  description  in 
Systenia  Natura'  (Turton's  translation)  is  as  tblhnvs: 

W'iiifjs  iiiiiiiiu'iiliiti',  body  t't'iTiigiiioiis,  Midi's  of  flic  thorax  iiiid  Itasi-  of  the  alidoiiuMi 
with  white  hairs.  Deposits  its  t'i;jj;.s  on  liorsr.s  and  cattle,  the  larva'  jindialdy  pass 
thi'Diifih  the  stouiach  like  tlic  I'oniicr  one. 

Less  tlian  f/'.'»fn(/)  ((/»/.  IiiHcrtion  ol'  the  \v inns  and  liast^  ol'  ihe  ahdoiiieii  covered 
with«whiti8li   hairs;    sei'oinl  seu'iiieiit  of  the  abdomen   with    two  liairv   tnbereh's. 


r> 


itl 


ieneatli  and  leirs  rus 


I  U 


^tv  ) 


trown. 


1' 


ernale  with  sometimes  a  Idaekish  abdomen. 


Of  thir  species  Verrill  writes  (l')xt.  and  Int.  I'arasites.  p.  L'S): 

The  (liiKlr<>i>liilitn  luimilin  is  a  smaller  si>ecics.  densely  hairy,  with  the  thorax  yel- 
lowish red  or  rust-c(dored.  The  abdomen  is  either  whitish  at  base,  with  the  middle 
black  ami  the  apex  yellowish  brown  and  hairy;  oi-  the  base  is  whitish  and  all  tho 
rest  brown :  or  the  middle  i.s  black,  with  the  base  and  apex  whitish,  with  jiiayish 

muih  like  those  of  the  precedinj^ 


hairs.     Th 


,  ii.y;s  are  nnsootted.     The  larva' 


[Inemorrhoidalis],  except  that  they  are  smaller,  and  also  live  in  tlu'  stonnich  of  horses. 
They  clianjje  to  pupa'  beneath  the  manure,  and  the  llies  appear  from  . I un»' to  !>ej)- 
tenilier.  It  also  inl'esis  the  ass  and  mnle.  and  some  anthors  say  that  it  li\es  even  in 
cattle. 

Ztuii  ■  ascribes  this  parasite  to  hor.ses.  asses,  nmlcs.  and  ji'oats.  and 
says  the  ej;j;s.  1  mm.  lonji',  are  laid  on  th.'  lips  and  mar;;iii  of  nostrils. 
He  describes  the  full-urown  larva  as  l.»  to  14  mm.  loni;.  deep  yellow  or 
yellow  brown,  thicker  behind  thai-  before,  and  the  seyinents  "J  to  it  aliove 
and  2  to  10  bel(»w  with  a  sinylc  row  of  yellowish,  iirowu  lipped  si»incs. 

The  pupa  he  described  as  dark  brown  or  Itlack.  tlu'  sejiinents  witii 
only  a  single  series  of  liorny  spines,  its  len.utli  of  life  in  tins  stage 
from  thirty  to  fort,'    wo  days. 

Professor  (iarman-  in  a  recent  itaper  on  th«'  std\iect  yives  a  recoi d  of 
the  occurrence  of  tiiis  species  in  Kciitiiclvy. 

Fr(un  this  record  it  would  ai»pear  that  the  species  i.s  somcw  liat 
common  and  troublesome  in  that  region,  and  as  the  species  has  been 
recorded  from  many  places  in  this  country,  it  may  be  looked  upon  as 
liavinj;  (piite  a  general  distribiition. 

The  most  essential  point  in  hai>it  ol'  this  species  is  tiic  fact  that  the 
eggs  are  laid  on  the  lips  or  nostrils,  within  easy  reach  of  the  tongue, 
and  as  it  is  (piitc  juobable  that  tln-y  hatch  more  pronii)tly  than  tiiost^ 
of  <</«/,  it  is  more  ditlicult  to  adojit  measures  of  preventi«»n.  .Measures 
nmst  consist  in  ])reventing  as  far  as  possible  the  deposition  of  eggs,  for 
which  purpo.se  the  application  of  a  Utile  tar  and  lish  oil  to  the  haiis  of 
the  under  lip  may  be  of  service,  and  where  <'ggs  are  suspected,  the  use 
of  a  wash  of  carbolic  acid  to  the  lips  and  nnirgin  of  nostrils. 

According  to  (iarman.  the  eggs  are  white,  and  are  attached  to  the 
hairs  of  the  lip  and  throat  by  the  greater  part  of  one  side.  The  species 
occurs  in  Europe  and  has  been  observed  in  New  lOngland,  New  York, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Kiin.sas.  I  tah,  and  probably  elsewhere  in  this  country. 


'  Die  tierischen  I'arasiten,  p.  100. 

■^The  Bot  Flics  of  the  Horse,  Seventh  An.  Rep.  Ky.  Ag.  Exp.  8ta..  p.  xxvil. 


DIPTERA. 


87 


fPW 


I'lol'ossor  (iarmaii  {jives  tho  tbllowiiij^-  key  by  whieli  tlie  diflereut 
si>eeies  of  bot-tlies  uiiiy  be  (li.stiiifjfuisbed: 

1.  i(i)  Discoidiil  fell  closed  by  croHS  vtiii. 

■J.  (!{)  VViug8  imuked  witii  hrowii a.  ei/ui. 

;!.  (2)  Wings  not  nmrUi'd  with  brown. 

I.  (.' )  Anturior  basal  coll  iKMirlyorqiiitueiiiial  totliotliscoidalcell  inlfiijrtli.  (1.  miHalifi. 
'..  I  ()  Anterior  biisal  cell  markedly  whortcr  than  tliediseoidal  cell,  (i.homorrhoiilallx. 
t|.  (I)  Discoidal  cdl  tipen (I. jieconim. 

itfislrn/iliihiH  iniiiriim  I'ab. 

\N\'  art'  not  awiue  that  this  s|)e('ies  lias  been  encountered  in  the 
I'nited  States,  and  if  so  it  is  evidently  latlier  rare.  The  t'oMowing 
paraj-rapli  from  I'rofessor  Verrill's  report  would  seem  to  indicate  au 
ac(|uaiutauce  with  speeimens  eolleeted  in  this  country: 

The  (inalr<tj)hilnx  piconim  is  densely  covered  with  yellow  hairs,  with  a  band  of 
black  hairs  on  the  thorax  behind  the  sntiire  in  the  male.  The  t'einale  is  yellowinh 
brown,  the  abdomen  blaek,  with  yellowish  hairs  at  its  base,  as  well  as  on  the 
thorax.  The  winj;s  are  grayish  or  light  lirownish,  clonded  witli  yellowish  lirown. 
The  larva-  are  similar  to  those  of  the  more  comnmn  <l.  I'liiti,  and  have  similai'  habits. 
The  tli<'8  appear  at  the  sami-  time. 

Osten  Sacken's  list  of  Anieriean  D'j'iera  records  it  only  from  .binuiica 
i<\[  (lie  aiitlioritv  of  Walker. 


TiiK  Hot  Fi,ii:s  of  ('AfTLK:    Wak'Iilk  1"lii;s. 

I'nril  a  lew  years  ayi*  it  Wiis  assumed  that  the  common  bot  lly  atlect- 
ing  cattle  in  this  country  was  tlie  sanu^  as  the  oiu'  most  common  in 
Kuropean  countries,  and  tlu'  same  specillc  name  was  api>licd  to  it  with 
apparently  little  careful  examiiiiUion  of  either  larva-  or  iidults  to  deter- 
mine the  ([iicstion  with  certainty. 

Following  tli«'  announcement  oi  Dr.  Curtice,  tliiit  the  larva-  reached 
the  backs  of  the  animals  tliroiijih  rhe  (csophatius,  a  (careful  review  of 
all  available  material  was  made  (K'iley,  Insect  Life,  Vol.  IV,  p.  .'JbL'), 
which  indicated  that  the  species  nxist  abundant,  if  not  the  only  com- 
mon form,  was  not  the  lioris  of  Kurope,  but  lincnta.  which  is  likewise 
Huropeait  iti  distribution. 

There  is  .so  miu'li  in  common,  however,  in  the  habits  and  iiiiture  of 
the  injury  of  the  two  siiecies  thtir  it  seems  appropriate  to  discuss  some 
of  these  {general  features  for  the  two  s])e(!ies.  and  then  to  yi\e  the  dis- 
tinctive features  lor  the  two  forms  with  reference  t(»  such  differences  of 
habit  or  treatment  as  may  be  necessary. 

A  considertible  portion  of  this  yenertil  matter  was  ])repare(l  i)rior  to 
the  discovery  of  the  identity  of  our  species  with  linetdd,  and,  while 
written  with  hovix  in  mind,  applies  properly  to  the  former  species. 

Historically,  hovis  has  been  recognized  the  longer,  having  doubt- 
less been  known  from  earliest  times,  and  the  larva  often  mentioned  in 
writings  from  171(»  on  as,  possibly,  also  lineuta,  but  bovus  was  described 


88 


iNsr.iris  ai'I'Fa'TIncj  domkstic  ammai.m. 


by  I>«'(itM>r  in  177(»  niidtT  tin'  iiiinic  of  (I\sfnis  Inn-is,  liitcr  cliiiii);*')!  I»\ 
].i)trii'II*'  to  ll/ipoilrniKi  horis. 

Ill  ISITt  l>»iit\\  Cljirk.  in  liis  Kssny  on  lii«>  llols  ol'  llorsrs  iintl  Otlit-i 
Aniiiiiils,  |)i'(>s(>iit«Ml  prolmhiy  llir  lirst  ciircrnl  shnly  ol'  its  lilo  liistoiy 
iiini  Iniltils.  ant]  InU'v  tlic  li'soiin-ln's  of  Mrancr, 'rasrlicnlxM'^. /nni.  ami 
otluTs  lijivr  adtU'il  to  onr  know  It'(lt;o  (»f  tlic  species. 

More  recently  Miss  V).  A.  Onnerod.  i'nnsnltini;  eiitonnthtyisl   of  Hie 
IJoyal  Atiiiciilliiral  Society  of  lOn^ilaiul.  lias  iiiililislied  results  of  a  niiiii 
bor  of  reixnh'd  and   personal  observations  on  its  habits,  injuries,  etc.. 
and  dnrinj;  the  sniiiiner  of  ISS'.t  the  l'"aiiners"  I.N'view,  in  this  eoniitiy. 
iindertooK  an  investi<:atioii  on  iiiiich  the  same  pl;in. 

The  species  are,  so  far  as  we  Unow.  closely  coiilined  to  the  In. vine 
race  or  nearly  related  species,  limntd  l»ein^  re^iardcd  as  a  parasite  of  the 
biilValo  as  well  as  tho  o\.  Kollar  (Treatise  on  liisecis)  speaks  of  Inu'is 
as  all'octin^-  besides  cattle,  the  si  an',  roe.  and  camel,  but  no  aiitheiitic 
record  of  such  occmri'nce  lias  i>e«'ii  noted,  and  he  ina.\  lia\e  had  as  a 
basis  for  the  statement  the  related  species  occiirriii^i  norinally  on  these 
animals.  There  are,  iinU'cd,  records  of  the  rare  occurrence  of  these 
parasites  on  man.  bnt  such  ar(>  e\c(>ptional.  and  the  species  should  be 
considered  as  restricted,  primarily,  to  bovine  animals.  On  account  of 
this  restriction,  the  insect  is  kni>wn  in  the  larval  stajic  ludy  wliere  eat- 
tle  are  kepi,  and  can  b»>  introduced  in  a  new  country  only  in  the  larval 
staye  with  the  animals.  It  is  in  this  manner  and  this  alone  that  they 
havo  been  scattered  over  the  world  with  domestic  breeds  ol Catth'. 

EXTKM     AM)   MANM'.U   <>I     I.N.Hin. 


The  resi 
nation  are 

:ivi»riiK<'  l<'f<^ 
\    |l(\v  I'n^"" 

liiin  :■■<■    ^' 


Iiiii'ii. 


.11-  in 
Scvi 
ii|nri(liil.     I.ii 
/iii/iiiiiii.     I' 

iriM'(//i»iii. 

Minin'iiri. 
liiiiiKiix.     S 
liiiihifkfi. 
Ill  Miiiiiifo 

•liir  rcMl  li ■! 

Ill  Mi<lii;i'ii 
III  llio  mill  111! 
Miiiinl  Oll'H 

'\'\w  iiinoi 

.IfllHCll   llllll 

tlif  l!ui"ii 

hlOlltllH   IVllI 

it  is  fstiiiia 
ol'  a  hido  i> 
tlu'  iiMial  < 
lh:m  oiif-ll 
wiis  1, :(:!."),() 
til  lliiH  is  II 

tin-    lllllllllll 

iiiiiiHiils  I'll 


The  losses  from  warble  llies  must  bo  considered  from  three  distiiu't 
lioints.  only  one  of  which  can  be  estimated  with  any  ^reat  accuracy. 
They  are  (1  >  the  loss  incurred  on  the  hidi's  pertbrated  by  the  maji'fiots, 
subjectiiifx  them  to  discount  or  rejection  in  the  markets;  (L»)  the  loss  in 
milk  and  beef  supply  caused  by  the  frettiiifi' and  stuinpedinji'diie  to  the 
presence  of  the  tlies  wlvn  layinji'  ej>'}>s.  ami  (li)  the  loss  to  the  vitality 
of  the  animal,  its  weakened  condition,  and  coiise(|iient  loss  in  milk  or 
beef  -ue  to  the  ))resence  ot"  the  warbles,  with  accoinpaiiyiii}>'  ulcers  in 
the  back,  sometimes,  it  is  asserted,  resulting  in  the  death  of  the  animal. 

LOSS    ON    IIIDKS. 

This  will  vary  in  ditVerent  countries,  both  from  the  actual  dillerences 
in  abundance  of  warbles  and  coiisei|ueiit  perforation  of  the  hides  and 
from  the  dit^erei't  rates  of  discount  applied  by  ditt'erent  dealers.  That 
it  is  by  no  means  InsigniHcant  will  appear  from  the  following  eondensed 
statements  of  statistics  and  evidence  on  the  subject: 

As  a  result  of  many  inquiries  and  testimony  from  numerous  sounjes, 
Miss  Onnerod  estimated  the  loss  in  England  at  $5  i)er  head  for  cattle. 


i,t 

In  rryi 

fronted  I 

source  o 

wild  frei 

and  not 

useless  i 

other  ti 

shade  ol 

partiall; 

tunity  f 

It  is,  of 

Hy,  and 

ligures 

perhapi 

tbis  losi 

Wc  al 
tbe  catt 
huzz  an 
out  (pii' 


DII'IKUA. 


89 


'PIm^  results  ohtsiiiHMl  l»y  tlir  l-'iininTs'  Ifcvicw  in  it.4  iccrnt  iiivrsti 
^iiitioii  iiiT  siiniiiiiiri/.«'(l  ns  lollows  i  Insect  fjilc,  \'(»l.  II.  p.  I."i7|: 

l'"riiiii  Mm  ii'|i<irlM  rrrcivnl  llii>  ii|i|)ri)\iiii.'ili'  iit'icriitaj^)- of  mimIiIiv  ciittli' :iii<l  (lie 
ivi'iii^r  liiMN  on  i^riililis  liiili's  till'  till'  |ii  ill!  ipnl  hIih  k  raising'  SImIch  oI'  IIh<  Mi>>iHHi|i|ii 
\    lli'.v  linvc  liiM'ii  <<Nliiii:ili'il  iiH  I'ollowH  (AiiuiiHtT,  IXH'.i): 

mill  ..1.  S(  \i'iily  tliiii'  |iiT  ii'iil  III' IImi  I'liltlf  iiiiuUiImI  In  llii'  i;ii;lili\  siiisiin  iirr  inCiitnl  « illi 
):r''>H.     ',  ill'  iivrraui'  Iihh  ihi  ii  unililiv   liiili-  U  nni'  lliinl. 

Iiiii'ii.  St'Vi'iilv  mil'  pi'i  ii'iil  III  llir  riilllr  III  I  III'  iii:i|iiill>  nl  riiiiiilji'H  iiii'  l:iiiIiI<v  III  till'  m'li-x'li 
H|il'l'llii'll.      I.IIHM  nil  unillliy  Ililli'N  lillr  lllil'll. 

Iiiiliiiiiii.     I''iii'l,\  i'i);lil  |n  T  ri'iit  III  llii' I'lillli' uriililiy.     I.iih'<  mi  IihIi'n  imi' iliiril. 

II  ifi'iiiiiiii.     'I'll  ills   llin  I'  |iri'  >  rill  nt'  i  ill  lie  L:riilili\ .      l.ii'<-4  nii  IiIiIim  iiiii'  lliiril. 
Hhin.      I''iri>  hW  lii'f  i'I'IiI  III' I'lillli' i;rillili\        I.iinm  iiii  lilili'i  nnr  I  lillil. 
l/iiKMiii'i.      I''iriy  Mi'Vi'li  |ii'i'  mil  III  ml  111-  i;i   ililiy.     I.ins  mi  liiili  -i  nni'  llilnl. 
hiiiiKiiK.    Sixty  pi'i'  <  Till  III'  I'lillli'  i:i'iilili,\ .     I.imm  ihi  liiili'^  uiii'  lliinl, 

/ii /I'lii'A//.— Kill  V  Mi'M'ii  pit' I'i'iil  III'  riitllii  (jriililiy.     l.iihN  iiii  |ilili"<  mii'  ilmil 

III  Miiiiimnlii  mill  Ihikiiln  jinilm  iirr  pnirtlriill,\  iiiiktiiiwii  iiiiiiiIil:  I'lilllr. 

Ill  Sihriiikii  liny  mil  iii»l  very  Imil  wlini'  loiiiiil;  Iwi'hr  <'oiiiilii"<  iipnit  iiii  iiviTimi'  i>(  4ii  pnt'CMit. 
Till'  i'i'hI  Iii'iii'iI  Irmii  iiri'  Irri'  iil   Ilir  pi'sl.     linililiy  liii|i"<  iiri'      ilurki'il      niii'  lliinl  nl  tliiir  Miliii'. 

Ill  Miihiiinii  in  pr  I'  I  I'll  I  III'  Mil'  rill  III'  nil'  iiiIi'mIiiI  with  <:nili-i  In  Ilir  -tiiiilliii'ii  iiiiil  iiiiilillr  riiiiiilii"< 
III  llii>  iiiirllii'i  II  riiiiiitii'M  lliry  all'  iiiiUiiiiwii  iir  M'ly  hiiii'i'i'.  (iriililiv  liiili'M  hi'II  I'm  mii  tliiril  IrHs  lliiiii 
xiiinil  mii'H. 

'Till'  aiiiiiiiiit  III'  tins  loHH  riin  \n\  licttiT  ii|i|ii'('('iiiti>i|  pi'i'liapM  )iy  ri'|ii'ii<liii'iii;;  in  rnii- 
ili'llHi'il  liiiui  till'  ii|ipi'n\illlilli'  I'Htilllllli-  III'  till'  IdHS  nil  lilt'  liii|i>s  iif  (;attli'  litrcivi'il  lit 
Mir  I'niiiii  Slock  ^al'(ls  nl' Cliira^o  iliirin^  Mio  ^I'litiliy  Ni-:isiin,  wtiii'li  iiiclinlcs  tli)> 
iiioiiMis  ri'oiii  January  to  .hin(\  I'Hiii^  Mm-  riipnrtH  liv  Sfatt-.s  iilmvc  K'^'en  iih  a  basis 
it  is  cHtinialt'il  llial  ."iH  prrccul  nf  tin- raltlo  riM't'ivi'd  arr  frriililiy.  'I'lio  aviTay;"  value 
ol"  a  lii(l«  in  put  al  +;i.!MI;  anil  while  rnuii  (he  re|i(ii't  rel'eried  to  (ilie-tliii'd  value  in 
the  Usual  ileiliietion  I'm'  ninhliy  hides  in  this  estiiiiate,  Inif  fl  is  (UMliieted,  ur  less 
ih.'iii  line-third.  I'lie  niimlier  nl'  ratthi  received  in  issii  (nr  the  six  iiioiitli>  indicateil 
was  l.Itltri.OL'li,  >;ivinK  a  Inss  nn  the  "ill  jier  cent  nf  f^inhliy  animals  nl' 4''ili7..'"iK!.  \Vlien 
to  this  is  added  the  loss  t'lnin  depieeiatnd  \  aine  and  lessened  i|nantity  of  the  lieet, 
the  aiiiniint  t'nr  each  inlested  animal  is  |int  at  ^.'i,  indieatin<;a  total  Inss  nn  these 
animals  rrnni  tin'  attack  nf  the  lly  ni  ^;|!,;i;{7,'"iti'''. 


Loss    IN    MIMv    AND    IlKHI     KKdM    ATIACK    nl-    ItO'J -FLIKS. 

In  rryinji'  to  present  nny  estimate  of  loss  fVoni  tiiis  source  we  are  con- 
fronted by  the  tact  that  nianyotlier  llies  with  these  serve  as  a  constant 
source  of  annoyiince  to  cattle  in  pasture,  excitinj;"  them  at  times  to  a 
wild  frenzy,  when  they  {i'o  chasiii{f  about  trying'  to  avoid  their  enemies, 
and  not  only  losinji'  the  opportunity  to  feed  peaceably,  but  usinj;  up  in 
useless  activity  the  untrinieii)  which  should  j^o  to  f(  i  m  milk  or  Hesh;  at 
other  times  drivin;^'  them  into  ponds  or  streams  ol  water  or  into  the 
shade  of  trees  or  sheds,  where  they  remain  for  hours  at  ii  time,  only 
partially  relieved  from  the  torments  of  their  foe  and  losinji  the  oppor- 
tuTwty  for  feediufi'  which  is  essential  to  growth  or  protluction  of  milk. 
It  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  separate  the  losses  due  to  each  kind  of 
fly,  and  even  if  it  were  ])ossib]e  it  would  be  ilitlicult  to  state  in  exact 
iigures  the  sum  lost.  The  following  note,  ipioted  bj'  Miss  Ormerod,  is 
I)erhai)S  as  good  an  illustration  as  we  can  select  to  show  ai»i>roximately 
this  loss  as  estimated  by  a  practical  breeder  and  dairyman : 

We  all  know,  to  our  cost,  how  greatly  these  irritating  tlies  tnrnient  and  madden 
the  cattle,  causing  fheni  tn  ijallnp  or  run  as  if  for  their  lives  to  li'et  away  from  the 
Imzz  and  presence  of  their  tormentors.  Feedinj;  cattle  can  not  i;rnw  iu  llesh  with- 
out (luiet  and  rest,  and  inilkinjt  cows  must  suffer  to  a  greater  extent  than  we  are 


■,% 


% 


o ' V^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


10     "ii-  IIM 

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Sciences 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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90 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


.:ll 


aware  of.  To  use  ii  cominon  remark,  they  soon  "bate" — i.e.,  give  less  milk.  To 
drive  a  cow  fust  or  cause  her  to  be  exritetl  reduces  the  quiMitity  and  quality  of  tlic 
milk.  Without  perfect  quiet  and  rest  they  can  not  do  their  best  for  us.  This  leads 
me  to  one  important  point.  What  is  our  loss  in  the  cheese  tub  caused  by  the  warble 
and  gad  flies?  I  have  tried  to  estimate  the  loss  during  the  four  or  five  summer 
months  or  even  tlie  eight  months  that  a  cow  is  supposed  to  be  in  profit.  There  are 
certain  times  of  unrest  when  the  cow  will  give  about  half  of  her  usual  flow  of  milk. 
These  tormenting  flies  and  the  presence  of  th(N  iirickly-coated  warble  maggot  nnist 
keep  uj)  a  perpetual  uneasiness  and  retard  the  growth  of  our  feeding  cattle,  to  our 
loss,  it  may  be,  of  £2  per  head.  In  the  dairy  ccws  the  loss  will  be  greater.  The 
daily  loss  of  milk  may  make  a  ditference  of  a  hundredweight  of  clieeso  per  cow  per 
annum.  Half  a  hundredweight,  or  12  per  cent  of  milk  less  in  a  dairy,  making  1 
hundredweight  at  70  shillings,  conies  to  S5  shillings,  liut  1-'  per  cent  is  too  low  an 
estimate.  It  may  in  some  cases  be  i»ut  at  £3  ]ier  head,  and  in  a  dairy  of  100  cows 
would  show  a  loss  of  £300. 

Tliis  source  of  injury,  however,  lasts  but  a  few  weeks  during  summer, 
and  probably  does  not  compare  with  the  loss  due  to  the  presence  of  the 
maggots.  This  must  be  a  constant  source  of  irritation  to  the  animal 
and  a  drain  upou  its  energies  from  the  time  the  warble  begins  to  grow 
UTitil  the  sore  heals  after  the  departure  of  the  maggot.  It  extends 
through  at  least  one-third  of  the  year,  while  the  whole  period  of  inva- 
sion probably  lasts  for  eight  or  nine  months.  Imagine  some  fifteen 
or  twenty  boils  or  carbuncles  located  along  the  back  producing  a  reg- 
ular supply  of  muco-pnrulent  matter  due  to  the  iiiriammati(m  and  sup- 
plying nutriment  to  a  healthy  grub  which  grows  to  be  three-fourtiis  of 
an  inch  in  length,  and  suppose,  if  possible,  that  these  are  no  discom- 
fort or  cause  of  loss  to  the  creature  aft'ected  witli  them. 

The  occasional  attaclis  of  one  or  more  species  of  bots  upon  man  and 
tne  di.sconifort  caused  by  them  in  sudi  cases  would  seem  to  be  sutticient 
proof  of  the  irritation  caused  in  the  low«'r  animals,  even  it  we  aliow 
something  on  the  ground  that  these  lower  animals  are  less  sensitive  to 
pain.  Omitting,  however,  tlie  creature's  comfort  as  a  matter  of  mere 
sentiment  and  considering  the  question  from  the  practical  standi»oint 
of  money  returned,  it  requires  only  the  very  nu>dest  estimate  of  tlie  loss 
of  81  per  head  to  the  cattle  of  the  United  States  to  show  a  loss  of  about 
$30,000,000  sustained  by  the  country  on  the  basis  of  the  census  of  1880 
(doubtless  between  fifty  and  sixty  millions  at  the  present  time).  Young 
animals  are  injured  more  tlian  old  ones,  and  many  writers  assert  that 
deaths  are  not  infrequent  from  the  effects  of  warbles. 

Without  consideri;ig  the  lessened  quantity,  the  inferiority  of  the  beef  of  animals 
infested  by  tlie  grub  is  strikingly  shown  in  an  article  on  the  subject  in  which  the 
testimony  of  retail  butchers  and  buyers  of  meat  in  Chicago  and  other  cities  is  given. 
It  is  shown  that  the  buyers  of  the  highent  class  of  meat,  wlio  supply  hotels  and  res- 
taurants, will  not  on  any  account  purchase  carcasses  showing  traces  of  warble  attack. 
Such  beef  has  to  be  sold,  therefore,  at  a  price  below  that  obtainable  for  good  beef, 
free  from  grub  damage,  and  the  lessened  value  per  animal  was  put  at  from  $2  to  $5. 

The  appearance  known  as  licked-beef,  which,  resulting  from  the  presence  of  the 
grub,  may  be  described  as  a  moist  or  running  surface  of  a  greenish-yellow  color,  is 
certainly  unwholesome  in  look,  if  not  in  fact.  The  description  of  such  meat  ns  given 
in  the  Farmers'  Keview,  quoting  again  largely  from  Miss  Ormerod,  is  almost  sufficient 
to  turn  one  against  beef  altogether. — (Inhkct  Life.) 


DIPTETIA. 


91 


rt"  we  take  the  estimates  as  a  whole,  some  of  •which  have  been  pub- 
lished since  the  first  writing  of  this  chapter,  it  is  evidently  a  modest 
estimate  to  consider  the  losses  from  the  diflferent  sources  of  injury  to 
hides,  loss  in  milk  and  beef,  and  lessened  Aitality  to  be  $2.50  per  head  of 
cjittle  for  the  whole  United  States,  making  a  grand  total  of  $90,000,000 
on  the  basis  of  the  census  of  1880.  Were  this  loss  something  unavoid- 
iible  or  requiring  the  expenditure  of  much  time  or  money  to  prevent, 
there  nught  be  some  excuse  for  its  continuance,  but  since  it  can  by 
simple  and  inexpensive  methods  be  not  only  wholly  prevented  from 
year  to  year,  but  practically  exterminated  from  tlie  country,  thereby 
avoiding  both  the  loss  and  the  trouble  of  applying  remedies  in  the 
I'utiire,  it  would  seem  of  the  greatest  utility  to  adojjt  those  necessary 
measures  without  further  delay.  The  preventive  measures  necessary 
bi'conte  at  once  apparent  by  knowledge  of  the  life  history  and  habits  of 
tiie  insect. 

OOOITRRBNCE   OF   WAKBLKS   IN   MAN. 

There  are  many  instances  of  tlie  occurrence  of  the  warble  in  man,  and 
these  records  contain  instances  which  are  to  be  referred  to  both  of  the 
species.  Dr.  Riley  having  i)ositively  identified  one  such  case  at  least 
tor  Unenia,  and  Dr.  William  Schoyen  being  authority  for  tlie  European 
records  of  hovis.  'u  all  these  cases  there  seems  to  have  been  a  large 
amount  of  migration  on  tlie  part  of  the  larva  and  usually  an  emergence 
Irom  the  skin  before  complete  maturity,  which  wouhl  suggest  that  the 
liirva  does  not  find  the  conditions  exactly  normal.  The  following 
instance  observed  by  a  physician  who  is  also  a  trained  ent(miologist  is 
(»f  special  value  as  showing  the  conditions  of  such  an  occurrence: 

Several  years  a^o  I  saw,  professioniiUy,  a  boy  0  years  of  age  wbo  liatl  lieeii  suft'eriug 
l'(ir  sonic  luouths  from  the  glaiuls  on  one  side  of  his  neck  bciu;jf  swollen  and  a  fetid 
ulceration  nronnd  the  back  teetli  of  the  lower  Jaw  of  the  same  side.  Three  months 
treatment  was  of  no  avail,  and  tho  end  seenu'd  near;  one  day  a  wliite  object,  which 
wjis  seen  to  move,  was  observed  in  tlie  ulcer  at  the  root  of  tho  tongne,  which  ou 
licing  carefnlly  extracted  proved  to  be  a  large  grub,  which,  from  having  frequently 
seen  them,  I  recognized  as  a  full-growu  larva  of  Hypoderma.  It  was  of  the  usual 
tawny  color,  about  half  an  inch  long  when  contracted,  about  one-third  that  thick- 
ness, and  (juito  lively.  The  case  ended  fatally.  This  boy  had  been  on  a  farm  in 
Illinois  the  previous  fall,  where  probably  the  egg  was  in  some  way  taken  into  his 
mouth,  and  the  Lirva  found  between  the  base  of  tho  tongue  and  tho  jaw  suitable 
tissue  in  which  to  develo)),  coming  to  maturity  at  tlio  same  time  with  those  bred  iu 
cattle.     (Dr.  John  Hamilton,  in  Entomologi(;al  News,  V(d.  IV,  p.  219.) 


LIFE   HISTOKV   AND   IIAHITS. 

In  certain  points  of  life  history  and  habit  the  two  species  agree.  The 
adult  flies  are  about  half  an  inch  in  length  and  bee-like  in  appearance, 
the  two  species  separated  easily  by  characters  to  be  detailed  later. 

They  appear  during  the  summer  months  and  deposit  their  eggs  upon 
cattle,  the  act  of  oviposition  being  frequently  accompanied  by  a  great 
amount  of  annoyance  to  the  animals,  iu  some  cases  inspiring  tbem  with 


92 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


|i 


such  terror  as  to  result  in  costly  stami)edes,  preveutiou  of  feeding,  and 
nervousness  that  is  very  injurious  to  the  animal. 

The  flies  probably  nuite  in  the  vicinity  of  their  pupation,  an<l  the 
females  seek  the  cattle  in  open  pasture  for  the  jiurpose  of  depositinii' 
their  eggs.  It  is  claimed  by  goo<l  observers  that  they  will  not  fly  over 
water  or  follow  cattle  when  they  seek  ]>rotection  in  ponds  or  otlui 
bodies  of  water,  .and  also  that  they  do  not  enter  sheds  or  trouble  cattle 
in  the  shade.  The  method  of  deposition  has  been  a  subject  of  mucli 
discnssion.  The  earlier  writers  asserted  that  the  insect  punctured  the 
skin  an<l  laid  the  egg  beneath,  basing  the  assertion,  it  would  seem,  on 
the  great  terror  and  apparent  i)ain  of  the  animal  when  attaiiked  and  the 
position  o.  the  grub  when  rtrst  <listinguislial)ie.  KN'aumur  even  describes 
the  boring  apparatus  by  means  of  which  it  is  able  to  pierce  the  tough 
hide  of  the  ox.  Clark  and  otiiers,  however,  held  with  eipuil  strength 
to  the  view  that  the  eggs  are  simply  dei>osited  on  the  skin,  and  the 
larvic  begin  at  once  upon  hatching  to  burrow  beneath.  Willistoii 
(Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  II,  p.  427)  saj's:  "'The  eggs  of  llypodermaare 
deposited  on  the  hairs  about  the  front  shoulders,  neck,  and  groins  of 
artiodactyls  <mly.  It  was  thought  for  a  long  while  that  the  female 
thrust  the  eggs  within  the  skin,  but  sm-h  is  now  known  not  to  be  tlie 
case.''  ]Miss  Ormerod,  after  careful  study  of  the  very  y<mng  larva'  and 
course  of  their  channels,  says:  "From  the  i)resence  of  these  small  cav- 
ities just  l)elow  the  cuticle,  aiul  the  rtne  canal  running  <lownward  tVom 
them  or  from  the  surface,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  the  young  warble  cell 
beneath  the  hide^  1  think  we  shall  And  that  the  egg  is  fixed  just  beneath 
the  cuticle  and  that  the  young  maggot  works  its  waj'  through  the  hide 
to  where  we  And  it  in  the  early  stage.  It  does  not  seem  possible  to  me 
that  the  fly  could  pass  the  egg  through  the  hide  by  means  of  her  egg- 
laying  api)aratus  (or  ovijiositor ),  because,  as  observed,  the  i)assage  down 
the  maggot  cell  is  sometimes  of  a  shape  that  could  not  have  been  caused 
by  the  ovipositor."  It  seems  hard  to  believe  that  all  the  fright  and 
apparent  pain  exhibited  by  the  cattle  is  due  simi)ly  to  the  alighting  of 
the  flies  and  deposition  of  the  egg  on  the  hair.  They  can  not  bite,  fiu". 
•  as  already  stated,  tlu'ir  month  parts  are  rudimentary,  and  to  suppose 
that  the  cattle  are  aware  of  the  true  nature  of  the  pest  and  exhibit 
fear  simply  because  of  a  knowledge  that  tliey  will  cause  them  future 
trouble  is  to  accredit  them  with  a  wisdom  rather  beyond  that  usually 
granted  to  any  of  the  lower  animals.  Neitlier  does  it  seem  that  all  this 
fright  could  be  due  simi)ly  to  their  resemblance  to  bees,  for  cattle  are  not 
so  freipiently  stung  by  them  as  totlevelop  such  an  intense  fear  of  them. 

The  stnictiu'e  of  the  ()vi])Osit()r  dearly  <>xcliul«'S  the  jtoH.sihility  of  imiictiire,  for, 
though  horny,  it  has  a  hluiit,  trilid  tip,  and  is  beset  at  the  end  with  eertain  iiilnuto 
hairs,  and  strnoture  of  this  eharaeter  is  a  very  safe  guide  to  hahit.     (Riley.) 

Until  recently  it  was  assumed  as  a  matter  of  fact  that  the  larva' 
entered  through  the  skin,  but  the  discoveries  of  Dr.  (Untice  have 
proven,  for  Hneata  at  least,  that  the  normal  course  is  by  way  of  the 


DIPTERA. 


98 


f  feeding,  ami 


Fio.  'iS.—Il!)iwdenna  Uiienta: 
ovipusitorof  feiiinlp :  a,  from 
sidf;  6,  tip,  from  below — 
enlarged  (from  Insect  Life). 


iimiith  and  alimentary  canal,  as  will  be  discussed  more  fully  under  lin- 
(vln.  While  from  analogy  it  seems  very  probable  that  a  similar  habit 
will  be  proven  for  hoi'is  I  know  no  positive  obser- 
vations, but  Miss  Ormerod  adheres  to  the  belief 
tliat  the  entrance  for  that  species  is  through  the 
>Uiii. 

In  either  case  the  maggots,  as  a  rule,  must  be 
within  the  animal  as  early  as  Octobei'  (for  Inmiia 
iiiiich  earlier),  and  by  January  the  lumps  or  swell- 
ings ahnig  the  back  denoting  their  pi'esence  be- 
come appreciable,  and  growth  continues  as  late 
as  April  and  possibly  May,  varying  with  latitude. 
We  have  «juite  fully  developed  s])ecimens  (of 
//Hmffl)  taken  March  25,  from  the  backs  of  cattle 
at  Ames,  Iowa,  at  which  time  they  were  mostly 
well  grown  and  some  of  them  apparently  about 
leady  to  escape  from  the  ulcer.  After  working 
their  way  through  the  oi)eniug  in  the  hide,  in 
which  they  ar^  assisted  by  the  prickly  tubercles 
<overing  the  body,  they  drop  to  the  ground.  The  full  process  is  thus 
described  by  Dr.  Williston  (Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  pp.  427-428): 

Tliey  have  the  peculiar  ability  to  contract  either  end  into  an  elonjrate  cylindrical 
torm,  which  not  only  serves  them  in  their  egress,  but  also  t()  bore  into  the  ground. 
A  few  days  before  they  are  ready  to  emerge  tiiey  begin  to  enlarge  the  opening  by 
this  expansion  and  contraction;  when  tliey  have  enlarged  it  sufficiently,  a  ring-like 
contraction  of  the  body  that  begins  at  the  posterio"  'tart  and  progresses  toward  the 
head  enables  them  in  a  few  minutes  to  *'ree  themselves,  which  they  usually  do  in  the 
morning  hours.  Upon  the  ground  they  creep  about  until  tliey  meet  some  obstruc- 
tion, when  they  burrow  from  1  to  2  inches  tdow  the  surface,  and  remain  as  in  the 
Gastrophilus  sjtecies. 

They  reuuiin  in  the  ground  as  papa*  i;»r  about  a  month  and  then  issue 
as  Hies. 

KEMEDIAL   MEASUUKS. 

Knowing  that  the  insect  occurs,  during  nearly  three  months  of  the 
year  at  least,  in  no  other  ]>lace  than  in  the  backs  of  cattle,  it  is  evident 
that  the  destruction  of  all  the  grubs  in  the  back  of  every  animal 
between  .lanuai-y  and  April  must  result  in  tlie  extermination  of  the 
pest.  That  there  are  measures  sutticient  to  accomplish  this  destruction 
is  certain,  and  at  an  outlay  of  time  and  trouble  that  makes  them  prac- 
ticable with  every  man  who  owns  cattle,  whether  one  or  ten  thou.sand. 

Indeed  the  insect  is  open  to  attack  in  at  least  three  different  w.ays: 
(1 )  Measures  to  prevent  the  deposition  of  eggs;  (2)  measures  to  destroy 
the  eggs  or  young  grubs;  (.?)  measures  to  destroy  the  grubs  after 
passing  under  the  hide. 

To  ])revent  the  deposition  of  eggs  the  application  of  some  persistent 
sticky  substance  may  be  recommended,  or  this  may  be  combined  with 
some  substance  of  obnoxious  smell. 


94 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


% 


i 


Coating  the  back  from  neck  to  loins  with  tar  or  with  a  mixture  of 
sulphur,  4 ounces;  spirits  of  tar,  1  gill;  train  (whale)  oil,  1  quart,  oiico 
a  week.  Train  oil  alone  two  or  three  times  in  the  season  and  one 
application  of  spirits  of  tar,  carbolic,  acid,  sulphur,  and  linseed  oil 
combined,  are  reported  in  Miss  Ornterod's  pamphlet  as  eftective  for 
boi'ifi. 

Ainmals  that  are  lioused  are  said  not  to  be  attacked,  and  furnisli- 
ing  sheds  in  pastures  or  access  to  shade  of  trees  or  to  bodies  of  water 
is  considered  as  heli>ful. 

"VVe  doubt,  however,  if  these  measures  can  be  used  as  satisfactorily 
in  large  her^.  j  of  cattle  or  on  the  ranches  of  the  ^Vestern  States  as 
measures  directed  against  the  grubs.  And  unless  the  substance  serves 
to  catch  and  kill  the  fly  it  will  of  course  simply  seek  animals  not  pro- 
tected or  i)os8ibly  be  driven  to  deposit  eggs  on  some  other  part  of  the 
body. 

In  January  the  warbles  become  large  enough  to  be  detected  by  pass- 
ing the  hand  idong  the  back,  and  at  this  time  a  little  kerosene  rubbed 
into  each  one  or  the  application  of  mercurial  ointment  will  destroy  the 
grub,  which  rests  with  the  breathing  pores  directed  toward  the  surface, 
securing  its  supply  of  air  through  the  small  channel  connecting  the 
cavity  with  the  outer  surface.  The  sore  heals  u])  and  the  hide  in  a 
short  time  becomes  perfect,  so  no  loss  need  be  incurred  if  the  animal 
is  to  be  slaughtered  in  late  winter  or  early  spring,  and  for  nulch  cows 
the  drain  upon  their  vitality  and  productiveness  is  stopped. 

Even  if  these  measures  have  been  adopted  every  aninml  should  be 
examined  during  March  and  any  grubs  found  should  be  destroyed. 

They  are  by  this  time  quite  conspicuous,  being  felt  by  running  the 
baud  along  the  back,  or  in  many  cases  can  be  distinctly  seen  as  promi- 
nent lumps.  The  hole  through  which  they  breathe  and  flnalJy  escape 
is  now  large  enough,  so  that  by  careful  pressure  the  maggot  may  be 
forced  out  unbroken.  If  necessary,  the  opening  may  be  enlarged  a 
little  by  using  a  round  stick  bluntly  pointed,  as  a  probe.  If  late  in  the 
spring,  all  grubs  pressed  out  should  be  crushed  to  prevent  possibility 
of  their  getting  into  suitable  places  to  pupate  and  finally  reach  the 
adult  stage.  For  cattle  in  stables  it  is  a  very  simple  matter,  while 
handling  or  feeding  them,  to  run  the  hand  .along  the  back,  and  on 
detection  of  a  grub  to  press  it  out,  and  all  farm  hands  should  be 
instructed  to  lose  no  opportunity  to  relieve  the  cattle  from  these 
annoyances. 

While  it  is  (certain  that  this  insect  could  be  practically  exterminated 
in  the  United  States  in  a  single  year,  we  realize  fully  the  great  difli- 
culty  in  getting  every  person  owning  cattle  to  know  or  apprecisite  the 
need  of  using  the  necessary  means;  and  two  or  three  scrub  cows  in  a 
county  uucared  for  will  of  course  perpetuate  the  species.  Nevertheless, 
this  should  not  debar  anyone  from  attending  to  the  matter  with  his 
own  stock,  for,  since  the  flies  travel  but  short  distances,  every  farmer 


DIPTERA. 


95 


iiiiiy  secure  practical  immunity  in  his  own  herds,  and  after  the  first 
year's  tliorougli  work  have  scarcely  any  trouble  in  attending  to  them. 
Ho  should,  of  course,  examine  carefully  every  animal  brought  to  his 
farm,  and  rid  it  of  grubs  before  the  time  of  their  maturity.  Many 
liirmers  are  careful  to  attend  to  this  matter  already,  but  there  is  uo 
systematic  ivttention  to  it,  and  the  only  permanent  check  to  their 
increase  j>t  present  lies  in  the  ftact  that  millions  of  them  infesting  cattle 
slaughtere<l  between  October  and  April  perish  with  their  hosts,  and 
hence  only  those  in  cattle  kept  over  from  year  to  year  survive  to  con- 
tiiuie  the  species. 

We  can  not  close  this  sketch  of  remedies  without  presenting  a  plan 
which,  though  it  may  be  styled  fanciful  or  ideal,  must  if  carried  out 
result  in  the  extermination  of  the  pest  and  a  saving,  we  believe,  of  not 
less  and  probably  more  tlian  $5(),(H)0,(KK)  per  year  to  the  farmers  of  the 
United  States. 

Let  every  man  owning  kine  of  any  grade  be  posted  by  a  general  proc- 
lamation inserted  in  every  newspaper  in  the  land  that  in  a  certain 
winter,  say  1900,  he  is  to  examine  every  anin.al  in  January  and  api)Iy 
kerosene  or  mercurial  ointment  to  all  lumps  discoverable  on  the  back 
from  the  neck  backward,  and  down  halfway  on  the  ribs;  that  in 
March  or  at  latest  before  the  middle  of  April  he  must  go  over  every 
animal  again,  and  ju'ess  out  and  destroy  anj'  warbles  remaining.  Then 
the  following  winter  if  any  warbles  whatever  are  to  be  found  to  rei)eat 
the  processes.  This,  with  the  destruction  of  grubs  in  all  cattle  imported 
from  other  countries,  must  prove  successful.  Even  if  a  few  escaped 
by  the  neglect  of  some  shiftless  stock  owner,  or  by  accidental  oversight 
in  searching  for  them,  the  result  would  rei)ay  over  and  over  again,  and 
for  many  years,  the  grand  ettbrt  of  that  year. 

Ox  lUvriiA'  OR  Warulk  Fly. 

(Ulipoderma  liorix  l)e(i.) 


As  previously  stated,  this  species  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  dis- 
tributetl  over  America,  but  the  utter  fail- 
ure to  find  a  single  specimen  of  the  larva 
or  adult  in  the  mass  of  material  that  has 
been  examined  in  the  last  few"  years 
makes  it  doubtful  if  even  the  earlier 
records  of  its  occurrence  in  this  country 
can  be  relied  upon,  and  therefore  it  seems 
necessary  to  define  its  distribution  as 
covering  the  countries  of  the  Old  World 
surrouiiding  the  Mediterranean.  Brauer 
gives  its  European  distribution  as  from 
Scandinavia  to  the  southernmost  por- 
tions, and  also  says  it  is  distributed  over  Asia,  Africa,  and  North  America. 


Fio.  39.  —  II;ii)odenna    hovii  - 
(after  Brauer) . 


•  enlarged 


96 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANL>rAL8. 


The  lulnlt  riy,  sliown  eulaitfed  in  t!ie  aeconipaiiying  figure,  is  lialf  a   j. 
iucli  t)r  a  little  more  in  length  au«l  not  very  ditt'erent  in  general  appear 
anee  from  a  honeybee.    It  is  c[uite  hairy,  and,  although  the  surface  of  i 
the  body  is  black,  except  the  front  of  the  face  below  the  eyes,  the  color 
of  the  hairs  gives  it  a  banded  appearance,  the  face  white,  the  front  parti 


I'm.  W.—lliilioili'nnit  bvvi'i:  n,  e^jt;  '>.  lull-grown  Inrva.  vriitnil  viowj  c,  ]iii]mriuiii.  ventral  view; 
(/.  newly  hntclii'd  larva.  Hiile  view;  «•,  iiiial  sti][;iiinla  nl'  larva — all  onlariicd  (alter  llriiupr). 

«>'■  the  thorax  yellow,  middle  of  the  tliorax  black,  hind  part  of  the 
r '.orax  whitish,  base  of  sibdonieii  whitish,  middle  of  abdomen  black, 
and  apex  of  abdomen  orange  red. 

The  eggs  are  elongate  oval,  with  an  appendage  for  attachment  to  the 
hair  (tig.  M,<t). 


...v 

.■/.;i.^..v.^;;/;.- 

t  •* 

.V.%'..'.....-  :.-.•/ 

•..' '  .■.*.".  ,'•••  ,• 

K.  1 

3 
1 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
II 


Via.  41. — Iljiiioilfniiii  Ikii^I.i:  diajirnni  of  wpiny  armature  (alter  Urniier,  from  Insect  Life). 

The  larva  of  this  species  is  only  known  in  tlie  later  stages,  thait;  of 
the  first  stage  not  being  described.  Brauer  describes  the  sec</nd  and 
third  stages,  the  latter  form  being  carefully  figured,  and  the  figure  is 
here  reproduced  from  an  illustration  in  Insect  Life. 


DIPTERA. 


97 


iieiit  to  the 


Thia  larva  is  thick  and  fleshy,  of  a  yellowish  white  color,  becoming 
(1, nicer  ns  it  aiiproaclies  maturity,  but  the  most  distinctive  cliarai'tera 
lue  lound  in  tlie  disi^sition  (»t'  tlie  spines  which  cover  most  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  body.  Tlie  last  two  scfjments  are 
entirely  naked,  and  also  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
prominences  of  the  ninth  sej^ment  are  free  from 
spines. 

This  arrangement  of  spines  is  clearly  shown 
in  the  diagram,  which  is  a  device  adopted  by 
Braner  to  indicate  the  ditl'erence  in  spine  dis- 
tribution in  the  different  species.  Oomparisoii 
of  l;his  figure  with  that  for  linetita  will  serve  to 
determine  at  once  the  identity  of  a  specimei'. 
The  wide  spaces  represent  the  dorsal  (the 
left)  and  the  ventral  (the  right)  surface,  and 
the  rnirrow  spaces  the  three  rows  of  lateral  protuberances.  The 
si»ines  on  the  upper  aiul  lower  border  of  the  segments  are  represented 
by  dots. 

The  pupa  is  an  oval  dark  body  formed  from  the  contracted  larva,  the 
anterior  end  of  which  is  removed  when  the  imago  issues.  It  is  clearly 
illustrated  in  the  annexed  ligure  (fig.  42). 

The  treatment  of  the  species  is  discussed  under  the  general  treatment 
for  both  species. 

Ov  Bot-fly  or  Heel  Fly. 


I  III.  i".—  Ilillioih'niiii  liiii'h:  a, 
Illl|llll'illlll,  t'rillil  HJlll';   h,  Hllllli', 

I'lnm  liolow,  Hhiiwiii^  t'xit  liolu 
i)f  iiiliilt ;   c,  Clip  which  HplitH 
(iirtoalhiw  the  iidiilt  toissiic 
natunil  hIzc  (at'tfr  Clnrk). 


{Iliipoderma  Uiivata  Villers.) 

The  synonomy  and  distribution  of  this  species  has  been  very  fully 
discussed  by  Dr.  Itiley  in  Insect  Life(  Vol.  IV,  p.  302),  along  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  distinctions  of  the  species  and  T  shall  extract  largely 
irom  this  article  as  well  as  from  the  one  by  Dr.  Curtice,  (Journal  Com- 
parative Medicine  and  Veterinary  Archives,  Vol.  XII,  pp.  205-274, 
June,  1891). 

The  species  was  described  in  1789  by  Villers  (Ent.  Tjinn.,  Vol.  Ill,  p. 
249),  and  later  (from  larva)  by  Brauer  as  bonnssi. 

]Much  confusion  has  existed,  particularly  because  of  the  assumption 
that  the  common  warble  of  this  country  should  be  referred  to  hovis, 
but  the  matter  has  been  definitely  set  to  rest  by  the  researches  de- 
tailed in  the  above-mentioned  papers,  which  may  be  consulted  for  full 
uetiiils. 

Aside  from  the  occurrence  in  the  butfalo,  which  appears  to  have  been 
not  uncommon,  it  is  evidently  a  parasite  normal  to  cattle.  Which  of 
these  aninuils,  if  either  of  them,  was  the  primary  host  of  the  species 
can  not  be  stated,  although  the  evidence  seems  to  me  to  favor  the 
opinion  that  it  was  primarily  a  parasite  of  tht  ox  and  that  its  occur- 
rence on  buffalo  followed  the  introduction  of  cattle  into  this  country. 
4653— No.  5 7 


98 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Ill  Fiiiropo  it  is  said  to  (mtuv  in  Swit/orlaiul,  Norway,  Criinoia,  tin* 
Balkans,  tlio  (^aurasns,  Kiit^Jand,  Lower  and  ITppor  Austria,  etc.,  but 
it  has  not  hcun  noted  in  Htyria  or  Ilunpiry.  In  America  it  is  known 
from  all  parts  ol"  the  United  States,  hut  is  esperially  abundant  in  the 
Honthorn  portion  and  extending;  iiortit  to  Illinois,  Iowa,  aiul  Nebraska. 

The  amount  of  terror  inspired  by  the  a<lults  is  sometimes  very  jvreat, 
and  the  followinjjf  jjraphiti  aeeount  of  its  iittaeks  in  Texas  by  a  jfcntle 
man  who  has  jjiveii  nuieh  time  to  them  will  serve  to  show  its  manniT  of 
work  and  the  loss  entailed: 

I  l)('li<^vt<  tliiit  Iioro  till*  ll,v  iiiviiriably  (l(>|)ositH  Uh  (^^k**  on  tlio  liiiir  iiror.iul  t)ioh)n«l, 
iilthoii^li  tlio  ]>i)|iiiliii'  notion  in  Mint  i\w  tly  iictiially  Htiii^rs  tin*  iiiiinial.  'I'lio  ciittio 
lick  tluMiiHi-lvus,  thiiH  ronvryin^r  tho  i'^^h  into  tlio  ntoutli,  lliu  larvii'  making  tliuir 
wny  in  betweon  lb(<  wiilltt  of  tlio  giillot.  Hero  tli<\v  runiain  Honio  niontliH,  when 
tboy  finally  niakii  tliuir  way  up  to  tlio  Hkin  alonj;  tiio  back,  whero  they  horetliroiigli, 
renniininjj  in  tlio  liolo  a  liltlo  ovd-  two  niontliH.  When  they  Hint  reaclithe  skin  they 
are  (|uite  while,  but  g.adnally  color  an<l  become  a  tlark  brown  or  bla(;k,an*l  forcing 
themselves  ont  of  their  sacks  fall  to  the  gronud.  The  skin  of  tlie  larva  becomes  dark 
an<l  shell-like,  and  at  the  end  of  about  six  weeks  tho  perfect  lly  emerges. 

Although  I  know  that  in  Pennsylvania  tin*  backs  of  the  cattle  are  often  badly 
infested  with  these  larva-,  showing  that  tho  lly  is  by  ni»  means  rare,  yet  1  never  saw 
that  its  i)resenee  caused  any  fright  or  even  uneasiness,  while  here  it  is  so  dreaded  by 
the  cattle  as  to  cause  at  times  heavy  loss  to  stockmen.  Tho  tinu;  of  the  tly  begin- 
ning and  ending  its  attack  is  very  variable.  I  have  secMi  cattle  running  from  It  as 
early  as  December,  while  this  year  up  to  date  (I'ebrnary  !">)  I  have  seen  no  indica- 
tion of  its  pre8enc(\ 

Cattle  seem  to  l))>(U)nu)  absolutely  frantic  from  terror;  a  steer  will  be  quietly  graz- 
ing, when  suddenly  he  will  spring  forwani,  head  eieet.  tail  arched,  and  in  a  moinoiit 
he  will  be  madly  rushing  across  the  ])astur(\  jirobably  t(»  the  creek,  into  which  he 
will  plunge,  remaining  for  hours.  If  the  streams  running  through  the  pasture  havo 
muddy  bottoms  nuuiy  weak  aninmls  become  mired  and  perish  miserably  unless  dis- 
covered and  pulled  out.  As  tho  tly  generally  appears  toward  the  close  of  winter, 
when  <attl«>  are  often  conn)aratively  poor  and  weak,  the  loss  in  this  way  wouhl  bo 
very  serious  but  that  stocknuni  ha';e  their  men  riilo  daily  along  the  banks  of  any 
boggy  streams  in  order  to  rescue  mired  animals. 

^Vhen  a  cowboy  finds  one  unable  to  get  out  Ik*  uncoils  his  lariat,  deftly  thows  it 
over  the  horns,  gives  a  turn  or  two  around  the  pommel  of  his  saddle,  and  calling  on 
his  pony,  tho  animal,  unless  very  badly  mircil,  is  soon  on  the  bank  and  in  safety,  and 
horoaftor  often  comes  tho  most  dillicult  part  of  the  business — the  letting  go.  In 
getting  hold  the  cowboy  has  it  all  his  own  way,  but  once  the  animal  is  on  solid  earth 
ngaui  it  forgets  its  former  peril,  remembering  only  the  terrible  wrench  to  head  and 
neck,  and  i)rocoeds  to  get  even  with  its  tormentor,  with  the  result  that  the  man  has 
sometimes  to  drop  his  rope  and  ride  off  trusting  to  its  becoming  loosened  and  drop- 
ping otf.  (/'an  any  ono  suggest  the  reason  why  the  lly  has  such  terrors  for  a  Texas 
cow,  whilst  in  rennsylvania  she  cares  nothing  for  it? — (George  W.  Holstein,  iu 
Entomological  News,  Vol.  IV,  p.  2t)9.) 

LIFK   HISTORY. 


The  egg. — Tho  egg,  ircluding  the  iiedicel  or  clasping  base,  is  1  mm.  long  and  0.2 
mm.  wide  at  tht?  greatest  diameter.  In  color  it  is  dull  yellowish  white,  and  the 
surface  is  smooth  and  shining.  As  may  be  seen  by  the  illustrations  (tig.  43,  a,  h,  c,  d, 
the  egg  consists  of  two  distinct  iiarts,  viz.,  the  egg  proper  and  the  clasping  base,  which 
firmly  secures  it  to  the  hair  and  connects  with  the  egg  proper  by  a  thin  but  rather 
wide  pedicel.    This  base  is  made  up  of  two  lips  or  valves,  which  close  over  the  hair 


niPTEKA.  99 

iiiiil  tliiiH  (five  a  vory  Honiro  iiltticliiiKMit.  'I'liit  i^nn  m  iiaiTow,  nvoid,  broailoat  at  itH 
iiiidillo,  hikI  1ai'^«tr  at  tlio  Iiuhi' lliaii  i.t.  tint  tip,  \vlii(;li  Ih  innriMir  Iihs  alirii]itly  itiid 
iililii|iiitl.v  tniiicatt!  (Ii}r.  Iltr/). 

'riio  striking'  results  of  tlio  I'eseiirclicH  of  Dr.  diirlicc,  wluch  sli<»\v«?(l 
lliiittlHi  liirvic  iirti  laktMi  into  tliu  nioiitlis  (»t'  tlt<>  iiniiiiiilH  aiHl  pass  by 
wiiyof  tlui  (i'S(>|>lia;;iis  to  tlio  siilM-utaiMMnis  tissue  aloiij,'  the  back,  liave 
iilreadybeeii  ineiitioiK'd,  and  it  now  renniins  to  j,nve  in  (h^tail  the  8taj?es 
of  the  hirva,  (biring  this  siranjfe  eaicer.  The  time  occupied  by  tlie 
larva  is  sometimes  <|iiite  Jon^;,  occupying  several  months  in  reaching 
tlie  skin,  whilu  the  development  aCter  reaching*  this  loeuth>n  is  more 
nijiid. 


Fill.  411. —  7/w"<f<'i'iHrt  Ihii'ala:  ri,  ogs^  iitliwlictl  to  liiiirj  h,  <\  il,  dorsal,  \(irilnil,  unci  latcnil  view  of 
''HSi  <'i  uiiil)ryoiiii!or(iist  liirvii,  im  hocii  in  tim  Cjiii;  J\  ij,  iiioiilhidiils  iirsaiiie-  t'liliuycil ;  A,  aiiiilHcg- 
ineiita  of  aiuuo— Htill  iiichk  «<iilai'Kuil  (t'roiii  Iiisni't  Lil'u), 

The  larra,Jirnl  utmjc. — 'I'his  stajjt'  (lig.  1:{,  <;)  whoii  ready  to  Icavo  tlii'  t^aii,  <>r  whou 
lirst  hiitcb»!<l,  is  O.OS  niiii.  long  by  0.02  iiiiii.  in  wiiltli,  tapt'iinji;  aliove.  Witliin  tho 
ogg  it  lilla  tbo  cavity  and  may  l»o  seen  throngh  tlm  hIioH  and  (|uito  readily  removed. 
It  is  dull  white  in  color,  with  the  surface  I'rom  the  Hocond  to  the,  twelfth  Joiuts  dis- 
tinctly and  deuMcly  spinose.  The  armed  area  occupies  the  entire  surface  of  these 
joints,  excejtt  a  narrow  lateral  free  space.  The  arrangement  of  the  spines  ou  these 
joints,  excejit  the  last,  is  uniform,  with  iterhaps  a  slight  increase  in  the  size  of  the 
spines  from  the  second  to  the  eleventh  joint.  'I'ho  arnuituro  of  these  joints  and  of 
the  anterior  half  of  the  twelfth  consists  of  a  rather  ])romiaent  and  posteriorly 
directed  row  on  the  anterior  margin  of  each  joint,  I'ollowed  by  numerous  suuiUer 
prickles,  which  decrease  in  size  and  abundance  toward  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
joint.  The  posterior  half  of  the  terminal  joint  is  armed  with  very  much  larger  and 
slightly  curved  jtrickles  or  spines,  which  point  posteriorly  on  o!ie  side  and  anteriorly 
on  the  other(see  fig.  43,  h).  The  anal  spiracles  are  rejiresented  by  dark  circular  sj^its, 
and  terminate  in  two  prominent  spines.  The  anterior  spiracles  api)ear  as  two  minute 
elevations,  and  the  month  parts  consist  of  two  dark  crescent-shaped  hooks,  the 
upper  extremity  of  which  projects,  and  two  long  supporting  rods  which  furcate 
basally,  aud  ou  the  tips  of  which  the  hooks  articulate  (tig.  43,/,  g). 


i^^ 


100 


INSKCTS   AFFECTINQ   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


I 


'3 


i| 


itit'i 


Scronil tla(ie,—]\\  tlio  aliMoiuo  of  any  knowlcdKoof  an  iiitcrniciUHfo  form,  tli«  larv  i 
fonnil  ill  tlio  irNoi.liaKim  may  li«  cousitlcn'd  »»  tlio  Hucotnl  Htago  (11^.  41).  Tho  inili 
viiUiald  vury  inlunKth  from  II  to  U  min.  and  ar<' ijiiitit  smooth  anil ilovoid  of  pricklcM, 
rsccpt  Honio  minnir  ouch,  wliicli  appear  liko  lilat'K  npockH  purtl.v 
Miirronnilinji;  tint  unal  Hpiriiclcs  (ti);  11.'/)  and  a  few  cNtrtmicIv 
minntfoiirs  jiiNt  aliovc  tluunoiitli  parts  ((!(;.  II,  c).  Tlmforint'i, 
oi'  llioMo  aroiinil  tli(<  anal  HpiraclcH,  aro  of  peculiar  Htrmtiirr. 
and  coiiHist  id'  a  rirciilar,  IirowniHh-ldack,  nli);iitly  cii'vatiil 
liaM',  in  tlio  I'fiiti-r  of  \vliirli  arisi-n  aHliort,  Htont,  poHterioriv 
nuvfd  \riv  minnto  Hpini',  Itmh  than  onr-lialf  tho  diameter  ol 
the  hase  in  length.  The  month  jiarts  iire  more  ]iroiiiiiient  than 
in  the  first  Ntaj^e,  and  the  apical  (lortion  Ih  liroadeiicd  and  fiir- 
riite  near  the  hane  (li;;.  II.  h,  c).  ThiH  Ntaye  doos  not  dill'er  in 
any  esHential  \va.\  from  the  Nta^e  I'irHt  found  niider  the  Hkin  in 
the  hark  heforc  tho  )ierforation  to  tiie  nnrfaee  is  made.     (Sec 


liir.  I" 


/',  <:) 


Km.    U.  —  Ihjimdfi 


I'liirtl  xliiiii'. — In  thiH  staHo,  which  is  the  second  form  of  the 


l>llUKilH 


lii 


li. 


limata:  Srioiiilslajjc  laiva  fouiid  in  the  hack  (fin.l'i,  (/  «,,/'),  the  larva  a;;ain  diverges 
(if  larva  from  (ino  markedly  from  tho  second  ori)reeodiii]L;Htafi;o  am' acquires  many 
of  the  characteristics  of  tho  mature  larva.  It  tapers,  however, 
coiisideraldo  toward  tlie  i)osterior  extreiiuty,  rather  than  the 
revcrst>,  and  tho  spinous  arniaturo  varies  considerahly  in  ditl'er- 
ent  specimens,  hut  veiitrally  is  similar  to  that  of  the  adult,  tho 


(•iiliir^i'iiieiit  III  c(']ili 


iili 


r      Sr^'im'Ilts, 


I'llll 


view  ;i',  iiiiiiitli  |iarts: 
(/.  I'lilnitrrd  ciiil  viiw 


of   iiiiiil   Hi'K'iiiiit.      s|iiiies1ieing, however, moronumeroiisand  less  iirominent.     Tho 


nIiiiwihk    Hpirai'lcH 
ami  s|  iiM'H  (Iriiiii  Ii 

HCCt    I. ill'). 


lateral  ,'iriiiatiire  is  sometimes  iilinostwauting,  liiitix^casioually 
occurs  to  the  amount  shown  in  the  tigure  (lig. -l."),  rf).  Tho  dor- 
sal armature  is  much  nioro  scantv,  aiul  is  either  limited  to  the 


(irst  and  second  Joints  or  frequently  outiroly  wanliiif;'. 

Fourth  kIivjc — The  fourth  and  last  larval  stage  is  shown  with  characteristie  arnui- 
ture  at,  tig.  !.">  tj,  i,  dorsal  and  hitenil  views.  Its  chief  dillcrenco  from  tho  larva  of 
bovis  (as  shown  in  the  diagram)  is  that  tho  pounltimate  segment  ventrally  and  also 


¥l(i.45.—  n>i]io<lerma  Hiieala;  a,  Kcoonil  ntngo  of  liirva  from  back;  bum]  e,  cnlargeiiieiit  of  extremi- 
ties ;  rf,  ventral  view  of  fliinl  sta^c,  with  ilrtails  of  extremitiPM  at  c  and/,-  a,  dorsal  view  of  mat  are 
larva,  with  eiilarsemeiit  of  anal  spiracles  at  h;  i  ditto,  lateral  view— natural  sUe  indicated  liy  side 
lines  (from  Insect  Life). 

dorsally  is  spinose,  as  the  preceding  ones  on  the  posterior  margin,  while  in  hovin  it  is 
distinctly  unarmed.  Tho  full-grown  larva  when  escaping  i'rom  the  back  is  of  a  gray- 
ish-white color  aud  rauges  in  length  from  22  to  25  mm, 


a  hand  aero 
covered  wit 
thoracic  rci! 
men  aliove,  i 
are  more  or 


DIPTERA. 


101 


I'liparhim, — Oiico  out  of  tlio  back  tlio  liirva  rapiilly  (liirkciiM  iiiwl  contriiPtH, and  tho 
|iii|iuriiiiii,  wliicli  is  iinT<ly  tlm  roiitnu'tcil  utnl  liMnlciiril  liirvii,  liiTiimtM  <liiik  liinwn, 
iiliiiDMt  liliick,  lull.  otlit'i'wiHo  poHttcsHi'H  nil  tliu  (;liiirii<'lrrlHli('s  nC  I  ho  laivii. 

/iH((;/o  (FiK.  '")•— ''•'"kHi,  oiiu-hivlf  iiicli  (flv('-oinlith«  with  nvipoNitor  uxtunilud); 
l;.  iiiTiil  color,  liliick;  body  iiioio  or  Ichm  clotlit'd  with  yi'llowiNli-wliilf.  ri'ildiMh,  and 
Iiiii\vni8ii-hliit'k  hail's.     Tlir  Cront.  HidfH,  and  liack  of  tiic  head,  Iht;  nidt'ei  ol'  the  Ihi^ax, 


1  form  ol'  tint 
uiii  div('rji;os 
if<|nirfH  many 
xTs,  howcviT, 
thiT  tlian  the 
iihly  in  did)  r- 
tho  adult,  the 
niinont.  Tlio 
toccaHKuuilIy 
d).  Tliodor- 
liniitod  to  tile 

storiBtic  aiina- 
u  tlie  larva  of 
rally  and  also 


rrmrrrr 


*^ 


t^^lm^iMJ*  t  i'  I  I     I 


v.u.v, 


i.i,i':i  i.'i  ..I 


•  ^.1 

3 
3 
4 
S 

6 
1 
$ 

f 

11 


Frii.  4n.  —  lt!i)ioiieri)ialiiii'ata:  <liiii;riiiii  of  spiny  nniinliiri>. 

a  hand  ai-ross  tlu<  haso  ol"  tho  scuttdluni,  anil  tho  lia«al  Hoijuiont  of  tho  ahdouioii  are 
covored  with  lonjj  yollowi.sli-wliitc,  alnioHt  whito,  hairs.  Thi'  hoad  ahovo,  <'0Dtral 
thoracic  ro^ion,  including  jMotborax  and  nicsothorax,  niiddlu  HO^nionts  of  t\w  alido' 
nionnhove,  and  I«f,'H,  clothed  with  hrownish-bhn  k  bairn,  whiiluui  tho  iioad  and  thorax 
arc  more  or  loss  intorniixed  with  whitish  hairs.      The  oov(<riuy'  of  hairs  in  sliorior  and 


lent  (if  extromi- 
view  of  iiiiitare 
tlicnted  liy  Hide 


Fio.  il.—Tfjiiniih'rma  lini-ata:  fi.miilo— nntariil  bI/.c  iniliciitiMl  liy  sidr  line  (fruni  Tiiscct  Life). 

scantier  on  the  bead  and  thorax,  an<l  Ibo  tip  of  the  scutelluui  and  followin^i  i>arta  of 
the  thorax,  togethor  with  four  pronunent  lines  on  tho  thorax,  indicated  in  tho  draw- 
ing by  the  liigb  light,  are  snumtb  and  higbly  polished.  Tho  hairs  of  the  terminal  seg- 
ments of  tho  abdomen  are  reddish-orange,  wliich  color  also  predominates  on  the  bind 
tibiw. 


102 


insects  affecting  domestic  animals. 
The  Sheep  Bot-fi.y  or  Head  Maggot. 


{(Estrus  oris  Linn.) 

This  insect,  like  tlie  other  ii)(3inbers  of  the  family,  has  been  known  for 
centuries,  and  lias  been  e(iiially  dreaded  by  the  animals  it  infests.  It 
was  mentioned  by  the  ( Jreek  physician,  AU'xander  Trallian,  as  far  back 
as  the  year  r)(»0.  Notwithstanding-  tiiat  it  has  been  so  well  known,  very 
different  estimates  have  been  placed  ujioii  the  injury  it  may  cause. 
Indeed,  some  writers  have  gone  so  far  as  to  claim  that  no  injury  results 
from  its  ju-esence,  and  to  ridicule  the  idea  that  sheep  die  of  "  grub  in 
the  head."     Even  so  high  an  authority  as  Mr.  Youatt  declares: 

It  is  int'oinpatiblt)  with  the  wisdom  and  goodness  that  aro  everywhere  evident,  in 
proportion  as  the  ]dicnoniena  of  natnre  arc  chisely  examined,  that  the  destined  resi- 
dence of  the  (J\striifi  oris  shonld  hv.  i)rodnctiveof  pontinued  inconvenience  or  disease. 

Mr.  liandall  is  ciurect  in  saying  that  "  this  is  as  farfetclied  as  a  con 
elusion  as  the  reasoning  on  which  it  is  founded."  If  the  grub  in  the 
head  is  not  productive  of  inconvenience  or  disease,  whence  the  suffer- 
ing condition,  the  loss  of  appetite,  the  slow,  weak  gait,  the  frequent 
co^ighing,  the  purulent  matter,  sometimes  so  ])rofusely  secreted  as  at 
times  to  almost  prevent  the  animals  breatliing?  Whence  the  tossing 
and  lowering  of  the  head,  and  the  fits  of  frjnzy  to  which  so  naturally 
quiet  and  gentle  an  animal  as  the  sheep  is  subject  ?  All  these  symptoms 
result  from  grub  in  the  head,  and  the  animal  frequently  gets  too  weak 
to  rise,  ami  finally  dies.  These  effects  of  the  grub  were  well  recognized 
and  understood  by  such  old  writers  and  close  observers  as  lieaumur 
and  KoUar,  while  numerous  flock  nnisters  of  close  observation  who  have 
sutt'ered  from  this  pest  agree  in  ascribing  these  symptoms  to  this  car'«e. 
It  would  be  as  reasonable  to  believe  that  those  parasites  are  beneficial 
which  are  so  injurious  to  man  either  internally  or  externally,  or  those 
which  prey  ui)on  on:  (iaterpillars  and  other  insects,  and  invariably 
destroy  them.  For  although  when  theie  are  but  few  grubs  in  the  head 
the  ijijury  may  not  be  perceptible,  they  can  never  be  beneficial,  and 
when  numerous  will  undoubtedly  cause  death.  They  can  uot  live  in  the 
head  of  tlie  shecj)  without  causing  great  irritation  by  the  spines  with 
which  the  ventral  region  is  covered  and  theho(iksA\Ith  which  they  cling  to 
such  a  sensitive  membrane  as  that  which  lines  the  sinuses.  IMoreover, 
when  numei  (US  enough  to  absorb  more  mucus  than  the  sheep  secretes  the 
grubs  MiU  iced  on  the  membrane  itself,  and  (according  to  the  evidence  of 
pome  pracitical  sheei)men)  will  even  enter  the  brain  through  the  natural 
I)erforations  of  tiie  ethmoid  bone,  througii  wliich  pass  the  olfactory 
nerves,  in  either  of  which  cases  they  must  cause  the  most  excruciating 
pain.  The  natural  fear  also  which  the  sheep  have  of  the  fiy  and  the 
pains  they  take  to  prevent  its  access  to  tlu;  imsr3  are  of  themselves  i)roof 
that  it  is  obuoxious  to  them.    The  pest  appears  to  have  been  more  abun 


'  Adapted  in  part       m  Riley's  Mo.  Rep.  I,  pp.  161-165. 


DtPTfiftA. 


103 


(laiit  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  than  in  the  Eastern  States,  ac  limes  grubs 
being  found  in  the  head  of  almost  every  sheep  that  di<  While  it  is 
possible  that  the  disease  produced  by  this  insect  may  be  confused  with 
the  "  gid  "  or  "  staggers  "  produced  by  an  entozoan  parasite,  the  Tcvnia 
riinurufi,  it  is  doubtless  true  that  many  cases  of  death  from  these  bots 
;uv,  assigned  to  other  causes.  And,  on  tlie  other  hand,  undoubtedly 
many  other  diseases  are  cloaked  by  the  popular  verdict  of  "  grub  in  the 
Iiead." 

The  Hies  whi(!h  are  represented  in  figure  48,  1  and  2,  life  size,  make 
tlioir  appearance  in  June  and  July,  and  deposit  living  maggots  in  the 
nostrils  of  the  sheep. 

This  point  may  be  considered  as  well  established  by  competent 
observers,  although  the  older  authorities  all  speak  of  the  de])osition  of 
an  egg.  It  may  be  possible,  however,  that  eggs  are  deposited  in  cases 
where  the  flies  are  ])articularly  fortunate  in  finding  their  victim  with- 
out delay,  but  in  such  (rases  the 
eggs  doubtless  hatch  almost  im- 
mediately after  <leposition.  Tiie 
larva;  at  once  commence  to  work 
their  way  up  the  nostrils  and  nasal 
])assages,  causing  great  irritation 
on  their  way  until  they  reach  the 
frontal  sinuses, cavities  located  be- 
tween the  two  i)lates  of  the  skull 
and  lying  one  on  each  side  of  the 
central  line  of  the  head  and  be- 
tween and  a  little  above  the  eyes. 
There  they  attach  tliemselves  by 
the  little  hooks  or  tentacuhi,  placed 
each  side  of  the  head,  to  tlie  mem- 
branes which  line  the  cavities, 
feeding  on  the  mucus  which  is  always  to  be  found  in  them.  Until  they 
attain  their  growth  they  are  of  a  creamy  white  color  with  two  brown 
spots  i>laced  side  by  side  on  the  posterior  segment.  These  spots  (fig. 
48, 0,  e)  are  spiracles  or  stigmata,  through  which  the  worm  breathes. 
The  seguu'nt  with  these  two  spiracles  is  retracjfile,  and  can  be  drawn 
in  and  hidden  at  the  worm's  i>leasure.  When  full  grown  the  grub 
be(!omes  darker,  particularly  toward  the  tail,  the  white  of  the  first  two 
or  three  segments  becoming  dirty  white  on  the  fourth  or  fifth,  and 
growing  darker  on  each  successive  segment  until  the  last,  which  is  a 
very  dark  brown.  (See  4  and  5  of  fig.  48.)  It  has  two  small  parallel 
hooks  or  tentacula  at  tlie  head  {a),  and  above  these  two  very  small 
tubercles,  not  very  easily  shown  in  the  engraving.  It  also  has  small 
brown  elevated  round  spots  on  each  of  the  segments  along  the  sides, 
which  might  at  first  be  taken  for  spiracles,  but  which  are  not,  and 
also  two  small  corneous  appendages  (5,  h,  and  0,  <  of  flg.  48)  on  each 
side  of  the  anus.    The  ventral  region  has  a  band  of  small  elevated 


3fiM«t«««v 


Fio.  iS.—<Kiilni»  ovis:  1  and  2.  Ailiilt  lly.  3. 
1*111)11.  4.  FuUurown  larva,  dorsal  view.  H. 
Siiiiic,  vi'iifral  view.  C.  Young  larva.  1  and  2 
natural  lizi",  the  others  enlarged  (from  Kiloy). 


104 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


dots  niniiiiifjf  the  breadth  of  each  segment  in  tlieir  middle,  which, 
uuder  the  maynitier,  appear  to  be  minute  brown  spines  all  pointing 
posteriorly  (tiy,  48, 5).  These  aid  the  maggot  in  its  movements.  When 
ready  to  contract  into  a  pupa  it  passes  down  the  nasal  passages  o\' 
the  sheep  and  falls  to  the  ground,  where  it  quickly  buries  itself,  and 
in  about  forty-eight  hours  contracts  to  half  its  former  size,  and  becomes 
smooth  and  hard  and  of  si  black  color,  tapering,  as  in  the  larva',  toward 
the  head.  It  remains  in  this  state  from  forty  to  fifty  d.'iys  or  more, 
according  to  the  weather,  when  the  Hy  pushes  oi)en  a  little  round  cajt- 
piecc  at  the  head  and  thus  arrives  at  maturity.  In  this  stage  it  looks 
something  likt^  an  overgrown  house  tly.  The  ground  color  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  head  and  thorax  is  dull  yellow,  but  they  are  so  covered  with 
little  round  spots  and  atoms  (scarcely  distinguishable  without  the  aid 
of  a  magniticr)  that  they  have  a  brown  appearance.  The  abdomen  con- 
sists of  five  rings,  is  velvety  and  variegated  with  dark  brown  and  straw 
color.  On  the  under  side  it  is  of  the  same  color,  but  not  variegated  in 
the  sanu',  way,  there  being  a  dark  s\)ot  in  the  middle  of  each  ring.  The 
feet  are  brown,  the  under  side  of  the  head  is  i)utted  out  and  white. 
The  antenna'  are  extremely  small  and  spring  from  two  lobes  which  are 
sunk  into  a  (lavity  at  the  anterior  and  under  part  of  the  head.  The 
eyes  are  purplish  brown,  and  three  small  eyelets  are  distinctly  visible 
on  the  top  of  the  head.  It  has  no  nmuth  and  can  not,  therefore,  take 
any  nourishment.  The  wings  are  transparent  and  extend  beyond  the 
body,  and  the  winglets  (calypteres),  which  are  (piitc  large  and  white, 
cover  entirely  the  poisers.  Its  only  instinct  .seems  to  be  the  continua- 
tion of  its  kind.  It  is  <piite  lazy,  and  «  xcept  when  attempting  to 
deposit  its  eggs  its  wings  are  seldom  used. 


PREVENTION   AND   REMEDY, 


To  prevent  it  from  depositing  its  young,  different  means  are  resorted 
to.  Mr.  Randall  says  "  some  farmers  turn  up  the  soil  in  portions  of 
pasture  so  that  the  sheep  may  thrust  their  noses  into  the  soft  ground 
on  the  apiu'oach  of  the  tly,  while  others  smear  their  noses  with  tar  or 
cause  tliem  to  do  so  themselves."  But  as  the  Hy  is  very  i)er8evering, 
and  generally  attains  her  object,  the  nutans  to  be  most  depended  on  is 
the  dislodging  of  the  larva'  or  grub,  and  so  far  lime  has  been  thought 
the  most  effectual  and  should  be  given  them  so  thai  by  snifling  it  they 
maybe  made  to  sneeze,  and  thus  dislodge  the  grub  in  many  cases.  Some 
sheep  keepers  even  shut  their  sheep  up  for  several  nights  in  a  tight 
barn  when  first  taken  up  in  the  fall,  believing  that  the  close  and 
heated  atmosphere  induces  the  grub  to  descend,  and  is  therefoie  more 
easily  dislodged,  and  that  the  inju-y  accruing  from  such  foul  air  is 
trifling  compared  to  the  benefit  received  from  dislodging  the  grubs. 
Other  sheep  breeders  are  in  the  b  t'>it  of  fixing  salt  logs  in  their  pas- 
tures, of  sufficient  length  to  enable  all  the  sheep  to  get  at  them.  Into 
these  logs,  at  intervals  of  5  or  6  inches,  holes  are  bored  with  a  2-inch 


DIPTERA. 


105 


;iii|{'cr,  and  during  the  season  a  little  salt  is  kept  in  these  Iioles,  while 
every  few  days  a  little  tar  is  smeared  around  them  with  a  brush.  The 
siieei)  in  obtaining  the  salt  tar  their  noses  and  the  odor  of  the  tar 
keeps  tlie  fly  away.  In  severe  cases,  where  the  grubs  are  already  in 
lie  head,  they  may  be  dislodged  in  a  measure  by  a  feather  dipped  in 
turpentine,  whieli  should  be  run  up  the  nose  and  quickly  turned. 
This,  of  course,  (^an  be  but  partially  effective,  as  it  is  diflicult  to  reach 
tiie  extremity  of  the  tortuous  canals,  and  it  is  in  such  localities  that 
tiiey  must  cause  greatest  dilliculties.  For  the  same  reason  and  on 
account  of  the  great  i)ain  caused  the  animal  the  use  of  a  wire  to  remove 
tlie  larvic  as  recommended  by  some  should  be  discountenanced  entirely. 
The  burning  of  sulphur  or  other  destructive  substances  in  a  closed 
mom  is  liiiely  to  l<ill  the  sheep  before  reaching  the  larvae  m  their 
retreats.  In  w<mhl  be  interesting,  however,  to  determine  what  effect 
pyrethrum  would  have  upon  them.  Valuable  animals  may  be  treated 
by  trephining,  to  remove  the  grubs  from  tlie  sinuses — an  operation 
that  should  be  jterfornied  by  a  veterinarian  or  skdled  operator. 

The  IvEINDeeu  Bot. 

{tKilrnuujvnn  tarandi  Linn.) 

This  s])ecies  is  reeorde<l  as  a  parasite  of  the  reindeer  in  Europe  and 
North  America  and  is  doubtless  of  no  little  economic  importance  where 
tliis  animal  is  an  essential  domestic  species.  Its  habits  are  similar  to 
those  of  llypoderma,  and  it  is  reeorde<l  that  the  presence  of  the  para- 
sites is  a  source  of  great  annoyance  to  their  hosts.  No  observations 
have  been  made,  so  far  as  1  know,  to  determine  the  manner  of  intro- 
duction, but  there  would  seem  to  be  the  same  probability  of  their 
introduction  by  the  mouth  as  exists  for  the  species  of  llyiwdernui. 

Deer  Bots. 

Species  of  bots  are  recorded  from  deer,  elk,  and  antelopes,  the  flies 
being  included  in  the  genus  Cephenomyia.  Two  species  of  this  genus 
are  credited  to  America,  but  it  is  probable  that  careful  collecting  from 
these  animals  would  increase  the  number. 

TiiK  Emasculating  Bot-fly. 


{Ciiierebra  emasculator  Fitch.) 

In  the  supplement  to  his  third  report  as  State  entomologist  of  New 
York  Dr.  Fitch  ])resent8  the  history  of  a  bot-fly  which  is  of  remarkable 
interest,  and  though  it  does  not  affect  any  domesticated  animal  (except 
as  squirrels  may  be  kept  as  pets),  the  subject  is  of  such  interest  that 
we  can  not  pass  it  unnoticed  in  this  connection.  It  would  be  interest- 
ing to  reproduce  Dr.  Fitch's  notes  entire,  but  they  are  too  lengthy  for 
anything  but  a  brief  synopsis. 


106 


INSECTS  APPECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


He  reared  the  fly  from  which  his  description  is  made  from  a  larva 
obtained  from  tlie  striped  squirrel  or  chipmunk  {Tamias  striatits  lysteri). 
The  larva  occurred  in  the  scrotum,  causing  it  to  become  unnaturally 
enlarged,  and  when  found  lay  with  tail  end  next  a  small  opening 
"larger  than  the  head  of  a  large  pin,  the  testicles  being  entirely  con- 
stuiied."  This  larva  buried  itself  August  13, 18r)6,  and  issued  as  fly 
.Inly  21»,  IS.")?.  So  far  as  we  know, this  is  the  only  adult  of  the  species 
which  has  ever  been  reared. 

Sonje  notes  upon  the  species  were  published  by  Riley  and  Iloward 
in  Insect  Life  (Vol.  I.  p.  214),  with  flguj'  s  of  the  larva,  a  few  paragrai>h8 
of  wliicli  we  reproduce  here,  with  the  flgnres. 


Fia.id.—Cuterebra  einasculator:  a,  full-grown  larva  from  abovo;  h,  Rnmo,  from  Itolow— enliirgod;  c, 
hca<l  of  sumt;;  (/,  aual  cud  of  Maine;  e,  portion  of  inU'guiiieiit  of  huiiiu — Btill  moru  enlarged  (from 
Insect  Life). 

Dr.  Fitch  imhliBliod  a  painetakinfj  description  of  the  differont  stajj;e8  and  gave  the 
Bpecies  Wub  unnu^  ^>(  Cutvrvbra  cintinciila'lor  from  tho  hirval  Ixahifc  ■which  he  snitposed 
characteristic.  Ho  mentions  tho  fact  thathuntirain  the  vicinity  of  I-akeville,  N.  Y., 
where  the  lirst  specimen  sent  him  was  found,  liad  long  heen  familiar  with  the  fact 
that  at  least  one-half  of  the  male  gray  squirrels  shot  in  that  vicinity  were  found  to 
be  castrated,  and  that  it  was  the  opinion  of  hunters  that  tho  deformity  was  caused 
by  the  squirrels  seizing  and  biting  out  the  testicles  of  their  comrades.  In  support 
of  this  idea  he  gives  tho  testimony  of  Mr,  Ilurst,  taxiilermist  of  tho  New  York  State 
Cabinet  of  Natural  History,  who  claimed  to  have  seen  a  half  dozen  red  scpiirrels 
unite  in  mastering  a  gray  one  and  castrating  him.  Dr.  Fitch  queries  whether  the 
bot-fly  may  not  be  attracted  by  the  wounds  so  made,  if  tiiis  habit  prove  common, 
b;>t  conclud(!s  that  the  object  of  the  joint  attack  of  several  ujton  oue  is  ruther  to 
kill  tho  grub  wliich  is  engaged  in  omasculatiug  hiui. 


DIPTERA. 


107 


Tn fortunately  there  is  yet  Bome  doubt  as  to  whether  Fitch's  species -will  hold, 
lirauc:-,  iu  his  Monograph  of  the  G-'strida',  page  232,  quotes  Fitch's  description  at 
1(  iigth,  and  states  that  he  can  not  separate  the  species  from  Cuterchra  scuMlaria 
LocAV,  a  North  American  species,  the  hahits  of  whicli  do  not  soem  to  ho  known. 

If  this  interesting  insect  has  not  attracted  much  attention  of  late  years  from 
entomologists,  it  lias  not  failed  to  lie  noticed  hy  zooloijists  and  taxidermists,  although 
we  arc  not  aware  that  observations  have  been  published.  The  following  statoment 
was  written  at  our  request  by  Dr.  Merriam,  the  ornithologist  of  the  Department,  as 
we  had  learned  by  conversation  that  he  had  made  notes  some  years  ago  on  the  ahiiu- 
dance  of  the  insect  in  New  York  State : 

"In  reply  to  your  inquiry  concerning  the  occurrence  of  Cuterobrie  iu  8<iuirrels,  I 
would  state  that  during  many  years  collecting  in  the  Adirondack  region  of  northern 
\ew  York,  particul.arly  along  its  western  border,  in  the  Black  Kiver  Valley,  I  fre- 
([Uently  found  Cuterebra".  in  or  near  the  scrotum  iu  the  gray  scpiirrcl  (.%(■«>•?/((  carolhi- 
ciisia  IciicoUa),  red  squirrel  {Sciurua  hudaoniiiH),  and  chipmunk ( Tamias slriattia lyateii). 
I  have  observed  the  same  thing  at  East  Hampton,  Mass.,  and  in  other  locilities. 
The  most  extraordinary  instance  of  the  prevalence  of  this  disgusting  parasite  that 
has  fallen  under  my  observation  was  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Champlain,  New 
York,  in  October,  1J<85.  On  the  7th  and  Jlth  of  that  month  I  killed  more  than  fifty 
chipnniuks  (Tamiaa  striaius  hjateri)  within  a  few  miles  of  old  Fcrt  Ticonderoga  and 
on  the  rocky  8i<le  hill  behind  the  town  of  Whitehall.  ( »f  these  a  very  large  percent- 
age—I  think  fully  one-half— were  infested  with  "wabbles"  (Cnterelira').  More 
females  than  males  were  thus  alllicted.  The  "  wabbles"  Avere  usually  situated  near 
the  median  line,  and  anywhere  from  the  umbilical  region  to  the  genitals.  In  a  few 
cases  they  were  in  the  axilla,  and  iu  one  or  two  instances  i!i  the  upper  part  of  the 
foreleg.  In  a  number  of  individuals  two  Cutorebrie  were  found  and  in  a  few  cases 
as  many  as  three. 

"Dr.  A.  K.  l-isher  tells  me  that  he  collected  a  number  of  chipmunks  about  the 
south  end  of  I-ake  (Jeorge,  Warren  County,  N.  Y.,  during  the  latter  ]iart  of  August 
and  first  of  September,  1882,  a  considerable  proportion  of  which  were  infested  with 
Cutercbrju.  As  many  as  three  were  found,  in  ditlerent  stages  of  developmeut,  in 
one  animal.  A  gray  squirrel  killed  .at  Sing  Sin'i,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  con- 
tained a  Cuterebra  in  the  left  pectoral  region.'' 

It  is  very  possible  that  the  larvae  of  more  tlian  one  species  of  the  genus  Cuterebra 
were  concerned  in  the  cases  noticed  by  Drs.  Merriam  ami  Fisher,  but  this  point  can 
not  he  decided  at  the  present  time.     •     *     * 

Concerning  the  capture  of  the  specimen,  which  was  from  a  fenuile  cliipmunk,  Mr. 
Starkweather  wrote,  October  Ii»,  1888: 

"About  noon  on  the  13th  my  children's  pet  kitten  came  iu  from  the  grove  near 
our  house,  in  the  Rock  Creek  region,  with  a  'chippy'  iu  its  mouth.  They  rescued 
it  at  once,  Liit,  although  warm,  life  was  extinct.  The  strange  appendage,  ov  abnor- 
mal growth  which  they  noticed  tm  the  under  side,  caused  them  to  lay  it  away  care- 
fully iu  an  empty  covered  cigar  box  'to  show  papa.' 

"My  attention  was  called  to  it  twenty-four  hours  later,  when  the  dark-colored 
maggot  was  found  in  one  corner  of  th<!  box  nearly  motionless.  Tliey  described  the 
'swelling'  as  about  an  inch  long  and  of  the  shape  of  a  mulberry.  There  seemed  to 
1  e  a  natural  opening  at  its  apex  over  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  with  a  tinge 
of  a  dark  liquid  about  it." 

Subseciuent  inquiry  has  revealed  the  fact  that  squirrel  hunters  iu  this  vicinity 
rei)ort  that  these  grubs  are  very  abundant  around  Washington  in  the  common  gray 
squirrel,  one  gentleman,  with  that  freedom  from  fact-bias  characteristic  of  the 
ani-'eur  hunter,  stating  that  he  never  shot  a  squirrel  which  was  not  infested  by 
grubs.  We  will  doubtless,  therefore,  have  opportunities  for  maring  the  ailult  and 
comparing  it  with  Loew's  acutellaria. 

The  larva  has  already  been  well  described  by  Fitch,  and  our  figures  will  illustrate 
its  appearance.  The  specimen  from  which  they  were  drawn  was  evidently  full- 
grown,  and  has  entered  the  earth  in  a  breeding  jar. 


108 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


l'"lo.  !iO,  —  ('vti'rrbra  cunieiiH:    ndnlt;    Rid 
.sliiiws  iialiirni  li'D^lli  (original). 


line 


It  will  be  noted  that  all  the  cases  so  far  cited  show  the  larva'  to  be 
mature  in  the  latter  part  of  suinnier  or  in  fall,  and  in  tin*  specimen  reared 
by  Dr.  Fitch  pupation  lasted  through  the  winter  and  until  the  follow- 
iufj- July,  which  is  quite  ditlerent  from  the  i>eri(!d  of  pupation  in  most 

of  tiie  hot-tlios,  (U'diniiiily  the  pupa 
stajje  lastiny  but  n  few  weeks  and 
tiie  winter  beinf;]>assed  in  the  larval 
staji'e  in  the  bodies  of  the  host  ani- 
mal. It  IS  hardly  to  be  supjiosed 
that  eggs  laid  by  an  adult  the  last 
of  July  could  mature  by  the  middle 
of  August,  so  we  nius*;  infer  more 
than  one  yearas  necessary  t<»  the  life 
cycle  of  the  insect,  in  some  cases 
at  least. 

July .'U,  188"), Mr.  ( '.eorge  K.  Ciier- 
rie,  then  astmlent  in  the  Towa  Agri- 
cidtural  College,  took  two  larvae 
from  thc!  scrotum  of  a  chipmuidv,  tlie  testicles  being  entirely  consumed. 
These  be  placed  in  ahrohol,  and  the  specimens  now  in  hand  correspond 
perfectly  with  the  description  of  larva  given  by  Dr.  Fitch,  exce))t  that 
Dr  Fitch  states  that  the  head  end  presents  no  appearance  of  .jaws  or 
other  appendages,  while  in  these  spc<v 

imens  the  hook-like  appendages  are  *  ~~^ 

distinct.  These  nughtbe  so  retracted, 
however,  as  to  be  inconspicuous  and 
easily  overlooked. 

The  figures  here  presented  (tig.  49) 
were  drawn  from  specimens  i-eceived 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  (leorge 
B.  Starkweather.  The  details  con- 
cerning their  (capture,  etc.,  we  repro- 
duce (see  ]).  i07)  from  Insect  Life 
(Vol.  II,  p.  216). 

If  it  is  allowable  to  detail  a  life 
cycle  from  the  records  at  hand  it  would  seem  that  full-grown  larva'  are 
found  from  the  1st  of  August  until  in  October,  and  that  within  this 
time,  probably,  they  esc^ape  fror.i  the  host  and  burrow  in  the  earth  to 
pupate,  renmining  in  the  i)upa  stage  until  July  of  the  following  year, 
eggs  then  deposited  icquiring  at  least  one  full  year  for  the  growth  of 
the  larva',  and  the  life  cycle  being  completed  in  not  less  than  two  full 
years. 

The  llAniuT  Bot-fly. 

(Cuferehra  ciinivuli  Clark.) 

Rabbits  are  infested  with  a  very  large  bot,  which  attracted  attention 
a  century  ago,  the  fly  being  named  (Estrus  euniculi  by  Clark,  and  later, 


Fid.   51. — Ciiti'rehra  ciniiciili: 
(oriiriiii'l). 


side 


DIPTERA. 


109 


.?*^" 


hr-.s^ 


ill  tlio  I'iSsay»  1S15,  referred  to  the  genus  Cuterehra,  while  at  the  same 

time  he  described  aiiotlier  tonu  as  horripiltim.    The  adults  of  these 

two  forms  are  so  nearly  alike  that 

r.iiiuer  believes  them  to  be  the  same, 

lilt"  niiiiciili  being  deseribed  from  a 

slijilitly  di'imded  spcc^iinen.   Without 

;itt('m;>tliig  to  settle  this  question, we 

may  |)i'o(t'ed  on  the  Hupi)08ition  that 

ilicre  is  but  one   speiiies  and  then 

(all  attention  to  the  specimens  which 

liiive  exaet  eorrcs|)ondenee  with  the 

description  of  liorripilnni. 

The  adult  is  a  large  lly,  almost  as 
large  and  having  some  resemblance 
to  u  bumblebee.  The  head  is  black, 
the  thorax  above  covered  with  a 
yellow-bi'own  hair,  the  (irst  segment 
of  the  abd<»men  with  yellow  hair,  an*^ 
the  rest  of  the  abdomen  of  a  blue- 
black  color. 

The  egg  and  early  stages  of  larva  are  unknown,  but  the  full-grown 
larva  is  a  large,  black,  spiny  creature,  found  under  the  skiu  of  the 
rabbit,  where  it,  tbrms  a  large  tumor. 


CO         

l'"in.  52. — Cuteri'hra  cumctiK:  a,  larva,  ventral 
ft»l»'i't;  b,  pupa,  liitcral  viewj  c,  anterior  ox- 
Ironiity;  (f,  hooks  and  iintcrior  spiracles  of 
larva— nil  enlarKed  (original) 


Kio.  h'.i.—f!iio<n<bra  liorriiiiliim .-  ailiiU- natural  size  (original). 

Tue  Department  records  show  these  larviB  to  have  been  collected 
at  Oracle  and  Khu-euce,  Arizona;  Tuscola,  Fla.;  iSavauuah,  Ga.;  Itiv- 


Tm.  M — Vvtfrfhrn  larva,  collected  nt  Ames:  a,  ventral;  6,  lateral;  c,  dorsal  aspect  (original). 

erside,  Oal.,  and  Estes  PuiUv,  Colo.,  while  specimens  from  St.  George, 
Fla.,  referred  doubtfully  to  this  species,  were  taken  from  the  necks 
of  rats. 


110 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


■I'll 


Til  tho-  a<u'()ini)jiiiyiug  fi{,'iires,  aO  and  HI,  from  Hpeciiiieus  boloiifjing  to 
the  National  ]\[nsenui,  the  adult  is  shown  in  dorsal  and  side  view,  whiU; 
ligiire  rhi  represents  a  spet'inien  captured  at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  whicli 
agrees  perfectly  Avith  the  form  described  as  horripilnm.  The  i)oiiits  nf 
diflerence  will  be  noted  as  pertaining  to  the  fullness  of  the  liead  in 
front  of  the  eyes  and  in  the  form  of  the  abdomen. 

The  larva  shown  in  figure  .IL*  is  from  a  piirtially  contracted  specimen, 
which  probably  accounts  lor  the  difference  between  them  and  the  fuller 
specimens  shown  in  figure  54.  The  latter  figures  f.,re  from  specimens 
collected  by  Mr.  George  K.  Caerrie  from  the  common  rabbit  at  Ames, 
Iowa. 

While  the  material  at  hand  so  far  favors  the  belief  that  we  have  here 
but  one  species,  it  is  desirable  that  a  hirger  number  of  both  larva*-  and 
adults  should  be  examined,  and  e:  'socially  that  more  specimens  be  bred 
in  order  to  establish  beyond  doubt  the  connection  between  certain 
forms  of  larvae  and  the  adults. 


The  Cotton  tail  Bot. 

(Ciitvrelira  fonthiella  Clark.) 

This  species  was  originally  described  by  (Mark  from  specimens  taken 
in  Illinois,  but  it  remained  practically  unknown  until  the  descriptions 
by  ToAvnseud  in  Insect  Life  (Vol.  V,  pp.  317-320).  It  is  a  large  species, 
the  flies  being  four-fifths  of  an  inch  and  larviii  an  inch  in  length.  (See 
the  full  description  by  Townsend  already  noted.) 


r 


OTHEU  SPECIES. 

Outerehra  huceata  Fab.  is  another  species  that  has  been  recorded  at 
various  times  iu  this  country  (Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  Carolina,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Washington,  D.  0.)  and  is  doubtless  a  fairly  common  para- 
site of  squirrels  and  possibly  other  small  mammals. 

Aside  from  these  that  have  been  mentioned  there  are  a  number  of 
species  in  the  genus  (Juterebra  from  America  which  are  known  o"ly  in 
the  adult  stage,  and  to  discuss  them  here  would  not  only  too  greatly 
extend  the  paper,  but  would  be  of  little  value,  since  for  monographic 
pur])oses  the  student  will  naturally  refer  to  the  v^orks  of  Clark  and 
Brauer. 

Bot-fly  of  Man,  Monkeys,  Dogs,  etc. 

(CEstrus  hominia  L.) 

The  question  whether  there  is  a  bot-fly  peculiar  to  the  Muraan  species 
has  been  much  discussed,  but  the  burden  of  evidence  at  present  avail- 
able leads  to  the  view  that  the  species  occasiorally  infesting  niiu 
occurs  also  on  dogs,  monkeys,  etc.,  and  we  therefore  consider  the 
species  under  the  above  heading. 


DIPTERA. 


Ill 


Tlio  flrst  record  tliat  can  be  considered  as  referring  to  this  form  Is 
the  description  of  Linnicu^,  Syst^ma  Natura,  and  which  in  Turtou's 
translation,  1802  (Vol.  Ill,  p.  583),  roads  as  follows: 

I fomin'm. —]i>n\y  entirely  brown 

Iiilialiits  South  Aiiicricii.  Lining  ap.  Pftll.  Nor. 1.  neytr.,p.  157.  Depositn  its  e>?K8 
iiiMlrr  tlieHkiuoii  thohoUie.sot'tlio  uativos;  the  larva,  it'distiirbud,  puatttrutes  deeper 
;iii(l  i»roiluco9  an  uIcit,  which  Crtiiiiiently  becomes  fatal. 

Siibseqnent  authors  failed  to  verify  Lin n;«Mis's  account  and  concluded 
it  was  a  myth,  thouffh  Clark  (llees,  Cyclopa.dia,  article  Bots),  while 
(•on>'iderinj;  it  probably  a  spurious  species,  at'i  inpts  to  account  for 
the  record  by  sayin}?  that  it  is  "perhaps  merely  an  accitleutal  deposit 
of  (Estrus  bovxH  in  the  human  body,  of  which  there  are  numerous 
instances." 

Fabricius  ijjnored  it  entirely  in  the  Systema  Antli{itorum,and  Latreille 
considers  tlni'  the  larvie  referred  to  were  those  of  Musva  carnaria  or 
some  analaj?ous  species. 

Say,  however,  in  1822  described  specimens  which  he  had  received 
from  South  America,  and  gives  <iuite  a  detailed  account  of  the  habits 
as  detailed  by  Dr.  Harlan,  who  sent  the  specimens.  (Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  Vol.  II,  pp^  353-3(i0;  Complete  Writings,  Vol.  II,  pp.  32-38.) 

To  the  account  published  in  Say's  Writings  Dr.  LeCoute  adds  a 
(le.scription  of  his  own  experience  with  the  in.sect  and  states  that  it  is 
supposed  to  be  the  Dermutohia  noxialis  of  (ioudot. 

Previous  to  this  Kefer.stein  (Uber  (Estrits  /K...<mjs,  Verh.  Zool.-P>otan. 
Gesse^ls.  in  Wien,  1850,  p.  637)  had  collected  all  the  known  foots  regard- 
ing the  bots  infesting  the  human  body,  and  Coquerel  in  1859  had 
described  larvse  taken  from  the  human  body  in  Cayenne,  Mexico,  aud 
New  Orleans  (Revue  et  Magas.  Zool.,  ser.  1859,  T.  11,  pp.  350-361), 
and  with  Salh3  (361-367)  aud  Labonlbene  in  1861  a  similar  larva  from 
Cayenne.  Other  authors  mentioning  it  are  Hill  (N.  T.),  account  of  the 
larva  of  a  sujiposed  (Estrm  hominis  or  gad-tly,  which  deposits  its  eggs 
in  the  bodies  of  the  human  species  (Edinb.  new  Phil.  Jour.,  1830,  pp. 
284-288;  Isis,  p.  917,  1832),  and  Goudot  (Observations  sur  un  diptere 
exotiqne  dont  la  larve  nuit  aux  bteufs.  Cuterehra  noxialis.  Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.,  ser.  3,  1845,  T.  3,  pp.  221-230.  Extr.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  ser.  2, 
1844,  T.  2,  Bull.,  pp.  40-42.) 

Brief  mention  is  made  of  this  species  in  the  American  Entomologist 
(Vol.  I,  p.  86)  under  the  name  of  (Estrus  homuus  Gmelin,  and  in  Pack- 
ard's Guide  (p.  406)  occurs  the  following  condensed  paragraph  on  the 
subject  accompanied  by  figures : 

The  genus  Dermatobia  includes  the  Ver  macaque,  of  Cayenne  and  Mexico,  found 
beneath  the  skin  of  man  in  tropical  America,  and  it  is  disputed  whether  it  be  a  true 
indigenous  "  ffi«<r«»  /lominis"  or  originally  attacks  the  monkey,  dog,  or  other  ani- 
mal. In  Cayenne  the  species  attacking  man  is  called  the  f'er  Macaque;  in  Brazil, 
(Para)  Ura;  in  Costa  Rica,  Tor  eel ;  in  New  Grenada,  Guaano  peludo  or  Muche.  The 
D.  noxialis  Goudot?  Ver  moyocuil  lives  on  the  dog  and  is  found  in  Mexico  aud 
New  Grenada.  The  larvio  are  long,  cylindrical,  S-shaped,  differing  greatly  from 
others  of  this  family  in  form.  The  flies  aie  closely  allied  to  those  of  the  preceding 
genus. 


■ill*' 


112 


IN8ECTB   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALB. 


Professor  Verrii".  (Kxt.  iiiid  Int.  I'anisites  I)oh        liiimis,  j).  24)  inon 
tioiis  JJcnudtohid  iio.ridlis  UH  liiyiiiff  ejjjjfs  in  tht,         Us  nl"  slii'cp  aiul 
cattle,  an<l  that  'Mt  also  attacks  nioii  in  tlie  saiiio  way,  torinin;>'  paiiit'ul 
tumors  beneath  the  skin.    The  same  or  a  simihir  species  also  atl'ectN 
the  (lofjs  in  tn)|)ical  America.'' 

In  a  not«^  appi'nded  (o  I'rofessor  Verrill's  report  tliei-e  is  a  record  of 
the  occurrence  of  what  is  conjectured  to  be  larvaM)!'  the  same  insect, 
taken  from  a  yonuj,  \\(»man  iit  Mississippi. 

And,<|uit«'  recently,  in  an  interestin;-  article  by  Dr.  Matas,  imblished 
in  Insect  Life  (Vol.  I,  pp.  7(»  and  SO),  we  have  an  account  of  the  extra(! 
tion  of  threes  parasites  tVom  a  man  wlio  was  oviposited  iu  while  bathing 
during  a  trii>  in  Spanish  liondurus.     Tlic  account  aj^rees  in  all  |)artic- 


Fio.  65.  — I'l'niinliiliia  noxialiii:  liii'vii;  n,  ventral  nHiicrt  ninlniiponi'itiicror  ('I'lilialicnnilcaiulalRxtrem- 
itioH,  uIhii  till'  thi'ci'  riiwH  I  if  s|ijiii's.  single  liiliiw.  unci  iIm'  piiini  wlit'ii'  t!io  tluiiliUt  (liirHiil  rows  t^nil; 
fc,  tlcpi'Kiil  viiw  slniws  that  the  tlitvd  rows  ol'  Hpiiics  MJiiglti  Ih'Iiiw  aio  iloulilo  above— (greatly  cnlar^iMl 
(IVdin  lusiict  Life.) 

ulars  with  previous  a<'connts  of  infection  from  this  ]»est  and  emphasizes 
the  fact  of  its  injurious  nature. 

We  do  not  wish  to  attempt  here  a  solution  of  the  mixed  synonomy  of 
this  species,  or  nuike  Jiny  do}»inatic  assertions  as  to  the  accounts,  all 
referring  to  one  and  the  same  insect.  That  should  be  demonstrated  by 
the  n'aringof  Hies  in  the  region  where  bots  abound.  It  maybe  said  in 
passing,  however,  that  when  occurring  in  man  the  larva  must  iu  the 
great  nuijorityof  cases  be  killed  betbre  matuiing,  and  hence  the  multi 
jdication  of  the  species  be  acconii)lished  by  the  infection  of  some  of  the 
lower  animals. 

Treating  the  accounts  in  a  body,  there  is  certainly  no  d(mbt  as  to  the 
injurious  nature  of  the  pest,  for,  while  most  reports  are  devoted  natu- 
rally to  presenting  its  injuries  to  man  as  of  greater^  interest,  enough  is 
said  to  prove  that  dogs  and  other  animals  are  greatly  troubled  by  them. 


DIPTERA. 


113 


TTpon  man,  »ill  a«'coui»tM,  except  tliat  of  Dr.  LeCoiite,  reiuuseiit  tliem 
lis  setious  aiiiioyaiice.H  and  some  of  tliem  as  fatal.  Dr.  licContu  Hays  in 
ilio  infested  natives  tliey  seeined  to  prodneo  hnt  little  nneasiness,  and 
iliat  the  parties  were  not  aware  of  tlie  time  wlien  the  vgfxn  were  depos- 
ited. He  admits  tliat  "theyi)ro«lnee  a  swelling  liavinjj  the  apjiearance 
III'  iin  ordinary  boil,  in  which  at  times  is  felt  for  a  few  seconds  an  acnte 
|i;iinwhen  the  worm  moves." 

Apparently  no  one  has  as  yet  obtained  the  adnlt  fly  from  larvae  infest- 
injif  man,  either  by  rearin;;  them  from  larva-  e.\traete«l  or  eseapinj^  from 
beneath  the  skin  or  by  eaptnrin};  them  when  depositinj;  ejjgs.  Lin- 
niens's  description  refers  to  tlui  larva. 

In  many  accounts  there  is  no  reference  to  adistiin't  sting  at  the  time 
of  egg  deposition,  this  being  determined  by  8id)se(|uent  lo(>ation  aiul 
development  (»f  tumors;  but  Dr.  r^eOonte,  already  cited,  remarks  espe- 
cially upon  the  victims  not  being  aware  wlien  the  eggs  were  laid,  and 
this  might  give  color  to  the  existence  of  more  than  one  species. 


Fio.  5(1.— n,  Hrnm'f's  tlniiro  cif  ••ntiif  Dcniinfoliiiv  larva,  Riippimeil  to  bo  rlnsely  allied  to  sprrimpiig 
Hlinuii  In  i'lii.  55;  h.  ci'iiliiilic  rxlruiiiit.v;  c,  caudal  cxtreniity  uf  giiiiiu  s|ii'('iiiu'n ;  d,  D(>niiuliil>iu  larva 
tit;»n'd  by  Coqurrt'I,  niid  rlimcly  relatud  to,  if  iiut  identical  with,  proci'diiig  only  suuu  iiiidt-r  lower 
power  and  purliaiia  in  earlier  period  of  duvelopuieut — enlarged  (from  luHect  Lite). 

It  appears  (|uite  certain  that  m  some  cases  at  least  the  eggs  are  so 
fastened  to  the  skin  that  the  deposition  is  attended  with  pain. 

The  larva'  evidently  hatch  very  soon  after  and  tlevelop  with  consid- 
erable rajudity,  but  since  in  all  recorded  cases  tlie  larva  has  been 
extracted  before  maturity  nothing  is  known  of  its  pupation.  The  form 
is  quite  i)eculiar  and  renders  the  accounts  at  least  all  referable  to  one 
genus  of  (Estrida'. 

We  reproduce  from  Insect  Life  the  tigures  presented  in  the  paper  by 
Dr.  Matas. 

The  usual  remedy  consists  in  the  forcible  expulsion  of  the  larva, 
sometimes  assisted  by  incisions,  the  application  of  tobacco  ashes,  etc. 

In  a  recent  paper  Blanchard '  gives  an  extended  account  of  the 


>R.  lilanchard,  Siir  lea  CEstndes  amdricaines  dont  la  larve  vit  dans  la  peau  de 
rhonime.    AiiiialoH  de  la  Soci<St6  entomol.  de  Frauce,  Vol.  LXI,  p.  109,  Vi92. 
4653— No.  5 8 


114 


INSECTS   APFKCTINO    DOMKHTIO   ANIMALS. 


^ffil 


s|M'«'i«'SiUV«'('tinf;  iiiiiii,  und  it'lers  to  two  Hpcrit's,  Itennatithin  iio.ii<iliHmu] 
/>.  t'lfniiiniitris,  the  spiicio.s  (otniiioii  tliroujflnmt  tiopiiiiil  Aiiiorini.  In 
tlio  foriiicr  tito  sccoiiil  iiiitl  third  H(';;;iiH>iitsaro])roviiluil  witli  lltiespiiuvs, 
wliilo  in  tlio  latter  tliow  scjjnuMits  iirr  smooth;  ami  in  th(*  fonurr,  also, 
the  i)ost<'iior  border  of  st»<«;nients  1  to  7  are  without  a  ranp<  of  hooks 
ilorsally,  while  ci/onin'niriH  has  tlu'se  sejjnients  and  al<o  the  eij^hth, 
sonieliiues,  with  a  row  of  erooked  hov>kH  pointing'  forward  on  the  pos- 
t«'ri(U'  border  dorsally. 

I'ailliet  speaks  of  these  liotsas  at  times  a  veritable  si-ourj^e  to  cattle, 
usidc  from  tlieir  attattks  on  man  and  do^:s. 

l'\uiiily  Ml  >«  'II  >.<-:. 

(IIous<>  KlicH  and  Alli«'s.) 

These  are  robust-bodied,  usually  hairy  llies,  the  larv;e  of  wliieh  aro 
lleshy,  lb(»tless  majjj^ots,  livinj;  in  deeayin^'  nmtter,  ordure,  ete. 

TiiK  Iloim  I'LV. 

( Ifnuiatoliiit  Hirnilii  Wiil».-I><mv. ) 

In  the  introduirtion  and  I'apiil  sprt'ad  of  this  insect  we  have  an  excel- 
lent  illustration  of  the  importance  <tf  jiivin;;-  altenti(Mi  to  the  injurious 
insects  of  other  countries  and  of  takinj;-  all  i)ossible  means  to  prevent 
their  importation. 


Fl(«.  57.     JfteiiKiliihiii  Hrrriila:  a,  t'Bti!  }>,  liirva;  c,  piipnriuiu  .  il,  atliilt  In  billiid  ]ioHitiun — all  enlarged 

(friiiii  Hili'v  iinil  Ilowiinl). 

The  species  in  hand  has  been  a  common  insect  in  Europe,  and  with 
other  members  of  the  same  j»enus  recognized  as  a  troublesome  insect, 
though  apparently  no  careful  study  of  its  life  history  has  been  made 
there. 


DIPT  KB  A. 


llf) 


It  >viiH  lirst  noticed  an  troiiblwNoinu  to  rattlo  in  tliiM  country  in  1887, 
anil  while  wo  van  not  Hiiy  with  curtiiinty  JuHt  when  it  wiis  introdnccil 
uc  may  bo  pretty  Huro  tlnit  it  was  dnrinjr  tin?  year  I8S«;,  or  at  most  not 
larlicr  tinin  ISHfi.  It  is  oven  possible  that  it  nniy  liuve  been  broii^rlit 
over  in  tlie  sprinj;  of  1887,  as  its  jiowers  of  reproduction  an'  sn(!li  tliat 
,i  few  weeks  wonld  suHlce  to  nialie  it  a  conspicuous  pest  in  a  limited 
;ir(MI. 

Within  two  years  from  the  tinm  when  it  was  first  reiioj^ni/ed  in  seri- 
ous numbers  it  had  become  so  numerous  and  had  spread  over  ho  lar^e 
,\  region  that  it  was  nnide  the  subject  of  u  very  careful  and  successful 
study  by  Messrs.  Howard  ami  Marlatt  of  the  Division  of  Entomology. 
The  results  of  these  investitjations  were  ])ublished  in  Insect  Life  (Vol. 
II,  p.  !>.'()  and  in  the  Annual  KepiU't  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture for  i881>. 

It  was  also  made  a  subject  of  study  at  the  New  Jersey  l<]\perinn'nt 
Station,  and  Professor  Smith's  report  in  Jhilletin  <!2  of  that  station  gives 
the  results  of  the  season's  observations  ami  trials  of  remedies.  Since 
these  papers  appeared  the  insect  has  spread  over  practically  all  of  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Itot^ky  Monntaii  s,  and  also  into  a  large  por- 
tion of  Canada,  and  numerous  articles  have  appeared  in  the  bulletins 
of  experiment  stations  and  in  agricultural  journals  with  reference  to 
it,  the  greater  portion  of  them  being  based  on  the  original  studies  above 
meutioiu'd. 

INTUODUOTION   AND   Sl'HKAD   IN   AMEIMOA. 

All  accounts  agree  in  pli'.cing  the  first  serious  oircurrence  of  this 
insect  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  it  apitears  probable  that  it 
was  at  that  port  that  the  flies  first  landed. 

From  there  as  a  center  it  spread  in  all  directions,  though  at  first 
nniinly  southward,  and  by  1889  it  had  covered  most  of  the  State  of 
New  Jersey,  portions  of  eastern  Pennsylvania,  a  considerable  area  in 
Maryland,  and  also  a  portion  of  northern  Virginia. 

In  IStH  It  had  been  reported  from  New  York,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  jVIississippi,  and  in  1892  from  Connecticut, 
Massachusetts,  Ciinada,  Michigan,  Imliana,  Iowa,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas. 

More  recent  records  refer  more  particularly  to  its  increase  and  local 
distribution  in  the  various  States,  but  it  may  be  said  to  occupy  now 
practically  all  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  ^Mountains  and 
the  Provinces  of  Ontario  and  (Quebec  in  Canada. 

NATURK   AND  KXTENT   OF  INJURY. 


As  witli  most  new  pests,  the  nature  and  amount  of  damage  caused 
by  the  inse<!t  was  the  subject  of  much  exaggeration  and  wild  specula- 
tion. As  usual  in  such  cases  extreme  views  were  taken,  both  of  which 
were  erroneous,    TUose  who  asserted  that  no  damage  whatever  resulted 


116 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


from  its  iircscMice  ■were  soon  in'oven  to  be  »vi(le  of  tlie  truth,  wliilo-  the 
tixiiygcratod  tah'.s  of  death  to  animals,  the  destruction  of  horns,  and 
many  other  wihl  statements  were  easily  reeognized  as  imaginative. 

Tliat  the  loss  fntiii  their  presence  is  very  eonsidersiblo  is  recognized 
by  most  i)riictieal  stock  breeders  who  have  everyday  association  witli 
the  allect«id  animals,  the  loss  showing  in  reduced  vitality,  lack  of 
growth,  or  in  loss  of  milk. 

Mr  Fletclur,  the  entomologist  of  the  l>«tminion  of  ('aiuMla,  (estimated 
the  loss  in  Ontario  and  (^)nel)e(!  at  one-half  the  producit. 

The  loss  is  the  direct  result  of  the  irritation  to  cattle,  which  keeps 
them  in  a  ])erpetual  worry  and  interferes  with  their  fee<ling  and  witii 
the  normal  digestion  of  food,  and  to  some  extent  from  the  loss  of  blood, 
\\hich,  when  the  Hies  occur  by  the  thotisaiuls  on  a  single  animal,  is  an 
item  not  to  b(^  ignored.  When  at  rest  .ipon  the  horns,  at  whi(di  time 
tliey  are  most  eonsiiicuons,  they  are  in  reality  the  least  harmful,  as  they 
then  cause  '-.either  irritation  nor  loss  «tf  blood. 

The  larva-  are  of  (!ours»\  entirely  hartnless  and  it  is  oidy  the  adults 
that  atfect  the  animals. 

Injury  to  other  animals  than  catth^  seems  to  be  very  slight,  and  while 
a  number  of  records  ha\ c  been  given  of  the  insect  occurring  upou 
horses  these  seem  to  be  exceptional. 

TOPILAH   NAMES   AM)    POl'ULAU   EKROBS. 

l'l»on  tliis  subject  liiley  and  Howard  ray: 

Till'  iM)])ul;!i-  inline  which  is  hero  atloptcd — th«  "lioni-lly" — has  tho  sanction  of 
popular  use.  It,  is  siilliciciitly  distinctive,  and  wo  therel'oro  I'tM'oiiinieiid  its  ad(i2)tii>n. 
The  name  (if  "'rcNas  lly"  and ''ImlValo-lly  "  and  "biifValo-^iiat"  aro  also  in  iiHe  iu 
some  .scctiims  and  indicate  an  impression  that  the  insect  came  from  the  West.  Dr. 
Lintner  uses  tlie  term  "'cow  -li(irn  /ly."    Objections  may  bo  urged  to  all  of  those. 

The  most  ]iniiiiinoiit  of  (lie  ]iiipnlai'  err^irs  is  the  beliel'  that  the  lly  damages  the 

horn,  cats  into  its  snbstai ,  canses  it  to  rot,  and  even  lays  eggs  in  it  which  hatch 

into  maggots  and  m;iy  ]ieiietrato  to  the  brain.  There  is  no  foundation  for  tnese 
beliefs.  As  we,  sli.ill  show  later,  the  Hies  congregati'  on  the  bases  of  the  horns  only 
to  rest  where  they  are  not  liabhi  to  bo  disturbed.  While  they  are  there  they  are 
always  fonnd  in  the  ciiaracteristic  resting  position,  as  shown  in  fig. (51),  and  described 
later.  Where  they  liavo  bi-en  clustering  thickly  on  the  horns,  the  latter  become 
"tlysjiccked  "  and  apjiear  at  a  little  distaiii'c  as  though  tlicy  might  be  damaged,  and 
it  is  doubtless  this  fait  which  has  given  rise  to  the  erroneous  opinions  cited. 

IIAHITS    AND   LIM;    HISI014V. 


The  adults  of  the  horn-iiy  are  about  Inilf  as  large  as  the  common 
house  (ly  and  very  much  like  it  in  sliapi^  and  color.  The  accompanying 
tigures  will  serve  to  distinguish  it,  while  the  following  technical  descrip- 
tion by  J)r.  Williston  shotdd  be  used  for  the  exact  discrimination  of 
the  species: 

Male. — Length,  3.5  to  I  mm.  Sides  of  the  front  gently  concave,  its  least  width 
e<innl  to  one-fourth  of  the  distance  from  the  foremost  ocellus  to  the  liase  of  the 
antenna;;   in  tho  middle  a  narrow   dark-brown  stripe;   a  single  row  of  sleuUer 


DIPTERA. 


117 


'■^ 


■••^ 


.^ 


Fill.  58. 


bristles  on  eaeli  side,  Antonna)  brownish  red;  second  Joint  slijjhtly  tninid;  third 
joint  a  little  htnger  thiin  broad,  with  its  inferior  iin;;le  rectiiiif^iiliir;  arista  swollen 
Mt  the  base  (which  is  black),  tlio  ])e(tin!ition  lonj;.  Tlie  na'  »w  sides  of  the  front 
and  the  still  narrower  facial  and  genal  orbits  silvery  {Jfray,  with  a  .slij^htly  ycUow- 
isli  cast;  facial  fovea' and  cln^cks 
Idacki.sli,  the  latter  clothed  with 
yellowish  hair.  I'aliii  black,  the 
inner  surface  and  iniiiicdiatc  base 
more  yellowish  ;  {gently  spatnlate 
ill  shape,  nearly  as  Ion;?  as  the 
])r<d)oscis  and  exl('n(liii;f  two- 
thirds  of  llieirlen^fth  beyond  the 
oral  niar;?in.  Mesonotiini  sub 
shining  black  in  groniid  color, 
hilt  mostly  concealed  beneath  a 
brownish  dust,  which,  on  the 
])leiira',  is  more  grayish.  Alido 
men  with  similar  dust;  in  the 
middle  with  a  brownish,  more 
siibinterrn])ted  stripe  and  nar- 
row darker  ]tostcrior  niar^jins  to 
the  segments.  Fc-mora  black  or 
very  deep  brown,  lirst  two  pairs 
of  tibia)  and  tarsi  brownish  yel- 
low or  Intt'Oiis,  the  hind  tibi;c 
and  tarsi  blackish  brown;  hind 
tibia)  on  the  posterior  surface 
with  a  noticeable,  erect,  aiibai)- 
ical  bristle;  hind  tarsi  about  as 
long  as  their  tibia-,  the  first  three, joints  widened  from  their  base  to  tip,  so  as  to  form 
a  distinct  serration  on  their  inner,  acute  angles,  each  of  which  terminates  in  a  long 
hair.  Wings  with  a  light  blackisli  tinge  (due  to  microscoiiic  pubescence},  the  imme- 
diate base  yellowish,  the  lirst  posterior  cell  rather  symmetiically  narrowed  to 
terminate  broadly  at  the  extreme  tip  of  the  wing. 

Female. — Front  straight  on  the  sides,  its  width  about  0(|nal  to  one-half  of  the  dis- 
tance from  the  foremost  ocellus  to  the  base  of  the  antenna' ;  the  median  dee[)  brown 
stripe  about  as  wide  as  the  iirninose  sides.  I'alpi  yellow,  with  the  margins  and  tip 
blackish.     liC^gs  more  yellowish;  limd  tarsi  regular;  i)iilvilli  and  claws  small. 

The  flies  are  observed  in  fjreatest  imiiiber  in  July,  but  appear  as  early 
as  May,  aiul  remain  till  cold  weather,  the  I'lill  time  depending  upon  the 
season  or  latitude. 

The  characteristic  habit  of  clustering  about  the  base  of  the  horn  seems  to  exist 
only  when  the  flies  are  (iiiite  abundant.  When  they  average  only  a  hundred  or  so  to 
a  single  animal,  comparatively  few  will  be  found  on  the  horns.  MoriMiver,  as  a  gen- 
eral thing  the  horn-clustering  habit  seems  to  bo  nitu'e  predominant  earlier  in  the 
season  than  later,  although  the  tlies  may  seem  to  be  nearly  as  numerous.  'I'lie  clus- 
tering upon  the  horns,  although  it  has  excited  considerable  alarm,  is  not  prodnctive 
of  the  slightest  harm  to  the  animal.  Careful  study  of  the  insects  in  the  field  shows 
that  they  assume  two  chara<teristic  positions,  one  while  feeding  and  the  other  while 
resting.  It  io  the  resting  position  in  which  they  are  always  found  when  upon  the 
horns.  In  this  position  the  wings  are  held  nearly  flat  down  the  back,  overlajiping  at 
base  and  diverging  only  moderately  attip.  (See  (ig.  58).  The  beak  is  held  in  anearly 
horizontal  position  and  the  legs  are  not  widely  spread.  In  the  active  sucking  posi- 
tion, however,  the  wings  are  slightly  elevated  and  are  held  out  from  the  body,  not 


llmmatohiii  nerrata:    iicliilt  in   rcHtini;  iidsilion- 
I'lilarj^cd  (I'liiiii  In.sfcl  I.it'i'i, 


11^ 


INSECTS    AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


at  right  angles,  but  ap]>roachiug  it,  approximately  un  angle  of  60°  from  the  abdomen. 
The  lege  are  spread  ont  widely,  and  tlie  beak,  inserted  beneath  the  skin  of  tiie  animal, 
is  held  in  nearly  a  perpendicular  position,  approaching  that  in  figure  59,  c. 

The  tly  before  inserting  its  beak  has  worked  its  way  througli  close  to  the  skin. 
While  feeding,  however,  the  hairs  which  can  bo  seen  over  its  body  do  not  seem  to 
interfere  with  its  speedy  (light  when  alarmed,  for  at  a  fling  of  the  tail  or  an  impa- 
tient turn  of  the  h<'ad  the  Hies  instantly  rise  in  a  cloud  for  a  foot  or  two,  returning 
again  as  <xuickly  and  roauming  their  former  positions. 


FlO.  59.—II(einatobia  gerrata:  a,  lipnd  of  female,  front  view ;  h,  liead  of  raalo,  front  view ;  c,  liead  from 

sido— nil  eulargt'd  (fuim  Insect  Life). 

The  horns  are  not  their  only  resting  places,  for  with  the  horns  black  for  2  inches 
above  their  base  we  have  seen  the  Hies  toward  nightfall  settle  in  vast  numbers  upon 
the  back  between  the  head  and  foreshoulders,  where  they  can  bt^  reached  by  neither 
tail  or  head.  When  feeding  they  are  found  over  the  back  and  ilanksandon  the  legs. 
During  a  rain  storm  they  flock  beneath  the  belly.  When  the  animal  is  lying  down 
a  favorite  place  of  attack  seems  to  bo  under  the  thigh  and  back  belly,  around  tlie 
bag.  With  certain  animals  the  dewlap  seems  to  be  badly  attacked,  while  with  others 
this  portion  of  tlie body  is  about  exf^mpt.  Certain  cattle,  iigaiu,  will  be  covered  with 
flies  ai;  1  will  lose  condition  rapidly,  while  others  are  troubled  but  slightly. 


FlO.  SO.—  fJaemafnhin  serrafa  :  cow  liorn  showing  band  of  resting  (lies— reduced  (from  Insect  Life). 

On  the  borns  the  flies  settle  thickly  near  the  base,  often  forniiug  a  complete  band 
for  a  distance  of  2  inches  or  more,  (See  fig.  60.)  They  seen  t.^  ;)refer  the  concave 
side  to  the  convex  side  of  the  curve  of  the  horn,  probably  foi  .,ne  reason  tliat  the 
cow  can  not  scrape  them  olf  so  readily,  and  Oi.e  cow  was  noticed  in  which  they 
reached  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  horn  on  the  concave  side  of  the  curve  only. 


DIPTEBA. 


119 


V ;  I',  lieail  from 


The  time  and  method  of  the  deposition  of  the  eggs  were  for  some 
time  a  pnzzle,  but  it  was  clearly  shown  in  the  investigations  of  the 
Division  of  Entomology  that  the  eggs  are  placed  in  fresh  cow  manure 
in  daytime,  mostly  between  9  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m.,  and  that  in  laying  them  the 
females  dart  only  for  an  instant  from  the  cattle,  immediately  after  the 
(lung  is  passed,  and  that  within  a  little  more  than  a  minute  afterward 
all  had  returned  to  the  animal.  They  are  laid  singly,  and  never  in 
clusters,  and  usually  on  their  sides  on  the  surface  of  the  wet  dung; 
seldom  inserted  in  cracks.    (Fig.  ^>~,  n.) 

Egg. — Length,  1.25  mm.  to  1.37  mm.;  width,  0.34  mm.  to  0.11  mm.  .Shape, 
iriogtihir  oval,  nearly  straiglit  along  one  side,  convex  along  the  other.  General 
color,  light  reddish  brown,  lighter  after  hatching.  General  surface  covered  with  a 
hexagonal,  epithelial-like  sculpture,  each  cell  from  0.027  mm.  to  0.033  mm.  in  length 
liy  about  half  the  width.  In  the  unhatched  egg,  even  in  those  Just  deposited,  a 
long,  rather  luurow,  rihbon-liko  strip  is  noticed  along  the  entire  length  of  the  tliit- 
teiied  side,  rather  spatuloid  in  shape.  In  hatihing  this  strip  splits  oft",  romaiuing 
attached  at  one  end,  and  the  larva  emerges  from  the  resulting  slit. 

Larva. — After  the  eggs  hatch,  the  larva-  descend  iuto  the  dung,  remaiuing,  how- 
ever, rather  near  the  surface. 

Newly  hatclud  tarra. — Length,  2.4.5  mm.,  and  greatest  width,  0.48  nun.  Color,  pure 
white.  Joints  of  segments  rather  i>lainly  marked,  venter  with  slightly  elevated 
ridges  at  ends  of  abdominal  segments,  the  ridges  with  delicate  8i)ar8o  rugosities. 
Resembles  in  main  full-grown  larva. 

Ftill-groivii  larra. — Length,  7  nnn. ;  greatest  width,  2  to  2.5  mm.  Color,  dirty 
white.  Antenna',  3-joiuted,  last  Joint  pointed.  Head  with  a  lamellar  or  ridged 
structure  shown  in  figure;  divided  by  cleft  at  tip;  skin  behind  lanu-llar  struc- 
ture coarsely  granulated,  while  that  of  thoraiic  and  abdominal  Joints  is  nearly 
smooth.  Thoracic  stigmata  itedunculat(i  with  six  ])edunculate  orifices.  Kidges  on 
venter  of  abdominal  joints  not  strong,  fainter  than  in  young  larva.  Anal  stigmata 
large,  slightly  protriuling,  very  dark  brown,  nearly  round,  llattened  on  proximal 
borders,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  0.14  mm.  in  length,  with  one  central  round 
opening,  and  a  series  of  very  delicate  marginal  tufts  of  cilia,  iour  tufts  for  each 
si)iracle,  each  issuing  from  a  cleft,  but  none  on  the  i)roximal  edge.  Anal  segment 
below  with  a  dark  yellow  chitinous  plate  showing  six  irregular  ]»aired  tubercles; 
the  surfaceof  the  skin  surrounding  the  i)late  ratlu^r  coarsely  grauulated  (lig.  57,  b). 

The  larval  stages  are  passed  in  from  four  to  six  days. 

Pi(j)arJHW(. — When  ready  to  transform,  the  liirva-  evidently  descend  from  the  dung 
into  the  ground  below  from  a  half  to  three-ijuarters  of  an  inch.  Actual  observa- 
tions were  made  on  larvie  in  dung  iu  breeding  cages  where  the  soil  was  line  sand, 
affording  ready  entrance  to  the  larvie.  Where  the  dung  has  been  dropped  upon  hard 
ground  the  i)robabilitie8  are  that  they  will  not  enter  so  deeply,  and  nuiy  indeed 
transform  upon  the  surface  of  the  grouiul  at  the  bottom  of  the  dung. 

De»cripi\on. — The  puparium  is  from  4  mm.  to  4.5  mm.  in  length,  by  2  mm.  to 
2.5  mm.  iu  width,  regularly  ellipsoidal,  the  head  rather  more  pointed;  dark  brown 
in  color.  The  segnusnts  are  plainly  separated.  The  anal  stigimita  are  darker  in 
color  than  the  rest  of  the  skin ;  are  slightly  protruded  and  preserve  the  same  shape 
as  in  the  larva.  The  central  opening  is  still  visible,  as  are  the  slight  indentations 
of  the  border.  The  ventral  plate,  noticed  at  the  base  of  the  anal  segment  of  the 
larva  is  still  noticeable  as  a  series  of  tubercular  elevations.     (See  fig.  57,  o.) 

The  pupa  stage  may  last  from  Ave  to  eight  or  ten  days,  so  that  the 
full  time  from  egg  deposition  varies  from  ten  to  seventeen  days,  esti- 
mated for  the  average  as  about  two  weeks.    As  the  Hies  doubtless 


120 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


begin  egg  laying  soon  after  issuing  from  the  pupa  stage,  there  is  room 
for  a  uumber  of  generations  during  even  a  northern  summer,  i)robably 
from  sis  to  eight  being  common. 

REMEDIAL  MEASURES. 

While  the  injuries  of  this  pest  have  abated  after  the  first  two  or 
three  years  in  all  localities  where  it  has  appeared,  it  is  doubtless  here 
to  stay,  and  must  be  lool.ed  upon  as  a  pernument  stmrce  of  damage, 
the  amount  of  injury  varying  with  favorable  or  unfavorable  conditions. 

For  its  treatment  two  lines  should  be  Ibllowed,  one  directed  toward 
the  protection  of  the  cattle  from  the  direct  attacks  of  the  Hies,  the  other 
to  the  destruction  of  the  larvic,  with  a  view  to  lessening  the  number 
of  flies. 


'^  A 


Fia.  6\ .—Hcematohia  scrrata :  a,  side  r'ow  of  head  of  larva;  h,  ventral  view  of  head  of  larv«,  show- 
ing aututiiiic  and  thoracic  stigmata;  e,  dorsal  view  of  anal  end  of  larva,  nlu)\viiii;  anal  stigmata;  d,  anal 
plate  of  ])u,iariiiui ;  e,  voutrul  view  of  anal  end  of  larva,  showing  anal  i)lato — still  moru  enlarged 
(from  lusect  Life). 

For  the  direct  protection  of  cattle,  the  remedy  most  generally  adopted, 
and  which  can  be  strongly  recommended,  is  the  daubing  of  the  parts 
most  affected  with  some  sticky,  otfensive  substance  to  repel  the  flies. 
Of  these,  a  mixture  of  fish  oil  and  tar,  equal  parts,  is  found  one  of  the 
most  permanent  and  effectual.  Axle  grease  is  used  with  good  results. 
Spraying  the  animals  with  kerosene  emulsion  has  been  recommended, 
and  if  adopted  should  be  applied  at  evening  when  cattle  are  yarded,  a 
convenient  method  being  to  drive  them  through  a  gate  at  emth  side 
of  which  stands  a  man  with  spraying  nozzle,  so  as  to  spray  the  flies  of 
both  sides  at  once.  If  only  one  nozzle  is  available  the  original  sug- 
gestion of  driving  the  cattle  through  a  gate  and  then  immediately 
back,  so  as  to  get  the  flies  on  the  unsprayed  side,  may  be  adopted. 


bIPTERA. 


121 


A  plan  whicli  li.as  been  going  the  rounds  of  the  agricultural  papers 
is  to  arrange  a  trap  in  the  doorway  to  a  stable,  the  cattle,  after  passing 
thi!  doorway,  going  through  a  set  of  brushes  which  dislodge  the  flies, 
which,  with  a  properly  arranged  window  above  the  door,  collect  at  the 
liiilit,  and  are  here  trapped  aiul  die. 

A  recent  number  of  the  Denver  Field  and  Farm  mentions  a  similar 
device  being  patented.  It  is  intended  for  thecai)t.i.e  of  all  tiles  gath- 
I'lingupon  cattle,  but  would  be  especially  useful  for  tliis  species.  The 
principle  has  been  used  so  generally  that  there  may  be  doubt  as  to  its 
being  patentable.    (See  chapter  on  remedies.) 

For  the  destruction  of  the  larva',  which  is  i)robably  the  more  effective 
way  of  preventing  damage,  two  }M,inciples  have  been  estabfished.  The 
lirst  involves  the  killing  of  the  maggots  by  introdnction  of  sonu^ 
destructive  agent;  the  other,  the  prevention  of  their  maturity  by  the 
nil)id  drying  of  the  mass  of  dung  which  supplies  their  food.  The  use 
of  lime,  as  origiimlly  suggested  in  Insect  Life,  is  a  very  elfective  plan, 
and  where  not  prohibited  by  expense  should  be  generally  adopted. 
Professor  Smith's  suggestion  to  spread  out  the  droppings  of  nmnure 
so  that  they  may  dry  rapidly  is  ai)plicable  during  dry  weather  and  In 
some  localities  is  accomplished  by  drawing  brush  across  the  fields,  a 
method  which  nuist  necessarily  fail  to  be  complete  in  its  operation,  but 
much  less  exx)ensive  than  the  use  of  a  shovel  by  hand. 

The  Flesh  Fly. 

(Sarcophaga  mrnaria  Linn.) 

While  this  species  is  perhaps  better  known  as  a  household  pest 
attacking  fresh  meat,  the  fact  that  it  often  dejjosits  its  eggs  in  the 
wounds  of  living  animals  uuikes  it  an  important  ])est  of  domestic 
animals. 

It  has  been  a  familiar  insect  probably  ever  since  man  began  to 
appreciate  the  insect  foes  to  his  com- 
fort, and  has  been  a  (ionnnon  subject  of 
treatment  in  writings  upon  insects  i'rom 
a  very  early  date. 

It  was  technically  described  by  Tiin- 
na'us  in  17(51,  aiul  its  habits  were  already 
doubtless  well  known. 

Its  life  history  is  easily  told,  and  to 
some  extent  juobably  familiiir  to  every- 
one who  has  had  to  do  with  the  handling 
of  fresh  meats. 

Living  larvae  are  deposited  by.  the 
females  ui)on  any  available  bit  of  fresh  meat,  including  wounds  of 
animals,  and  these  feed  and  develop  with  astonishing  rapidity,  soon 
consuming  large  quantities  of  flesh  and,  upon  attaining  their  growth, 
crawl  away,  secrete  themselves  in  the  first  (  on veuient  shelter,  renuiiu  a 
few  days  in  the  pupa  stage  aud  issue  as  U'    its. 


Fia,  62.— Flesh  fly,  Sareophaga  camaria 
(reilriiwn  from  Van  Ueiiedeu.) 


1')0 

1  ad  W 


1?,SKCTS   AFFECTING   DOMKBTIC    ANIMALS. 


It  is  cviilont   thiit  in  Mie  priinitivit  coiHlitioiis  of  iiiitiirr,  or  in  lociili 
tics  whore  poopio  uro  indilVfrtMit  to  tlu'  ^'xposllI•(^  of  llio  cnn'assrs  df 
(load  iiniiiiiils,  tlioso  oioatiiros  may  poit'ortii  an  important  I'linctioii,  ilis 
pDsin;;'  of  oarca8sos  in  a  short  tiiiio  whioh  othor^vis(^  \voul<l  containinali' 
tho  atinosphoro  for  many  days, 

WlM'n  infostiii};  tho  stoiciionso,  howovor,  or  attacking;'  tiio  wounds 
of  thnnostii^  animals,  tlio  oaso  is  vory  dilVoront  and  tho  insect  roipiins 
prompt  snbjootion. 

I'\)r  stock  it  is  important  to  pn^vont,  as  far  as  possible,  the  oc<*nrrenn 
of  cnts,  brnisos,  or  wonnds  of  any  kind  which  may  fnrnisli  an  attraction 
tor  the  iiios,  and  to  yimrd  ajjainst  injury  from  l>arb«'d-wir<^  tenoesor  iiic 
liorns  of  cattle.  Wounds  when  formtnl  should  iMMlrossed  with  dilute 
carbolic  acid  and  coated  with  tar  to  prevent  deposition  of  o.ii^^s,  whileil' 
already  infested  with  tln^  larva'  the  woiuuls  should  bo  carefully  ('leaned, 
washed  out  with  the  carbolic  acid  solution  and  dressed  with  tar  to  pre 
vent  further  ej>:i;  deposition. 

Probably  tho  juost  comnuMi  AnuM'iean  species  is  N.  sarrdrniiir  Kiloy. 

TiiK  Staulk  Kly. 

(Stovio.Vjis  calcitfdiis  Linn.) 

This  well  known  species  is  widely  distrii)uted  and  a  familiar  pest  in 
nujny  countries.  It  was  described  by  liinna-us  in  17t»I  (Syst.  N'at.,  li, 
1(K)4)  ami  lias  been  nienti(Miod  in  numerous  works  since  then,  (JeolVroy, 
J>e(ioer.  l-'abricius,  and  many  others  noticiuj;-  it,  and  it  is  unuetiossary 
to  go  into  detail  with  re<>ard  to  its  biblioj-raphy  here. 

Its  bite  is  severe  and  it  causes  a  f^reat  amount  of  annoyance  to 
cattle,  horses,  and  other  domestic  animals,  and  it  is  frequently  vory 
troublesome  to  people  working;  in  idaoes  where  it  alKumds.  It  is 
not  coiilincd  to  stables  «u'  the  tiuarters  of  domestic  animals,  but  occurs 
frtM|Uontly  in  shady  i)lacos,  groves,  and  in  dwollin;;s,  especially  in 
cloudy  weather,  and  puts  the  occupants  to  j;reat  inconvenience.  Its 
bite  is  not  poisonous,  and  aside  from  tho  pain  {iiven  and  tlu^  possibility 
of  it  disseminatiiij;'  disease,  it  is  loss  injurious  than  some  other  nioin- 
bers  of  the  jironj).  When  al)iindant,  however,  this  annoyance  may  be 
very  jiioat,  and  tiioy  all  deserve  attention.  Indeed,  it  is  especially 
charj^ed  ajiainst  this  species  that  they  have  been  tho  means  of  trans- 
mitting ji'landers  from  diseased  to  healthy  horses  and  anthrax  among 
cattle,  a  charge  which  ai)pears  very  reasonable  from  the  fact  that  it 
intlicts  a  deep  bite  and  does  not  gorge  itself  at  a  single  animal,  but 
may  tly  trom  one  to  another  in  securing  a  meal. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  life  history  of  this  species  has  been  fully 
recorded,  although  it  has  been  stated  that  the  stages  are  probably  passed 
in  dung.  In  connection  with  the  studies  of  the  horn-tly  by  the  J)ivision 
of  ICntomology  this  sjjecies  was  reared  with  others  from  horse  manure, 
and  it  may  be  considered  as  established  tliat  the  eggs  are  laid  iu  dung 
aud  the  larval  stages  passed  there,  requiring  greater  or  less  time  for 


bll-TKUA. 


123 


'.  <»!•  ill  hx'iiii 
ciircjissrs  (,f 

'■"IH'Moil,  (lis 

»'«»llfil|||i|l;||,. 

<li<^  Wounds 
sect  i('(|iiiic,s 

''•M'ciincin  I 
III  :ittriicti(Mi 
(i'licj'Hor  i\w 
Willi  dilute 
\i:HX,  wliiliN'l' 
'I'y  <'i<'an('»l, 
li  till'  ((>  |»i«' 

'<-niiir  litilov. 


iiiiir  pest  in 
y^t.  Niit.,  2, 
II.  (icoU'roy, 
iiiiieccssaiy 

IIO.VillKMI    to 

u'litly  v«'ry 
litis.     It   is 

l»nt  occurs 
peciiiHy  ill 

i«'iieo.     Us 

possibiliiy 
Oier  iiiciii- 
ICO  iiiiiy  hv, 

•'specially 
s  of  truns- 
iix  among 
u't  til  at;  it 
iiiinal,  but 

iH'eii  fully 
>Iy  passed 
J  J  >i vision 
3  manure, 
I  in  dung 
s  time  for 


llicir  (Icvoloptneiit,  a  nimilM'r  ol'  <;(;n<>ratioiiN  hcin;;-  iirodiiccd  cacli  yaiv. 
'\'\h>  |)i'oiiipt  disposal  of  dung  would  tlicrelbrc  help  greatly  in  rediuung 
I  he  niltlllK^rs  of  I  Ills  pest. 

TiiK   Mkat    l'l,^    OK    I'll.OW    l''l,Y. 

(t'dllipliorii  riniiiliirid  I, inn.) 

Tills  lly  agrees  (|nite  closely  with  lluitlesh  tly  in  haldts,  excu^pt  that  it 
deposits  eggs  instead  of  living  larvn'.  'I'lui  eggs,  h(»w<'V<u',  liatcii  very 
ijiiieUly  alter  deposition,  so  the  cl1e<'t  is  very  much  the  same.  iJUe 
lliat  spcM^ies  it  lias  long  heeii  known  as  a  troui)iesome  iiise<'t  .iiid  was 
descrilied  by  liiniia-us.  It  is  a  large.  s|>e<:i<is  and  familial'  as  the  largo 
liliui  tly  whi(di  so  noisily  fie(|ucnts  the  window  or  secdis  «intraiic<^  to  pan- 
tries, ('(illars,  ami  stor«Mooms  wIhm'o  eatables  are  kejif. 

With  that  species  also  it.  is<M'edited  with  atta<'.king  fiesh  woiind.s,  an<l 
raekai'd  staft's  that  during  tim  war  of  the  relKdlion  they  were  griev- 
ously tormenting  to  our  siddiers,  laying  their  oggs  in  the.  wounds, 
esiM'eially  (d"  those  lelt  oii  the  field  ovor  night. 

On  domestics  animals  wher*'  these  "lly  blows,"  as  they  are  ccuumonly 
called,  occur,  the  same  treatment  suggested  lor  the  lh\sli  tly  may  bo 
prai'liced. 

ULiTK-no'i'Tr,!',  Ki,Y. 

(  /.iiiiliii  ciiiKir  I, inn. ) 

In  history  and  haldls  this  species  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding 
specries  and  it  is  unin'cessary  to  go  into  d<'tail  with  regard  to  it.  It  is 
ono  of  tli(^  first  to  put  in  its  ajjpearauco  in  s])ring,  having  livc(l  through 
winter  in  soim^  sheltering  ccuner.  Its  eggs  are.  deposited  upon  any 
available  tleshy  matter  ami  the  larva'  mature  rapidly. 

Packard,  iii  mentioning  its  habits,  says: 

Dr.  ('hapiMiiii,  of  Apidacliicnla,  w rites  to  .Mr.  Sjinhorn  tiiiit  tliin  lly,  attriict(Ml  by 
llir  stoiii'li  of  ii  niiisH  of  deriiyiii;;-  luHcrtH  wldi'li  liavti  ]>('rislM'd  in  tii!'  Iciif  of  Siirra- 
<'«^niii,  vciitnrt's  in  :in<l  <l('i)o,sits  its  cff^s,  and  Mic  larvj' dtsvonr  tlio  festering-  lina)!. 
'I'licHo  in  turn,  on  licrondnv;  tiles,  are  unable  to  ;;etont  of  tludi'  jiri.son,  ]ierisli,  and 
ai'c  adtled  to  the  |>utrofyin<;  mass  tli.'it  hiid  nonrislied  them,     ((innle,  p.  1(1 1  ) 

TllK    SCUKW-AVOUM    I'l.Y. 

{('ompHomfi'iK  miirilUir'nt  I''al).) 

The  screw-worm  is  uii(|uestioiiably  ono  of  the  most  important  of  all 
the  insoots  that  alfoct  domestic  iinimals,  and  while  the  literature  of  the 
subject  deals  largely  with  its  attacks  upon  man,  on  account  of  its  very 
general  fatality  when  gaining  entrance  to  the  oi)enings  of  the  face,  by  far 
the  greater  number  (»f  its  attacks  are  upon  the  lower  animals,  and  it  is 
princiitally  in  this  connection  that  we  purpose  to  discuss  it  here,  includ- 
ing such  reference  to  its  hominivorous  attacks  as  may  furnish  aid  in 
understanding  its  mode  of  work. 


124 


INSECTS   APFECTINO  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


The  re(!Oyiiitioii  of  the  injurious  nature  of  tlie  inst-t-t  appears  to  have 
been  in  the  early  days:,  of  American  settlement,  and  its  description  li;is 
occupied  the  attention  of  numerous  naturalists.  Indeed,  it  has  nn 
appalling  synonymy,  no  less  than  twenty-six  names  havingbeen  appli((l 
to  forms  which  are  considered  by  };ood  authorities  as  representativi  s 
of  this  si)ecies. 

It  will  be  useless  to  attempt  here  a  discussit>n  of  this  synonymy,  but 
I  may(piote  from  an  article  by  Dr.  Williston'  the  more  imi)oitant  points 
in  this  connection,  alonj^'  with  an  extract  from  a  Spanish  article  on  llic 
subject,  and  simply  add  here  that  valuable  contributions  have  been 
made  to  the  knowledge  of  its  attacks  on  domestic  animals  by  Prof.  II. 
E.  ^Yeed,-  of  the  Mississippi  l'iXi)eriment  Station,  and  Dr.  M.  Francis, 
of  the  Texas  Station,  whose  papers  will  be  dirtwn  from  in  discussinj^ 
certain  phases  of  the  subject. 

Dr.  Williston's  article  is  as  follows: 

In  coimectioii  with  I'rofcssor  Snow's  article  on  this  fly  '  it  scoiiis  worth  while  to 
give  it,  brief  .synopsi.s  of  papers  piiltlishcd  in  thti  past  low  years  Ity  the  alile  (lii»terol- 
ogist  of  South  .Vnieriea,  l>r.  E.  h.  Arriliiilzaga,  of  liuenos  Ayres.  From  his  studies 
ho  has  aseertainod  no  less  than  twenty-six  ditl'erent  spoeilie,  names  that  this  lly  had 
received.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  these  names  would  apply  to  distinct  s])(>cies 
were  their  types  examined,  Imt  it  is  a  thankless  task  to  endeavor  to  make  order  out 
of  the  chaos  in  which  Walker,  Maeqnart,  and  Kobineau-Mesvoidy  have  involved  the 
subject,  and  the  results  of  Arribalzaga's  thorough  studies  can  with  i)roi>rioty  be 
adopted.  To  these  results,  however,  Mr.  .1.  Uigot,  of  Paris,  has  recently  taken 
exception  in  a  note  '•  on  Professor  Snow's  i>apcr.  This  author's  pene'iant  for  making 
synonyms  1.  imself  may  perhaps  have  something  to  do  with  his  wishing  to  pn'serve 
species  founded  on  inade(inate  grounds.  His  argument  that  "  il  me  semblo  fort 
hasardoux  d'avaueer  i|u'un  seulo  et  meme  ospeee  so  retrouve,  en  ])ermanen('e,  depuis 
les  confins  <le  la  I'atagonio  jusnu'au  dela  des  provinces  centrales  de  rAmeri<iue  dn 
Nord,  vivant  iudillereinment  sous  lea  zoiujs  torrides,  temperc'^es  et  memo  froides!" 
is  of  little  value,  when  the  author  him-  hould  know  that  other  American  Hies  do 

have  a  similar  range  of  habitat,  to  say  nmliing  of  the  nearly  allied  Miinca  (loiiKxHra. 

The  specimens  which  Professor  Snow  sent  me  for  examination,  although  somewhat 
injured,  certainly  seem  to  mo  to  bo  CompHomjiia  macelhuia  (Fab.)  I'.  Lch.  A.  The 
species  may,  with  tolerable  certainty,  be  recognized  by  its  having  a  bright  metallic 
green  or  coppery  color  on  the  abdomen  and  thorax,  the  latter  above  with  three  black 
stripes;  the  bristle  of  the  antenme  feathered  to  the  tijt,  and  the  head,  except  the 
eyes,  chiefly  yellow.     In  size  it  varies  from  7  to  10  millimeters. 

However,  these  systematic  details  will  bo  of  l(!ss  interest  than  the  following,  which 
I  translate  from  tin;  Spanish  of  Arribalzaga:" 

"During  the  pleasant  days  of  spring  or  tlio  hotter  (moa  of  summer,  those  flies  may 
be  seen  covering  in  great  numbers,  now  umbellifennis  tlowers,  now  all  sorts  of  filth; 
or,  resting,  there  glistens  in  the  sunlight  the  iridescent  surface  of  their  half-opened 
wings,  and  the  bine,  tho  green,  the  violet,  the  copi)er,  and  tho  gold  of  their  metallic 
colored  bodies. 


'  Psyche,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  112-111. 

-  Bulletin  No.  14,  Mississippi  Experiment  Station  (1891). 

^  Bulletin  No,  12,  Texas  Experiment  Station  (1890). 

^  Psyche,  Mar.-Apr.,  1883,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  27-30. 

■Bull.  Soc.  Entom.  France,  12  Sept.,  1883,  No,  17,  pp.l.")4-155. 

'' Analea  do  la  SocCientifica  Argentina,  Vol,  X,  pp.  80-84. 


DIPTERA. 


125 


•'('ur  lly  ilt'poHitH  itH  cgjj;,  cuniiiioiily  called  "i/uereHa,''  in  doiid  liodicH,  in  innnnrc, 
ill  irehli  nwiit  reserved  lor  Cood,  and  soon  there  appear  ininMinisi)  niini))ers  of  voracious 
|;ir\M>  tlint  rapidly  conHnniu  tliu  ohjocts  in  wliieli  lias  begun  tlieir  aelivu  life.  Not 
(diitont  with  tbes<i  habits,  common  to  all  tlic  Bpeeies  of  tho  f^roup  to  which  it  ])er- 
t  lias,  it  d<'po8itH  the  j^erms  of  its  posterity  in  the  wounds  of  man  and  of  animals,  at 
the  entrance  of  openin';8  of  the  human  face,  and,  in  its  anxiety  for  ]>ropaffation,  will 
(1<  posit  them  ii:  tho  wool  of  sheep. 

•A/ara  was,  I  believe,  the  lirst  observer  who  noted  cases  of  human  myiasis  in 
Siiutli  America.  ('oi]iierel,  nian.\  years  later,  called  the  attention  of  physicians  and 
iiaiiiralists  to  the  freiiueiit  and  fatal  accidents  which  this  evil  lu'odnces  among  the 
( \iles  of  Cayenne.  According  to  this  author,  l>r.  ('hajiuis,  physician  in  chief  of  tho 
!'i-eiicli  marine,  attended  one  case  in  which  tin?  larva'  of  C.  uuicvUnviii  had  penetrated 
Id  the  frontal  sinusi^s,  causing  the  death  of  tho  patient;  also  one  very  niichian  jterson 
;iltacked  in  the  nasal  fossa"  and  the  i)harynx,  who  siiccninbed  after  ho  had  ejected  one 
hiiiidred  and  twenty  larva'.  There  were,  as  XI.  St.  Pair  observed,  in  the  same  country, 
.-■ix  similar  cases,  of  which  three  teriniuated  in  tho  death  of  the  patients  after  cruel 
siilVeiings;  in  two  the  noso  was  destroyed,  and  in  the  last  there  was  a  deformation 
of  the  olfactory  "rgan.  In  another  case  observed  by  M.  St.  I'air  there  were  removed, 
liy  means  of  iii,i»>ctions,  more  tlian  three*  hundred  larva-,  but  he  was  not  able  to  obtain 
I  liem  all,  and  the  ri'inainder  soen  ])enetratod  the  ball  of  tho  eye,  destroying  the  lower 
eyelid  in  conse(|iieiiee  of  gangrene,  invaded  tho  month,  corroiied  the  gums,  and  laid 
li.'ire  the  inferior  maxillary.  The  victim  died  seventeen  days  alter  his  entrance  into 
\\w  hos)iital," 

After  giving  records  of  nnmeroiis  other  cases,  ho  further  adds: 

"To  Dr.  hesbini,  of  Cordova,  are  due  the  better  observations  ujjon  cases  of  myiasis 
produced  by  ('.  iii(tc('lhn-i<i.  The  lirst  case  presented  itself  in  an  old  foreigner  who 
liail  an  iilcer  in  his  leg  iilled  with  these  larva' ;  the  second  case  occurred  in  Cordova, 
ill  a  boy  of  7  years,  attacked  in  tho  left  ear;  tho  third  and  last  case  was  in  a  girl  of 
K!  years,  also  of  Cordova,  atVected  in  tho  nasal  fossie  by  tho  i)re8once  of  two  hundred 
and  lifty  larva'.     All  these  jiatients  were  saved. 

"It  is  itrobablo  that,  attracted  by  the  fetid  odor  of  nnelean  individuals,  these  Hies 
hover  over  tho  month  or  the  nose,  and  thus  deposit  their  eggs.  Some  atlirm  that 
they  at  times  enter  the  jiassages  for  this  purpose. 

"The  area  of  distribution  of  Compaoiiiyia  viarellaria  is  very  great,  and  will  be,  I 
believe,  yet  greater  with  tim(>,  since  their  habits  facilitate  their  transportation  l)y 
man  from  onii  region  to  another.  Hitherto  they  have  been  observcel  in  the  following 
countries:  Islands  of  America  (Miiaca  macellaria  V.),  North  America  (C/u'i/somi/irt 
tihialin,  C.  I'livrminuTi,  ('.  cirnilcscena,  ('.  decora,  (',  phii  If.-Desv.),  Mexico  (Liirilia 
liomiiiiroraj),  Cuba,  Colombia,  N'enezuela,  Cayenne,  IJrazil,  Peru,  Chile,  Uruguay, 
Argentine  Hepublic,  and  New  Holland." 


Jwing.  which 


DISTKIUCTION. 

U  will  bo  noted  in  tlie  i»reee(liiij^'  parafjrapli  that  the  species  is 
cietlited  to  all  of  America  between  Patagonia  and  Canada,  but  the 
territory  Avithin  which  the  greatest  damage  occurs  is  within  the  tropical 
and  subtropical  belt.  Weed  states  that  the  tly  is  killed  by  cold  winters, 
which,  if  correct,  means  ii  barrier  to  its  northward  extension  beyond 
what  is  possible  in  each  season  by  migration  of  tlie  Hies. 


HABITS  AS   A  PEST   OF  MAN. 


In  discussing  the  habits  of  the  species  it  will  be  convenient  to  discuss 
it  with  reference  to  the  attacks  upon  the  human  species  and  domestic 
animals  independently. 


126 


INSECTS   ArrECTINO   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


The  attacks  upon  mail  arc  usually  <lue  to  deposition  of  o;>'jufs  in  ili(> 
nostrils  or  nioutlis  of  slcopinj;  or  unj'uaiih'd  individuals.  tlion<;li  im 
doubt  expostMl  sores  or  bruises  liaviiif;  a  bloody  surface  w<nild  boe(|niilly 
attriU'tive. 

Professor  Snow  '  inis  j-ivou  a  very  «'areful  des»'ripti(»ii  (»f  the  iiltinks 
and  results  in  a  nnndu'r  of  j'ases,  and  it  will  be  useful  lu'ri;  to  extnn  t 
from  his  paper  some  of  tluf  especially  typical  cases  as  showinj;'  tlic 
mode  of  attack,  the  ellecis  of  the  presence  of  the  larva-,  and  the  treiil- 
nient  resorted  to: 

I  liav<<  I'l'Diii  tiiiu>  to  tiiiir  liiid  ot'timioii  tuiiotii  tlio  iluprodiitiiiiiH  ot'tlio  Ncrcw-woriii 
upon  liorst'H  and  cuttle  in  tliis  Stiitc,  lint  until  rcct-ntiy  have  nut  received  iiositivc 
c\  idunco  of  its  attaiUs  njion  hnniiin  Hubjects  in  iiny  locality  so  I'ar  iiortli  as  Kansas. 
lint  early  in  Scptenilicr,  ISSL',  I  recci\t'd  I'linn  .Mr.  S.  1).  Osliorn,  the  postniasttsr  al 
\iirck,  in  sontlicaslcrn  Kansas,  specimoiis  "ol'  tlio  worms  which  canu^  I'nnn  the  nos- 
trils of  Milton  Carter."  These  jiroved  to  he  tin*  lar\  :e  of  I.uvUia  mnvflUtv'ui  Fall.,  the 
Ho-callcd  "scnnv-worni."  U]ion  further  inijuiry,  I  learned  that  iipwanl  of  one  hun 
dred  l'nll-;;ro\vn  niajjj^ots  csca])ed  from  the  nose  of  this  {latient.  who  finally  rc<'overc(l 
from  the  serious  illness  eonsequent  upon  their  ravai^cs.  1  also  ascertained  that  .Mr. 
Carter  had  lonjf  heen  alllicted  with  an  olfensive  nasal  catarih,  which  made  his  nos- 
trils an  attractive  jtlace  for  the  oviposition  of  the  lly,  and  that  he  had  fallen  asleep 
in  the  woods  in  the  day  time  only  a  lew  days  before  the  lirst  appearance  of  the  symp- 
toms ])roducod  liy  the  presence  of  the  larva'. 

Several  other  instances  of  the  attacks  of  l.iirilia  upon  man  soon  came  to  my  knowl- 
ed;;e,  most  of  which  led  to  fatal  results.  Anmn;;?  thes()  I  will  seltict  the  case  ;'.ttende(l 
l>y  Dr.  .).  It.  Mritton.of  Mapleton.  in  southeastern  Kansas,  who  reported  It  in  full  at 
the  session  of  the  Sonthcast  Kansas  l>istrict  Medical  Society,  in  .Fannaiy,  ISS:!. 
From  this  report  I  eond(!nse  the  followiuf;  account  : 

"On  tlio  eveniu-;  of  Auj;''<t  'J'2,  ISSi',  Mr.  M.  1'..  Hudson  complained  of  a  peculiar 
sensation  at  the  base  of  the  noso  and  alon;;  the  orbital  processes,  which  was  first  fol- 
lowed by  inordin.'ite  snt^e/.iiijf,  and  later  by  a  most  excruciating  pain  over  the  os 
Irontis,  also  iuvolviujj;  the  left  suiiorior  maxillary.  This  p.icient  also  had  sutl'ered, 
and  was  still  sutferinij,  from  an  ajij^ravatcd  form  of  nasal  catarrh.  The  discharyo 
was  quite  ]nirulent,  ol'  a  yellowish  color,  frciiiicntly  tiiijred  with  blood,  with  a  disa- 
grcealde  odor  and  at  times  intolerably  olfensive.  On  the  21th  there  was  a  profuse 
dischar;:;e  of  much  purulent  matter  from  the  nostril  and  mouth,  when  all  pain 
instantly  subsided.  'J'liis  discharge  continued  for  three  days,  during  which  time  as 
much  as  Id  ounces  escaped,  increasing  in  consistcni^v  until  it  was  purti  pus.  The 
odor  becoming  much  more  ((tVensive,  his  cough  was  more  troublesome,  and  fever 
increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to  produce  slight  delirium  for  twelve  hours.  What 
was  thrown  olf  was  with  much  dilllculty  expectorated,  and  was  sanious,  containing 
microscopic  jtarticlcs  of  tisseons  matter,  together  with  Hakes  of  jdastic  exudation. 
The  OS  hyoides  was  evidently  dtsstroyed.  TIk;  patient  had  spokiMi  with  dilliculty  for 
thirty-six  liours  and  there  was  much  trouble  in  swallowing.  The  soft  p.ibite  had 
evidently  given  way.  and  there  was  an  eutiire  in.ability  to  protrude  the  tongue  or  use 
it  in  speech. 

".About  this  time  a  worm  similar  t'*.  a  M'aggot  drojiped  from  his  nose.  That  was 
the  lirst  indic.'ition  or  suspicion  that tii<u>j  wasanythingof  the  kind  present.  'I'here 
was  not,  as  in  some  other  cases  rejiorted,  any  swelling,  or  movements  traceable  under 
the  skin,  nor  was  there  at  any  time  any  complaint  of  the  patient  calculated  to  load 
to  a  knowledge  of  their  presence.  After  the  i])pearanco  of  the  lirst  I  expected 
more,  and  was  surprised  to  see  them  dro])  from  the  nostrils  and  wiggle  from  the 
month  without  any  discomfort  to  the  jiatient  until  they  came  in  contact  with  the 


'  Psyche,  Vol.  IV,  p.  27  (1883). 


i;,liiieideri«i 
„„  111-*  part  t 
iiiiiil  unothe 
,.,,\,.r  them  i 
;um1  the  i)al 
i.\;iiaiiiation 
tiiir  fascia, 

ini.iily  'l''*** 
III. .mil  ami  i 
ill-  forty-eif 
1„  1  cxccedec 
imiient  live 

•  I  iiiit  liv 
(Inipped  froi 

•  Upon  a 
fnid  that  all 
llirowiiig  111 
vertebra- ex 
The  OS  liyoi' 
sapci'licial  I 

"  My  own 
|,i-obably  th 
(if.     At  that 
Willi  the  stn 
I  hat  alVcctc* 
liirthcr  troi 
In  the  I'ei 
Moravia,  lo 
I  make  the 
-' While  ti 
had  the  mis 
been  tronbl 
Inmie  a  few 
cold.    (Irov 
his  ai»peari 
gestion  of 
and  he  com 
the  head, 
liiiu  again, 
symptoms 
intense  niii 
for  in  hast 
a  mass  of  t 
South) col 
retreat  en 
sweet  mil 
away  a  la 
I5y  Wednc 
]>ortious  ( 
a  str-Mig  t 
acid  w».  h 
their  waj 
were  una 
which  iiv 
o])en  up 
literally 


DIPTERA. 


127 


>%i  lini'i<lt>rian  iimiiiliraiio,  wlutii  thoy  iiiiiioyed  liiia  ^roatly,  and  evrry  KtViirt  wuh  iiiadu 
oil  Ins  part  to  ox|ii'l  thniii ;  but  so  hooii  aH  uxpollud  no  t'lirtliir  troiililtt  was  iiiaiiiittHtod 
iiiiiil  another  would  ;;ntlnto  tlio  iiOHtril.  Kvmy  clloit  was  iiiadu  cii  iny  jiart  to  dis- 
(iiM'i  tliuiii  under  tliu  tiHoiio,  but  tint  Huft  pahito  bein;;  deHtroynl  to  a  ^nal  cxti^it, 
ami  tliu  palatitio  arch  apparuntly  lowered,  it  was  witli  nincli  dinicnlty  tliat  an 
I  \:iiMination  iiould  lie  inado.  Tim  worniM  were  evidently  burrowing;  under  tlio  jiala- 
tiiir  I'liscia,  an  it  ,  resented  a  Inmeyeoinbed  appearanee  and  in  places  patches  w(>ro 
iiii.illy  d((stroyn(l  as  larj^e  as  a  dime  [IM  nini.|.  They  continued  t"  4lrop  Ironi  the 
iiKiiih  and  nose,  forced  IVtini  the  nostrils  by  the  ellortsof  tin*  patient,  lor  thc^  I'ldlow- 
iii:;  I'orty-eight  hours,  duiin;;  which  time  L'U'T  were  counted  and  lli<'  estimated  mini- 
liii  ixceeded  ilOO.  At  this  time  tin*  whole  of  the  soft  palate  was  ilestroyed.  1  he 
pill  ii  lit  live.l  four  days  after  the  last  worm  canu-  away. 

"  I  put  live  of  the  worms  in  dry  earth,  and  in  fourteen  days  I'rom  the  time  tiiey 
ilicipped  from  the  nostril  there  hat<hed  out  three  Hies. 

"  Ijion  a  vtu'y  minute  and  careful  examination  after  death  I  was  astonished  to 
liiid  that  all  the  tissue  coverin;^;  the  cervical  vertebra',  as  far  down  as  I  could  see  by 
tlirowin<;  the  h(>ad  liaek  and  compressing;  the  ton<;iie,  was  wlndly  destroyed  and  the 
\erte1ir:e  exposed.  The iialatine  bones  br(d\e  with  the  slightest  jiressureof  the  linger. 
I'lie  OS  liyoides  was  destroyetl  and  the  niiHal  bones  loose,  only  held  in  jiositiunby  the 
sii|ierlicial  fascia. 

"  My  own  theory  is  that  the  tly  deposited  the  eyj?s  whih*  the  jmtient  was  asleep, 
liKibaldy  the  day  previous  to  the  peculiar  sensation  and  sneezing  tirst  c(nnidained 
1)1'.  At  that  time  they  had  aciiiiired  vitality  enough  to  annoy  hiin  while  in  coninet 
with  the  sound  tlesh.  So  soon  as  they  came  in  c<nitact  with  the  unsound  llesh,  or 
I  hill  alVected  with  the  catarrh,  being,  as  it  must  have  been,  gangrenous,  they  gave  no 
liirther  trouble."'     *     "     ' 

In  the  I'eorla,  (111.)  Medical  Monthly  for  February,  ISXIJ,  Dr.  .losliua  Hieliardson,  of 
Moravia,  Iowa,  has  an  article  upon  "The  Screw  Fly  and  its  Ravages, "'  from  which 
1  make  the  following  extracts: 

"  While  traveling  in  Kansas  in  th..  latter  put  i/  ut  last  Augnst,  a  citizen  of  this  place 
had  the  misfortune  to  receive  while  aslt^ep  a  deposit  of  eggs  from  this  fly.  Ho  had 
been  troubled  for  years  with  catarrh,  hence  the  attraction  to  the  tly.  He  returned 
home  a  few  days  after  the  accidtuit  and  shortly  after  began  complaining  of  ii  bad 
cold,  (irowing  rapidly  worse,  I  was  called  to  attend  him.  ^Monday,  my  tirst  day, 
his  ajipearance  was  that  of  a  nniii  laboring  under  a  severe  cold.  Had  slight  con- 
gestion of  the  lungs,  and  moderate  grade  of  fever.  His  nose  seemed  greatly  swollen 
and  li<>  complained  of  a  smarting,  uneasy  feciing  in  it,  and  general  misery  through 
the  htsad.  (iave  him  treatment  to  relieve  the  congestion  and  fever.  Tuesday,  saw 
him  again.  His  nose  and  face  were  still  more  swt>llen,  and  in  addition  to  the  other 
symptoms  he  was  be(u>miiig  slightly  delirious  and  complained  a  great  deal  of  the 
intense  misery  and  annoyance  in  his  nose  and  heao.  A  few  hours  after,  1  was  sent 
lor  in  haste  with  the  word  that  something  was  in  his  nose.  I  found  on  examination 
a  mass  id'  the  larva'  of  this  lly  (or  "screw-worms,  "  as  they  are  commonly  called  in  the 
iSonth)  completely  blocking  np  one  nostril.  On  touching  them  they  would  instantly 
retreat  en  masse  np  the  nostril.  Making  a  '20  jier  cent  s<dutioii  of  chloroform  in 
sweet  milk  I  made  a  lew  injections  up  both  nostrils,  which  immediately  brought 
away  a  large  number,  so  that  in  a  few  hours  I  had  taken  away  some  125  of  them. 
I?y  Wednesday  evening  erysiptdas  had  begun,  implicating  the  node  and  neighboring 
l»ortious  (d'  tlui  face.  Another  physician  was  called.  Hy  continual  syringing  with 
a  Btr'>ng  antiseptic  solution  of  salycilate  of  soda,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  carbolic 
acid  Wi.  l">ped  to  drown  out  the  remaining  larva-.  Hut  they  had  by  this  time  cut 
their  >vay  iiro  so  many  roce.sses  of  the  nose  and  were  so  lirmly  attached  that  we 
wore  unable  to  accomplish  much.  Finally  we  resorted  to  the  chloroform  injections, 
which  immodiately  brought  away  a  considerable  number.  Friday  I  was  able  to 
ojien  up  two  or  three  canals  that  they  had  cut,  extracting  sevor.il  more  that  had 
literally  packed  themselves,  one  after  another,  in  these  tistulous  channels.     His 


128 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


I"      '^, 


■fll 


ttpttocli  lHU(>iiiin){  HiuUluiily  much  wHixt^  I  uxaiiiinoil  tlio  interior  of  IiIh  iiioiitli  .md 
IoiiikI  tliiit'  a  i'l(Mtr-<!iit  opoiiliiK  '"■*!  ''•'**i>  iiintlu  riitii'i'ly  tliroiiKli  tlio  roI'j  ]iuliito  \i.\n 
his  iiioiitii  and  lai');ii  4>iiou;;ii  to  iuHert  tht«  ciitl  of  a  cuuinion  loml  iicncil.  Satnnl.iy 
thu  fuw  roinainin);  larvae  be^an  (^Itangin^  color  and  ouo  by  ono  dropjiod  iiway.  nn 
Sunday  for  tlio  lU'Ht  time  h('nlo^rhllK(^  IVoin  lioth  nostrils  took  place,  vlilcli  coiitiiiii>  i| 
ivt  intervals  for  tlirt^o  days,  Imt  was  not  .it  any  tinio  Ncvcrc.  On  this  day  the  patient 
bogaii  to  improve,  tho  delirium  and  <>rysipelas  havin)r  Hnl>Hide<l,  leaving  hut  little  hi 
no  annoyance  in  his  heail.  In  n  few  days  he  liecanie  alile  to  go  al>onl  home,  iiinl 
even  to  walk  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  to  \  isit  a  friend  and  return.  Knt  whil<<  tlii'ir 
he  liegan  com|ilaining  of  a  pain  in  the  neigliliorhood  of  his  left  car,  ap[>arenlly  whci. 
the  eustachian  tuhe  connects  with  tho  middle  car.  It  proved  to  ho  an  ahscos. 
Heiug  alrt'iidy  so  rotlnced  hy  tho  tirst  attack,  ho  was  uuuhio  to  withstand  the  secomi, 
ami  died  after  an  illness  of  nearly  thr«M)  weeks,  comphdely  exhausted  liy  his  prn- 
longed  sull'criugs.  Three  days  hofore  his  death  the  abscess  discharge  d  its  conleul> 
by  the  lel't  nostril.    The  <iuantity  of  pes  fornuid  was  about  1']  ouni^os  [IX  gramsj. 

"In  all  aliout'_'r>()  larva-  were  taken  away  from  him  iluriug  the  lirst  attack,  and, 
us  the  visildu  results,  not  only  had  they  cut  the  hole  through  thu  Hoft  palate,  bni 
had  also  eaten  tho  cartilagu  of  tho  septum  uf  tlio  nose  ho  nearly  through  as  to  giv< 
him  the  appearance  of  having  a  broken  nosis  Tho  case  occupied,  from  the  tirsi 
invasion  <d'  the  lly  to  its  liiutl  result,  nearly  tsvo  months,  lie  doubtless  would  have 
recovered  but  for  the  formation  of  the  abscess,  which,  from  all  tho  symptoniH,  was 
caused  by  ono  or  nu)re  of  the  larvae  having  found  their  way  up  tho  left  euHtachiaii 
tube." 

Dr.  Hiehardson  also  i|uotes  tho  Hev.  William  Dixon,  of  (ireeu.  Clay  County,  Kans., 
as  giving  the  following  ac(!ount  (d'  his  own  experience: 

'•While  riding  in  his  buggy  a  few  years  ago  in  Texas  a  screw  fly  attacked  him. 
Hying  up  one  nostril.  Ho  blew  it  out,  when  it  dashed  up  tho  other  anil  deposited  its 
eggs  before  ho  was  able  to  expel  it.  Not  realizing  the  danger,  ho  did  nothing  for 
about  three  days,  when  the  jjain  became  so  great  that  he  hastened  to  Austin  to  con- 
sult a  i)hysi(dan.  His  soft  palate  was  ahnost  destroyed  before  tho  larva*, over  200  in 
nnmlior,  were  expelled." 

This  Avas  the  only  one  of  twolvo  eases  known  to  Dr.  Richardson  in  which  tho 
patient  recovered. 

AS   A   PKST   OF  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Until  recently  the  references  to  the  attiick.s  of  thi.s  .species  on  domes- 
tic aniniiils  have  been  of  a  very  fraginentiiry  character,  Imt  the  papers 
by  Weed  and  Francis  have  brought  its  triu;  importance  into  prominence. 

Its  greatest  injuries  for  the  United  States  have  occurred  in  Texas, 
and  the  Texas  Experiment  Station  early  began  tho  study  of  its  habit.s. 
Prof.  G.  W.  Curtis,  formerly  director  of  that  station,  wrote  to  mo  at 
considerable  length  regarding  the  pests,  kindly  sending  mo  specimens 
of  the  vari(ms  stages,  and  I  can  hardly  better  present  the  relation  of 
the  pest  to  the  stock  industry  of  that  State  thau  to  extract  from  a 
letter  dtited  December  l."),  1888: 

I  am  sorry  I  have  not  more  time  to  answer  your  quostionH  about  the  so-callod 
"screw- worm"  of  Texas. 

I  have  been  closely  interested  in  practical  stock  raising  in  this  county  for  nearly 
six  years;  always  in  charge  of  tho  college  stock  and  part  of  tho  time  privately  with 
stock  of  my  own,  and  I  am  free  to  confess  that  the  man  who  can  find  a  cheap,  expe- 
ditious, and  effective  preventive  or  remedy  of  the  screw-worm  will  confer  a  blessing 
fitly  measured  by  the  enormous  iiuaucial  beuetit  which  would  accrue. 


DIPTEUA. 


129 


County,  Kdtis. 


a  iu  which  tho 


the  H(>-caIIo(l 


My  ohHorviitioiiH  hiivo  Imitn  initiiily  tMincernud  with  the  practiciil  mkIo  of  tli«  Hiih- 
Ji'i  I,  mul  not  until  tiio  |iiist  your  or  two  have  I  tiii<i>n  nniiii  ttuiihlo  tu  iiivfHti>{iito 
Ihr  lift)  hintory  of  tho  ioHt'ct, 

Ami  riih),  tiio  lly  Ix'giiiH  itH  worl{  in  Juno,  bnt  nothing  iiko  vigoruim  linHinu'N  ii<;tiv- 
iiy  in  ruiichcd  until  July,  whtMi  for  throo  ur  four  nionthH  the  time  ot  thu  Mto(  kinan  ih 
k>  |it,  conHtiintly  al)soi'1iu(l  in  iittondinK  to  aniiiiuls  with  "  wormy"  sores  This  ytstr 
I  I^SH)  tlimnost  trouUlo  was  (tKporieui'i'il  ilnriti;{  Soptcuilier  and  Ortolior,  and  out  of 
--uiiiit  1.'(I0  licad  of  cattlu  and  t!l)  or  70  head  of  hoK^*  ^VI1  liad  as  nian,v  aH  l.'i  or  'JO  cnHcH 
iiiidfr  trt!atnionl  In  a  Hpacn  of  h'HS  tinin  two  wuelis. 

Ihr  trouble  starts  usually  liy  Htnuit  littlo  H(;rati'h,  porhapH  caiiHtMl  Ity  barlitMl  wire 
I.I  liy  a  Htridvu  from  a  horn;  Honiotinu-s,  fr»i|u<'ntly  in  fact,  it  Niarts  liy  an  undue 
.ii'i'umulatiou  of  licks  and  conHi'i|Ui>utruliliin;;  (d'  tho  anitual,  wliicli,  wliilu  rtunoving 
smiio  of  the  ticks,  leavcH  an  o|i(>uing  in  thu  Hkiii  lhroii;;h  which  a  little  blood  will 
lAiido.  In  eitlinr  case  tho  hasiH  of  tlic  o|'ieratiou  himmiih  to  l>ti  a  raw  or  slightly  Moody 
Mirfacc,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  tho  work  is  carriiMl  on  is  wonderful.  Thu  <'f,gs 
:iio  dcpoHitcd  and  tho  larvae  a]>|icar  iu  a  very  Hhort  time;  from  what  I  have  noticed  I 
siioiilil  Hay  in  less  than  thirty-six  hours  after  the  egg  itt  deposited. 

I  have  been  told,  tinio  ami  again,  by  those  who  assume  to  know,  that  the  "screw- 
worm  lly"  does  not  deposit  the  eggs— that  they  are  hatched  within  the  body  and  the 
young  larva  deposiftid  after  hatching.  Thert^  is  a  gray  lly  which  does  tins,  but  the 
female  deposits  only  a  few  larva-,  iinil  they  are  not  by  any  means  to  be  dreaded  so 
much  as  tlm  green  lly  (brown  head),  which  <leposit8  eirgs  by  the  wholesale. 

I  have  never  Hi'cn  a  "Hurew-worm"  (larva)  which  I  could  trace  directly  to  a  gray 
il,\ .  All  of  the  worms  which  I  have  bottled  up  and  hutched  under  jiositive  giianl 
against  error  have  turned  into  the  same  kind  of  ily,  specimens  of  which  (m  alcohol) 
are  herewith  transmitted  for  your  exainiiiatioii. 

It  IS  said,  however,  that  tlm  gray  lly  works  earlier  iu  the  season.  TliiB  may  b<<  true, 
as  the  Hies  I  have  hatched  out  have  been  from  worms  taken  from  sores  during 
September  and  October. 

In  October  of  this  year  a  house  cat  which  I  have  ha<l  his  foot  injured,  piesnmably 
by  lighting.  When  we  next  saw  h.m,  about  three  days  later,  his  foot  was  swollen 
and  tilled  with  screw-worms.  We  tocdv  out  over  (iO  screw- worms  from  his  foot  within 
six  days.  All  of  the.se  were  placed  in  a  liottle  with  a  little  earth  and  covered  by  a 
wire  screen. 

The  worms  pupated  and  transformed  iu  twtdve  days,  about  30  Hies  coming  out;  all 
like  the  Hies  sent  you. 

Dnring  the  fi^w  days  that  the  worms  were  in  the  cat's  foot  they  divested  the  bone 
of  almost  every  ]iarticle  of  tlesh  and  caused  one  of  the  ]dialangeal  bmies  to  come  out 
entire. 

About  a  week  after  this  I  bought  a  thoroughbred  Hereford  calf  and  had  him 
shippe<l  down  from  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  On  arrival  1  found  screw-worms 
in  the  cleft  of  the  right  front  foot  (between  the  toes),  produced  by  some  tly  in  Dallas, 
as  he  was  shipijcd  directly  from  that  point,  and  had  been  there  for  two  weeks  or 
more  prior  to  date  of  Bhipmeut.  I  took  out  some  12  or  15  of  these  worms  and 
"planted"  them  very  carefully.  I  did  not  know  but  tho  lly  in  north  Texas  might 
prove  to  he  the  gray  one,  and  I  was  anxious  to  satisfy  myself  on  this  point. 

Some  10  or  12  of  the  number  "plautetl"  transformed  and  the  tlies  appeared  in 
eleven  days  from  date  of  ])lanting,  all  green  with  brown  heads,  exactly  like  the 
ones  I  had  found  in  tho  cat's  foot,  and  which  must,  of  course,  have  been  deposited  by 
tlies  in  this  immediate  vicinity.     •     -     » 

Dr.  Francis  (Bull.  12,  Tex.  Exp.  Sta.)  states  that  no  cases  in  raau 

have  fallen  under  his  notice,  and  says : 

Of  all  our  domesticated  animals  cattle  suffer  the  most  from  its  ravages.     They 
occur  in  wounds  from  horns,  castrating,  spaying,  branding,  dehorning,  barbed-wire 
injuries,  and  often  where  ticks  have  hurst  on  the  brisket,  tlank,  or  juet  behind  the 
4653— No.  5 9 


130 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ^:Li^IMAL8. 


udder  Oj  cows.  They  often  occur  in  the  vulviu  of  fresh  cowa,  especially  if  there  has 
been  a  I'oteution  of  the  ]tla<enta  or  afterbirth.  Younjjf  calves  are  almost  invariably 
aflfectetl  in  the  navel,  .-ind  often  in  the  mouth,  causinjy  the  teeth  to  fall  out.  One 
case  occurred  in  the  first  stomach  (paunch  or  rumen)  that  is  worthy  of  mention. 
Last  Sci>tember  the  writer  had  occasion  to  kill  a  .Jersey  bull  calf  probably  two  mouths 
old  tiiat  ha<l  screw- worms  in  both  hind  le;;s,ju8t  above  the  hock  .joint.  On  ojjening 
the  abdiiincii  I  found  hi  ir  balls  in  the  stomach  (ruiuen),  and,  to  my  surprise,  aliout 
twenty-live  fully  matured  screw-worms  alnu)8t  buried  in  the  wall  of  that  organ.  I 
placed  soiue  of  the  worms  in  moist  earth,  and  in  ten  or  twelve  days  they  hatched 
out  genuine  screw- worm  Hies,  llow  did  they  come  tlK'ref  My  opinion  is  that  the 
calf  licked  the  sores  on  his  legs,  and  in  doing  so  took  some  eggs  that  hatched  and 
devolo[)ed  in  the  slomach. 

Horses  and  mules  are  not  so  often  attacked.  In  them  they  are  usually  found  in 
barbed-wire  injuries,  nnd  occasionally  in  the  sheaths  of  horses  and  the  vaginro  of 
marcs  and  tiie  navels  of  colts. 

Hogs  are  mor«  liable  to  become  affected  than  horses.  'I'hey  are  frequently  wounded 
by  dogs  and  by  fighting,  or  there  may  be  barbed-wir»!  itijiiries,  wounds  from  castra- 
tion, etc. 

Sheep  arc  comi)arativoly  free  from  the  attacks  unless  injured  by  dogs. 

Weed  considers  that  next  to  the  attacks  upon  man  those  upon  cattle 
are  of  most  importance,  and  he  estimates  that  half  of  the  cases  in  cat- 
tle occur  where  ticks  have  been  crushed.  He  also  states  that  "sheep 
are  attacked  when  injured  by  dogs,  or  when  the  sheep  are  in  poor  con- 
dition the  eggs  ar  laid  upon  the  wool  and  when  the  larva'  liatch  they 
immediately  bore  into  tlie  skin.  In  many  cases  the  sheep  are  attacked 
within  the  nasal  cavities  and  the  worms  eat  into  the  head."  On  hogs 
he  says  the  favorite  seat  of  attack  is  upon  the  ears. 

LIFE   HISTORY. 

The  fly  which  produces  all  tliis  trouble  is  a  small  species  less  than 
half  an  inch  iu  length  (10  mm.)  and  of  a  bluish  green  color  with  metal- 


Fio.  d'.l.—Onmptnmtjia  mafrllaria:  iidiilt,  wings  pxi)nn(lp(l— enlnrfjed  (after  Francis). 


H  :>  ■ 


lie  reflections.  It  is  particularly  distinguished  from  related  forms  by 
the  presence  of  Ihree  longitudinal  black  stripes  on  the  thorax.  The 
head  is  reddish  or  yellow  and  the  body  is  covered  with  stiff  black  hairs. 


DIPTERA. 


131 


The  fly  appears  in  early  sammer  (June  or  July  for  Texas),  the  time 
doubtless  dept'iuling  on  the  latitude,  it  having  i)assed  the  winter  as 
iidult  presumably  either  in  a  latitude  free  from  extreme  cold  or  apro- 
ti'cted  location  in  houses.    There  is  no  imi)ossibility  of  the  miyratiou 


^'"^^ 


.^^ 


\ 


\ 


Fid.  64. — ('iiini)soiii Ilia  iniiivWi rill:  iidnlt,  wings  iii  rf«t — eiilnrjiwl  (iil'ti'i- Knincis). 


of  tliese  flies  from  h)calities  sevenil  hundred  miles  sonth  of  the  place  of 
flieir  appearance  in  early  sumi.u'r,  as  aside  from  the  powers  of  flight 
they  (!ouhl  easily  W.  transportetl  on  boats  or  cars.  I  know  of  no  obser- 
vations, however,  to  establish  such  a  means  for  tlieir  distribution. 

In  depositing  its  eggs  it  selects  some  wound  or  decaying  matter  and 
lays  a  mass  of  eggs  at  once;  at  least  three  or  four  hun- 
dred may  be  deposited  by  a  single  female  within  a  space 
of  a  very  few  moments,  and  the  same  fly  may  oviposit 
at  dift'erent  times  and  in  different  places  hundreds  or 
even  tlnmsands  of  eggs. 

The  eggs  are  cylindrical,  like  those  of  other  flies, 
about  1  mm.  in  length,  white.  'Tmler  the  microscope 
the  eggs  show  a  prominent  ridge  on  one  side.''    (Weed.) 

The  eggs  hatch  within  a  few  lumrs.    Francis  says: 


r     I 


Flo.  05.— C  inaecl- 
laria :  lieail,  side 
V  i  (•  \v— ciilarguil 
(after  Francis). 


My  present  opinion  is  tlint  if  tbo  ejigs  are  laid  in  ii  luniHt  place 
and  on  a  warm  day  it  requires  less  than  one.  hour;  whereas  if  laid  in  a  dry  place 
they  Heeni  to  dry  up  and  lose  their  vitality. 

Weed  considers  the  time  required  for  hatching  about  nine  hours. 
The  idea  that  they  may  be  deposited  in  living  condition  is  combated 
by  all  careful  observations.  The  larva,  or  maggot,  is  a  whitish  footless 
grub,  rather  slender  and  (luite  active,  burrowing  into  the  tissues  of  the 
aflected  animal  or  into  the  mass  of  putrid  flesh  or  decaying  matter  that 
furnishes  it  food.  They  grow  rapidly  and  mature  in  Ave  or  six  days 
(Weed)  or  about  a  week  (Francis).  When  mature  they  escape  from 
tlie  wound  they  have  infested  or  wriggle  away  from  the  mass  of  matter 


132 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


■if 


in  wliicli  (hoy  liav*'  <l»^velo|MMl,  juid  biuy  tlieiiis«'lv«^s  in  t.lio  }>romi<l  to 
trinislonii. 

Tlu' impiuiii  iiiv  brown  in  «'»»lt»r,  cylindricMl,  roiindril  at  tlioends,  and 
abont  twolil'tlis  ot'  an  inch  in  lonji'di.     (See  liji'.  (»!).) 

Tlio  lenjith  of  time  passed  in  thr  pupa,  staj^e  appears  to  vary,  but 
obsorvi'rs  ajiicc  on  tVoin  nin«'  to  twelvtMlays  as  tin^  nsual  time;  Francis 
says  nine  lor  tiu'  shortest  and  I'onrteen  lor  tlie  lonj^est  jx'riod  observ<'d 
by  him.  l-'rom  this  liistory  it  is  evident  that  llierc  may  be  a  succession 
of  many  {•ein-i  ations  during  ii  season,  whiiih  for  ditlerent  individuals  so 


Kid.  (iti.  -  Kjiii  of  (\ 


iiKicillai  ill 
Iv  cnliiiuoil 
Kriincis). 


l''ln.<iH l.arxiiiir  ('.  inacfllnrid     cnliirycil  (iil'lor 

I'lilllciH). 


KKi.  ti".  -  K.ns;  iiiiiss  of  O.  inacellnilii  (al'liT  l'"iiim'is). 

overlap  and  eond)ine  tlnit  tlu>re  are  liosts  (»r  the  insects  in  idl  stajjes, 
I'roni  tlieir  api>earance  in  tiie  early  pait  of  the  season  till  cheeked  by 
return  of  cold  weather.     As  Francis  says: 

While  tile  liirv:i'  ;ii'o  lims  (li>\  olopinjj,  tlif  llins  al•<^  t'onstautly  layiiiiu;  fresh  euKs  '" 
the  woiindis.  so  tliat  tlii^  yomijf  worms  take  tlit<  places  of  the  iiiatureil  oiie.s,  aixl  thiiH 
keep  up  a  constant  and  proyiessive  loss  of  tisstu^. 

KKMEDIKS. 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  accounts  that  the  fatal  cases  in  man  are 
due  to  the  di'position  of  egys,  mainly  in  the  nostrils,  sonu^times  in  the 


I'lci.  OS).  -  I'ii|i;n  iiiin  cil'  ('   nKictlltiriii—i^u- 
l:iiHi'(l  (iil'li'i-  l''r;iii(i.s). 


Vw.  Til.  I'liiiiiiimii  lit'  <'■  iiiiieilliiriii, Khm\iuji 
liniki'U  ciiil  wlicrt^ll.v  1ms  ciiiitk»h1— i'iiliiry;t'(l 
(after  Fimii'is). 


mouth,  and  that  such  deposition  is  most  liiible  to  occur  to  persons  sleep- 
ing in  the  open  air  or  to  those  sutfering  from  catarrh.  The  evident 
precaution  is  t(»  avoid  these  stuirces  of  danger  by  the  use  of  mo8(iuito 
netting  or  wire  gauze  for  sleeping  rooms  and  of  a  ])rotection  for  the 
nostrils  when  exposed  in  places  where  the  Hies  are  common. 
If  once  infested,  medical  attention  should  be  sought  at  the  earliest 


DIPTERA. 


133 


0  ffrouml  to 


<'iiliir(;«il  (aClor 


possible  iiionuMit,  and  in  case  of  delay  a  ])r<tiiipt  syriiif;in};'  out  of  the 
nasal  passajyes  with  dilute  <'arl)oli(!  acid,  1  i)!irt  arid  to  -'(>(»  piirts  water, 
should  be,  resorted  to  to  dislodj^e  or  kill  tlu^  worms. 

I'\)r  the  }jfeu<'ral  abatciint^nt  of  the  pest,  attention  to  the  destruction  of 
f;arba^e,  car<Msses,  or  liltli  of  any  kind  is  to  be  (toniincndcMl,  wliile  prc- 
Ncntion  of  bruises,  cuts,  barbed -wire  scratches,  and  especially  the 
j)unctni'es  of  ticks,  are  anion*;'  the  most  important  I'K'asures.  Weed 
and  I''raiH*is  aj^rei^  that  ticks  furnish  the  j;reat«!st  nnmb(;r  of  cases,  and 
tiie  former  advocates  tiie  feedinji  <>'  f^^^dt  and  suii)liur  as  a  preventive 
of  ticks  on  this  account.  Francis,  however,  considers  tiie  sulpiiur  trc^at- 
ment  of  no  avail,  but  dep<Mids  upon  killing  ticks  with  dipping',  a  prot;- 
ess  which  ninst  serve  to  kill  ticks,  lice,  sitrew  worms,  and  all  external 
parasit<'s  at  once.     (S«'e  section  on  dip])inj;'  methods.) 

As  a  direct  applicration  for  the  sores  infested  with  worms,  a  wash  of 
carbolic  a-cid  is  advised.  The  acid  should  be  diluted  with  thirty  times 
its  bulk  of  water,  and  its  value  w<nild,  I  suspect,  be  enhanced  if  a  little 
glycerin  were  a<lded.  A  final  dressing'  of  pine  tar  or  in  dee|>  sores  a 
I>ackin;;'  wMtli  oakum  and  coating  witli  tar  ar<i  recommended. 

Dr.  Francis  writes  me  that  sinj^o  the  publication  of  his  liiilletin  on 
screw-worms  they  have  found  a  very  practical  method  «d"  applying  sub- 
stances to  destroy  tiie  larvic.  It  is  to  use  creoline,  or  any  of  the  car- 
bolic sheep  dips,  in  a  nnuihinist's  oiler,  by  which  niciins  one  can  deliver 
a  few  drops  in  th(!  holes  without  waste.  They  nse  an  ordinary  (MUiical 
zinc  oil  can  of  about  4  ounces  capacity,  and  liml  it  very  satisfactory. 


SITMMAKY. 

In  brief,  it  maybe  said  that  the  screw-worm  fly,  whi<'h  is  distinguished 
by  blue  body,  red  front  to  head,  and  three  bla(;k  lines  on  tlic  thorax,  is 
distributed  through  all  of  tropical  and  much  of  temjicrate  America; 
that  it  deposits  eggs  (not  living  young)  in  refuse  matter,  (tarcasses  of 
animals,  tlesh  woumls,  or  even  minute  drops  of  exuded  l)lood,  and  the 
exposed  openings  of  the  body;  that  the  eggs  hatch  within  a  very 
few  hours  at  most,  au«l  larva'  grow  to  maturity  rajtidly,  consuiniiig 
all  tissues  adjacent  to  them,  and  in  cases  of  attack  upon  the  limbs 
often  laying  bare  the  bones;  that  pupation  lasts  about  ten  or  twelve 
days  aiul  is  i>assed  underground;  that  adults  are  found  through  nearly 
all  the  summer  months,  but  tor  the  southern  United  States  more  par- 
ticularly from. I  uly  to  October;  that  for  prevention  and  remedy  reliance 
must  be  placed  upon  the  prevention,  as  far  as  possible,  of  all  wounds 
and  filth  on  animals,  and  when  infested,  prompt  treatment  with  washes 
of  dilute  carbolic  acid  and  subsequent  coating  Avith  pine  tar. 

Tub  Tsetse  Fly. 

(Glossina  morsitatia  Westw.) 

This  famous  fly  of  the  central  plains  of  Africa  can  hardly  be  omitted 
from  a  work  of  this  character,  especially  since  there  is  a  possibility  of 


134 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


its  distribution  to  othor  countries.  I'iVen  uow  it  is  thought  to  exist  in 
Austral  iii. 

Its  iittiu'ks  upon  (tattle,  liorses,  mules,  slieep,  as  well  as  nunierons 
wild  animals — /ehras,  antelopes,  buH'aloes,  etc. — are  saiil  to  be  most 
deadly  in  result,  and  even  man  is  attacked  with  severity,  tlu)nj;ii  it  is 
clainu^l  that  tiiese  attacks  are  less  injuiious  to  man  than  to  animals. 

Other  species  <)t'  tiu>.  }>enus  have  similar  habits,  but  are  less  known. 

The  Hii'PKLATKS  Kr.iKS. 

{Hip}wlatin  N|>i>.) 

Under  the  title  of  The  llippelates  ria}j;iu^  in  Florida'  Mr.  E.  A. 
Schwarz  has  called  attention  to  a  juroup  of  inst'cts  thiit  nnist  have  a 
very  imimrtant  place  in  the  list  of  animal  pkijuues,  though  they  seem 
to  have  been  pretty  generally  negh'cted.     II is  treatment  of  the  pest  is 


Fm.  "1.  — ////'/'(''(I'i'K  ilavii'm  -  luiuli  cnlarp'il  (  from  Schwiirz). 

almost  entirely  from  the  standpoint  of  their  attacks  upon  human 
beings,  but  it  is  clearly  shown  that  they  must  be  a  dangerous  pest  to 
domestic  animals  as  well.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  insects 
have  been  commonly  met  with  and  noticed  as  a  source  of  annoyaiu-e, 
but  no  one  seems  to  have  nnule  a  study  of  them  from  the  economic 
standpoint  before  Mr.  Schwarx. 

The  species  especially  mentioned  are :  Ifippclati's  plchejus  Loew,  ^flavi- 
pes  Loew,  Aiulpusio  Loew,  two  of  which  are  figured  and  the  figures  are 
here  reproduced. 

The  annoyance  caused  by  the  flies  is  due  to  their  darting  into  the 
eyes  and  other  parts  of  the  body  after  the  moisture  or  [lerspiration, 
and  also  by  a  constant  humming.    They  prove  very  iiritable.    Further, 


'  Insect  Life,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  374-379. 


DIPTERA. 


135 


l>(   to  oxist  ill 

its  minicroiis 
'<»  1»<'  most 
tlioii{>|i  ii  is 

O  illljlllills. 

K'ss  known. 


Afr.  K.  A. 

imist  liavo  ji 
'i  thoy  seem 
t'  the  jifst  is 


they  attack  sores,  scrutches,  ulcers,  etc.,  and  by  passinff  from  one  per- 
son to  another,  or  from  <logs,  cats,  or  other  animals  witli  sores  to 
healthy  individuals,  become  a  most  dangerous  source  of  disease 
contagion. 

So  far  as  doscribcMl  the  plague  is  greatest  in  the  Southern  States, 
especially  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Texas,  an<l  as  similar  species  are 
common  to  many  parts  of  the  (country,  there  is  little  doubt  tliat  when 
investigated  many  of  the  annoying  gnats  will  be  Ibund  to  come  within 
this  group.  In»le<'d,  I  feel  conJident  that  in  years  past  insects  of  this 
character  iiave  been  often  encountered  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  as  the 
hard  bodies  and  persistent  elforts  to  ent<'r  eyes  have  been  noted,  when 
no  attempt  was  made  to  collect  specimens  or  place  them  entomologi(;alIy. 

Tho  (lies  aro  stiii'tly  diiiriiiil,  and  <i>iititiiio  to  lio  tioubloHoiiui  from  early  morning 
till  near  sunset,  hein;;  most,  iij^f^ressivo  ilnring  the  Dot  and  Miiltry  hours  of  tlirafttT- 
noon.     They  prefrrubly  freijnent  open  and  snnuy  plac-es,  wliile  in  the  shade  of  deuHO 


'Oil  human 
ons  pest  to 
Bse  insects 
innoyance, 
s  economic 

oew,  Jfavi. 
figures  are 

g  into  the 

•spiration, 

Further, 


Fici.  T.'.  —  lliiiiii'Uili's  iilebrj  118— imu-h  enlarged  (from  Schwiir/,). 

forests  their  ])re8ence  's  not  notieeabio.  They  are  e'lnally  troublesome  in  th<'  conn- 
try  away  from  human  habitationc^,  and  l:i  tho  streets  of  small  towns,  but  I  do  not 
recollect  having  seen  them  in  any  number  ou  the  streets  of  the  larger  cititjs.  They 
enter  the  howoes,  but  evidently  do  not  feel  at  ease  in  the  loouis,  for  they  do  not  attack 
people,  but  cctngregate  on  the  ])unos  of  windows,  if  these  happen  to  bo  closed. 

The  life  histories  are  unknown,  but  Mr.  Schwarz  suggests  the  stems 
of  reedy  iilants  or  the  piles  of  decaying  reeds  along  shores  of  lakes  or 
marshes  iis  possible  breeding  grounds. 

With  regard  to  remedial  measures  Mr.  Schwarz  says: 

Until  some  light  is  thrown  on  the  life  history  of  the  Hies  it  is  impossible  to  sng- 
gest  any  remedial  measures  to  be  adopted  for  the  general  abatement  of  this  pest  in 
a  given  region.  Very  little  can  be  said  regarding  protective  measures.  To  kill  the 
flies,  as  we  instinctively  do  the  mosquitoes,  by  a  slap  of  the  hand,  is  of  no  avail 
against  the  Ilippelates,  because  they  are  too  numerous  and  for  other  obvious  reasouu. 


136 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


A  closo-fittlng  veil  would  no  doubt  protect  the  eyes,  but  in  the  hot  days  of  a  sontli 
em  summer  the  weariug  of  a  veil  is  a  torture  almost  e(iual  to  that  of  the  Hies.  For 
the  same  reasou  applications  of  oil  of  tar,  oil  of  pennyroyal,  and  similar  suli- 
stauces,  which  are  more  or  less  satisfactorily  used  in  the  North  against  the  mo8(ini- 
toes,  black  flies,  and  sand  Hies,  is  hardly  bearable  iu  the  South.  Smokinj;  cigars  or 
a  pipe  offers  a  good  ])rotectlou  to  tlioso  who  ind\ilgo  in  tliis  vice,  but  even  an  invet- 
erate smoker  can  not  sniolie  constantly  when  he  is  out  of  doors.  A  good  smudgt 
also  drives  away  the  Hies,  but  of  course  can  not  l)o  classed  among  tlie  remedies  that 
are  handy  and  available  at  every  hour  and  at  every  place.  Sprinkling  the  coat  collar 
and  other  parts  of  the  clothing  with  Eucalyptus  oil  (and  no  doubt,  also,  other 
strongly  smelling  etheric  oils),  as  lately  recommended  as  a  good  r<'pellent  against 
house  Hies,  should  be  tried,  and  promises,  in  my  opinion,  good  results. 


It  is 
but  Dr. 
]nodnc( 
the  mu 
ubumlii 


This  ::\^tch  of  the  iiies  is  natur.ally  very  incomplete,  as,  were  the 
attempt  made  to  include  all  that  may  at  times  aimoy  domestic  animals, 
it  would  require  a  volume  by  itself.  The  common  house  fly,  for  instance, 
may  often  prove  a  serious  pest  to  domestic  animals,  and  its  annoyance 
in  houses  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  comment.  The  effort  has  been 
to  give  a  fairly  adequate  treatment  of  those  species  which  are  of  greatest 
concern  to  the  stock  raiser,  especially  iu  the  United  States. 


Family  HIPPO BOSOID^E. 

(Forest  Flies,  Ticks.) 

This  remarkable  and  interesting  group  of  insects  contains  two  species 
of  special  interest  to  the  stock  breeder,  both  of  which  are  old  and 
familar  pests. 

The  si...cies  of  the  family  at  large  occur  on  a  number  of  animals,  but 
the  greater  number  occur  on  b'rds,  and  especially  upon  birds  of  prey, 
and  therefore  have  no  relation  to  our  present  discussion. 

They  are  horny  bodied,  Hatteued  flics  with  tubular  mouth  parts  fltted 
for  suction,  and  having,  except  the  sheep  tick,  well-developed  wings. 
They  are  therefore  somewhat  migratory  in  their  habits. 

They  are  especially  remarkable  and  abnormal  in  their  method  of 
reproduction,  the  eggs  hatching  and  the  larva?  developing  within  the 
body  of  the  adult,  so  that  when  extruded  they  have  almost  reached 
the  pupa  stage.  The  extruded  larva  changes  almost  inunediately  to 
the  pupa,  the  larval  skin  forming  a  hard  pupa  case,  and  in  this  con- 
dition they  resemble  seeds.  This  stage  is  quickly  passed,  and  the  adult 
ai)poars,  assuming  at  once  its  mature  form. 

Williston  <r marks  that  the  genus  Lii)optena  is  remarkable  in  that  in 
the  earlier  state  the  flies  have  wings  and  live  on  birds,  but  later  they 
seek  quadrupeds,  where  they  remain,  and  having  no  further  use  for 
their  wings,  they  lose  them.  It  must  be  inferred  that  the  young  flies 
issuing  on  mammals  migrate  by  means  of  their  wings  to  birds  and  later 
return  to  a  mammal  host. 


DIPTEBA. 


137 


It  is  comnumly  stated  that  these  flies  produce  but  one  or  two  young, 
but  Dr.  (Jurtico  is  autliority  for  the  statement  that  the  sheep  tick  may 
])roduce  from  five  to  eight  young,  one  after  another,  which  wouhl  malie 
the  multiplication  more  rapid,  and  better  account  for  the  occasional 
abundance  of  this  pest. 

The  Bird  Ticks. 

The  s])ecies  occurring  on  birds  are  included  in  the  genera  Olfersia 
and  Ornithomyia,  the  former  being  distinguished  by  the  absence  of 
ocelli  and  the  presence  of  two  teeth  under  each  claw. 

Ol/crsia  americana  Leach  is  a  rather  common  species  on  owls  and 
other  raptorial  birds  and  also  the  partridge  or  ruffed  grouse.  It  ia 
described  and  flgured  by  Packard  as  Ilippohosca  huboniH,  in  the  Guide, 
p.  433. 

0.  alhipt'unis  occurs  somewhat  commonly  on  herons,  and  (irdece  is 
recorded  fiom  the  same  class  of  birds.  Other  si)ecies  listed  by  Osten 
Sackon  are  hrnnnen,mexicann,  propinqua,  and  suIcijVons. 

Ornithoniifia  contsiins  eight  species,  of  which  ncbnlosa  is  recorded 
from  an  owl,  JStru'  nebidosa;  and  paUida  Say  from  Sylvia  sialis. 

The  Deeu  Tick. 

{Lipoptenn  dcitrvana  Say.) 

This  interesting  form  was  described  by  Say  from  specimens  taken 
from  the  common  deer  {Cerrns  rmjinianns).  It  is  wingless,  as  usually 
found  on  this  host,  but  according  to  Williston  is  provided  with  wings 
and  occurs  on  birds  during  the  early  period  of  its  existence.  At  this 
time  the  wings  are  weak,  the  veins  slender. 

The  h'oKEST  Fly  or  Horse  Tick. 

{llippohoKca  eijuhia  Linn.) 

Linnams  described  this  species  in  1701,  but  it  must  have  been  a 
familiar  form  to  observers  of  insects  long  prior  to  that  date.  Since 
then  it  has  received  frequent 
notice,  and  mention  of  it  occurs 
in  numerous  general  works  and 
in  all  treatises  on  Diptera  or  on 
the  parasites  of  the  horse. 

Its  injuries  consist  in  the  irri- 
tation i)roduced  by  the  move- 
ments among  the  hairs,  their 
punctures  of  the  skin,  and  loss 
of  blood  occasioned  when  occur- 
ring in  numbers.  j.,q  ^z.~mvpohosca  eqidna  (copied  from  Packard). 

It  would  seem  to  be  far  less 
common  in  this  country  than  in  the  Old  World,  and  1  have  yet  to  hear 


138 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


of  a  case  where  it  has  occurred  in  serious  luuiibers.     It  is  list»'d  liy 
Osteii  Sacken,  on  autliority  of  Kirby  and  Loew. 

It  is  of  course  i)ossible  that  the  species  may  multiply  so  as  to  becoinc 
a  pest,  and  this  possibility  sliould  be  recofjnized.  It  might,  from  tlic 
ability  to  i\y,  be  more  ditlicult  to  handle  than  the  sheei)  t'wk,  but  doubt 
less  the  careful  grooming  of  horses  aftected  would  prevent  undue 
increase.  Dusting  pyrethrnm  in  the  hair  would  be  useful,  and  tliis 
could  be  resorted  t(t  with  horses  in  pasture  as  well  as  those  that  aic 
stabled. 

Thk  Shekp  Tiok. 


i«!'4. 


a": 


J^- 


m0tsm 


JiC^* 


{Mehtphagns  iiviniix  Linn.) 

Linnanis  described  this  spe(!ies  in  1701  under  the  nsime  of  ITippohoscd 
oriniiN,  but  in  the  later  division  of  this  genus,  which  at  lirst  covered 
all  the  forms  included  in  the  family,  this  species  was  assigned  to  tlir 
genus  ]Melophagus. 

It  ditt'ers  from  the  other  members  of  the  family  in  never  possessing 
wings.    The  head  is  small  and  sunken  into  the  i)rothorax.    The  middle 

portion  of  the  thorax  is  rather 
slender,  contrasting  with  the 
development  of  this  region  in 
the  winged  forms. 

It  is  of  a  reddish  or  gray 
brown  color,  about  one-fourtli 
of  an  inch  long,  and  easily 
detected  when  i)resent  in  any 
numbers  on  sheep.  They  never 
migrate  from  the  original  host 
ex<!ept  it  be  to  attach  to  an 
other  animal  of  the  same  spe 
cies,and  ]trobably  the  principal 
movement  is  that  which  occurs 
after  sheep  are  sheared,  when 
the  ticks  tend  to  migrate  to 
lambs.  On  the  sheep,  if  abundant,  they  may  cause  considerable  dam- 
age, indicated  by  lack  of  growth  or  poor  condition,  and  when  nuissing 
upon  lambs  they  may  cause  great  damage,  resulting  in  the  <leath  of  the 
victims  if  not  promptly  relieved. 

They  are  distributed  over  the  world  generally  where  sheep  are  kept, 
and  are  too  well  known  by  sheep  breeders  to  make  it  necessary  to 
emphasize  the  injury  they  may  cause.  All  breeds  of  sheep  seem  alike 
subject  to  attack,  but  I  know  of  no  record  of  their  occurrence  upon 
other  animals. 

Curtice  has  determined  that  each  female  may  produce  from  five  to 
eight  young,  the  seed-like  brown  puparia  of  which  are  often  to  be  met 
with  among  the  more  numerous  adults  that  adhere  to  the  wool  or  skiu. 


Fio.  74. 


a 


-Meloiihaijiit  <ivi)ius ;  a,  iidult;  />,  piipnriiim- 
I'lilurgetl  (orijiinnl). 


blP'iERA. 


130 


EEMKDIKS. 

While  the  ticks  may  bo  {•rcatly  lessene<l  in  number  by  the  vij^oroiis 
use  of  pyrcthriim — a  most  avaihible  remedy  during  winter — the  njost 
lira<*tieal  i>hni  to  adopt,  and  one  which  it'tlioroughly  followed  will  make 
iill  otliers  unnecessary,  is  to  dip  the  sheep  each  year  after  slieariuff. 

Of  the  numerous  dips  wliich  are  in  use,  and  which  are  discussed 
iiM»re  fully  in  the  <'hai)ter  on  remedies  the  kerosene  en)ulsion  is  recom 
mended  for  this  fcn'in,  and  several  of  the  patented  dips  on  the  mark 
are  good,  while  tobacco  dips,  tar  dips,  etc.,  may  be  used,  if  preferred. 

It  is  of  (bourse  desirable  to  use  a  dip  that  will  etfectually  destroy  not 
only  these  ticks  but  the  two  forms  of  lice  and  the  scab  mites,  in 
case  any  of  these  are  present.  A  dipping  tank  is  an  essential  part  of 
the  e(piipment  for  sheei)  raising,  and  its  construction  is  described  in  the 
chapter  on  remedies. 

A  Hock  once  freed  from  the  pests  will  not  be  again  infested  except  by 
the  introduction  of  infested  animals;  htace  care  should  be  taken  in 
making  additions  to  t lie  Hock  to  free  the  newcomers  from  parasites. 
It  is  also  well  to  keep  the  sheep  for  a  few  days  after  dipi»ingin  a  ditfer- 
ent  indosure  from  what  they  occupied  before,  to  avoid  possible  infes- 
tation from  any  stragglers  that  may  have  been  caught  on  wool  upon 
posts  or  brush,  and  if  the  wool  is  charged  with  them  when  clipped  it 
should  be  stored  where  the  ticks  could  not  easily  return  to  the  sheep. 
The  ticks  can  not  travel  any  distance  independently,  and  will  soon  die 
when  removed  from  the  sheep,  but  proper  care  here  will  assure  success. 
With  due  care  to  have  an  eliicient  dip  one  operation  should  suffice,  but 
it  is  a  good  plan  to  examine  the  herd  a  week  or  ten  days  after  dipping, 
and  if  any  parasites  are  found  to  have  es(;aped,  or  to  have  issued  from 
pupaj  that  survived,  to  repeat  the  operation. 


A  Bat  IIippouoscid. 

Under  the  title  of  "  A  remarkable  new  hippoboscid  from  Mexico," 
Mr.  C.  II.  T.  Townsend  describes  a  species  which  he  names  Trichohiua 
duyenii  and  which  he  received  from  Dr.  J)ug('8,  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico, 
taken  i'rom  a  bat,  OlosHnphaga  sorichia.  (Entom.  News,  Vol.  II,  pp. 
lOo-lOG,  181)1.) 


140 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESIIC   ANIMALS. 


Family  NYOTKHIJ  U  II  ).K. 

(Bat   Flies.) 

These  very  reniurkable  Diptera  seom  to  have  none  a  step  farther  excii 
than  the  lli]>p()l)<>s('i(la'  i.i  their  adaptation  to 
parasitic;  lite,  the  kiutwn  forms  bciiij^-  t')tally  mIii^ 
less  and  eoiistantly  eondned  to  their  l.osts.  Tlic 
latter  are  vaiious  speeies  of  bats,  and  the  spt'cits 
have  been  observed  in  various  parts  of  the  worM, 
three  only  beinj;  recMtrded  for  this  (Mtuntry,  tlic 
iStrvhlit  rrspct'tilionis  Fab.,  credited  to  .Taniai(  a. 
San  Doniinyo,  Cuba,  and  South  Aiiieriea;  tlic 
Mvtji.stopi>tlif  pilatei,  from  Cuba,  and  an  unuanieil 
speeies  of  Xycteribia,  from  California. 
The  Sirehht  rrspcrtilifniis  is  credited  with  occuf- 

Fio.  75.— NycioriMn  sp.    j.j„jr  (,„  i)jcr(.())is  aiul  parrots,  but  considcrinff  tlic 

nornnu   habits  ol    all   the   known   species  these 

must  be  looked  upon  as  strayglers. 


N:r 


CIIAITKU    III. 

SIPHONAPTERA. 

Fleas. 

Tliis  j;-i'<»iii)  of  iiiso(its,  iiifliidiii}:f  tlie  well-known  tieas,  has  by  nniny 
wiiters  hi't'U  consiikM'tMl  as  lolateil  to  the  DipttMa,  bnt  in  most  recent 
witiks  on  systeniatie  eutoniology  it  is  };iven  separate  rank  un<ler  the 
above  nan»e.  It  is  unnecessary  here  to  discuss  the  (piestion  of  their 
/(M»h)}jrical  positi(»n,  bnt  it  may  not  be  ontof  phu'c  to  remark  that,  wliilo 
tliey  are  a  very  distinct  yroui)  and  doubtless  well  de^-ervo  to  have  this 
distinction  indicated  systennitically,  there  is  nuich  to  in<licivte  that  they 
liave  had  a  remote  relationship  to  the  dipterous  branch.  This  is  shown 
not  only  in  the  m<)nth  itarts  and  feet  of  the  adults,  but  in  tiie  larvie, 
wliieh  are  footless,  slender,  worm-like  creatures. 

The  insects  of  this  <;roup  are  characterized  by  the  entire  absence  of 
wings,  by  haviny  the  bodies  compressed,  the  legs  long  and  stout,  tne 


Fill.  7tl.—  /'»Jir  iiiiliiiiii :  II.  liiivii;  h,  \n{\>n;  c,  iniajio— all  ciliary:''!  (IVoiii  Vai,  Itnicilcii). 

coxai  being  lennirkably  developed,  giving  them  great  leaping  power. 
Tiie  mouth  parts  are  well  developed  a"-  adapted  for  suction,  all  the 
species  in  tlie  adult  stage  feeding  upon  the  blood  of  mammals  or  birds. 
The  antenme  are  small,  usually  sunken  in  a  pit  or  groove  in  the  side  of 
the  head  and  of  peculiar  form,  the  third,  or  terniinal,  segment  being 
annulated,  or,  in  some  cases,  even  divided  into  leaf-like  plates.  The 
eyes  are  simple  when  present,  but  in  many  cases  they  are  reduced  to 
mere  rudiments  or  even  completely  wanting.    The  tarsi  are  5-Jointed. 

They  undergo  a  complete  metamorphosis,  the  early  stages  being 
passed  in  phues  adjacent  to  the  resorts  of  the  host.  The  eggs,  while 
sometimes  laid  upon  the  hairs  of  the  bost  animal,  are  loosely  attached 

141 


142 


INSKCT8   AFFECTING   DOMKSTIC   ANIMALH. 


mid  imiHt oidiiiiirily  be  scattenMl  in  placos  wIumo  tlu'  liost  forms  sh-cp 
or  lU'st.    'I'lic  liiivii',  so  I'lir  as  kn()\v!i,  livo  In  dust  or  litter  in  siinilin 
locations.    Tlicy  iir<^  slender,  worm-like,  footless  objcets,  with  a  spiUM' 
covering;  of  hairs.     The  pupa*  form  in  similar  locations,  inclosing'  them 
selves  in  eoeoons.     \Vestwoo«l  says: 

Wlieu  full  >{r(>\vii,  wliicli  occiirH  in  Hiiiiiiiier  in  iilxiut  twolvr  diiys,  tlio  larvii'  incloHr 
tlien)H('lv(>H  in  u  Nuiall  rocoon  of  hiIU,  ol'tcu  Cdvurnl  with  (IuhI,  nn<l  iittticlu'il  to  hiii- 
roundin^  HnliHtaiiccM,  I{<")hcI,  li(>\v*>V('r,  ohsorvcil  that  Hoino  <>!'  tiio  liirvii'  uiiiU^rwviit 
thoir  tianHt'orinatiiius  withinit  t'orniin^  n.iy  cocoon. 

Ill  nittst  of  the  avaihibU'  works  the  j^roiip  is  mad«^  to  eoiitain  but  ii 
sinpfle  fimily,  the  rulieida-,  but  more  reejMit  systemati*'.  works  sepa 
rate  them  into  three  families,  the  Sareo|)syllida',  including'  the  small 
forms,  with  large  heads,  whieh  are  eontined  to  the  host  animal  while  in 
the  firavid  condition;  the  Vermipsyllida*,  in  which  the  gravid  females 
are  not  stationary,  but  the  alMlomen  becomes  swollen,  and  in  whieh  the 
labial  palpi  are  10-J(»iuted;  and  the  I'lilicuhe,  including  moMt  of  onr 
common  forms,  in  which  the  female  abdomen  does  not  become  Hwollen, 
and  the  labial  palpi  are  from  3  to  o  jointed. 

While  the  fleas  are  essentially  parasitic  in  the  adult  stages,  they  are 
by  no  means  so  strictly  eontined  to  the  host  as  are  the  Pediculida-  or 
most  of  the  Mallophaga,  but  wander  from  the  host  at  times,  and  may 
even  be  found  on  dilVereut  spei'ies  of  animals  than  those  which  are  evi- 
dently their  normal  hosts.  Probably  these  stragglers  do  not,  as  a  rule, 
maintain  a  permanent  habitat  upon  the  new  host,  and  therefore,  with 
the  exception  of  one  or  two  species,  little  attention  need  be  given  to 
prevention  of  migration  or  of  transfer  from  one  animal  to  another. 

In  the  further  discussion  of  species,  which  will  be  limited  mostly  to 
the  American  forms  of  economic  interest,  we  will  disregard  these 
divisions  and  treat  the  species  simply  under  their  respective  genera. 

Thk  Ji(}(}ER  Flka,  on  Chigok. 

(SarcopHj/lla pfiittraiin  liinn. ) 

Linnu'us  described  this  specir^s  more  than  a  century  ago  (17<»7)  under 
the  name  of  Pulex  peitetrans.,  and  it  has  been  treated  in  many  ditterent 
woi'ks  since  that  time.  The  various  names  of  "jigger,"  ''jigger  tlea," 
"chigoe,"  and  ''chicpie,"  applied  to  it  in  various  localities,  are  evidently, 
in  part  at  least,  associated  with  its  annoying  habit.  In  distribution  it 
covers  all  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Baker  says  "this  tlea 
is  undoubtedly  found  throughout  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions 
of  both  hemispheres." 

Kailliet  states  that  it  was  Introduced  into  Africa  about  the  year  1872, 
and  that  it  has  propagated  there  with  astonishing  rapidity. 

While  most  of  the  re(!ords  of  its  injuries  have  been  with  reference  to 
its  occurrence  on  man,  it  is  a  notable  pest  of  inftTior  animals,  and 
doubtless  occurs  much  more  frequently  as  a  parasite  of  some  of  these 
than  of  man. 


Sll'HONAPTKUA. 


143 


V  Itirvii'  iiiclip-. 
It.'iclu'd  to  Niir 
rv.i'  imiltM'wt'Mi 


je8,  they  arc 
tMlieulidii'  or 
es,  aiul  insiy 
1 1  it'll  are  evi 
ot,  as  a  rule, 
iiretbie,  with 
be  given  to 
another. 
3d  mostly  to 
egard  these 
ve  genera. 


leyear  1872, 

reference  to 
ninials,  and 
me  of  these 


Tlie  dog  and  rat  are  among  the  species  that  are  spechilly  Hnbjeet  to 
it>  attack,  Ixit  other  mammalia  are  alt'e(;tcd,  and  Railiittt  mentions 
slit'cp,  goats,  cattle,  horses,  asses,  and  males,  and  even  birds  as  hosts, 
ainl  cites  particularly  a  case  wher(^  a  hog  was  very  serionsly  infested. 
I  he  foot  examined  by  K,  HIamthard  had  been  obtained  from  ljil)cria 


Vw.n .—  SarciiiiKylla  penelrans :  1,  egg;  2,  embryo;  3,  larva;  4,  cocoon ;  5,  impii;  6  fcciiiidatcilfcinalo; 
7,  tlicgniiic  on  the  third  day  from  its  cntraiiic  iiiidcr  tlic  skin  of  its  liiiiiian  liost;  8,  the  saiiic  alter 
scvcraldaye  rcnidoiicciii  tliOHkiii  of  its  lioat ;  9.  fully  (jrown  fcinalc— magnified  four  times;  10,  head 
of  sanio  still  more  onlarge<l;  11,  female  before  entering  skin;  12,  mouth  partti  much  enlarged, 
m,  mandibleH;  </,  maxillary  palpi,  «,  labium  (after  Karston  and  Guyon.) 

by  J.  Jullien,  and  after  the  extirpation  of  the  fleas  i)re8ented  tbe 
appearance  of  the  cells  of  boiieycomb,  so  thickly  had  the  parasites 
been  crowded  together. 

The  adult  fleas  aflfect  their  hosts  as  in  other  species,  but  the  females 
after  impregnation  burrow  into  the  skin  of  the  host,  especially  under 


144 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


the  toe  iiiiils,  and  produce  a  swelling  and  later  a  distinct  ulcer,  some- 
times so  serious  as  to  result  fatally.  With  the  development  of  the 
eggs  the  body  of  the  female  becomes  greatly  distended,  so  as  to  lose 
all  semblance  to  the  original  insect,  the  head  and  legs  appearing  as 
little  appendages  upon  a  large  round  body  the  size  of  a  pea. 

The  larva'  must  normally  escape  from  the  body  of  the  adult  and  issue 
from  the  opening  of  tlie  tumor  to  v.  dergo  development  after  the  ordi- 
nary habit  of  their  relatives,  but  the  crushing  of  tlie  body  of  the  adult 
ii'  the  tumor  may  result  in  their  lilieration  in  the  tissues  surrounding 
the  body  of  the  adult,  and  if  they  are  not  promptly  expelled  from  the 
S(.re  they  may  increase  the  injury  caused  by  the  adult. 

The  remedy  most  recommended  is  the  extraction  of  the  female  as 
soon  as  the  jiresence  of  a  swelling  or  tumor  indicates  the  presence  of 
the  parasite.  This  is  accomplished  by  the  introduction  of  a  sharp  knife 
point,  the  effort  being  to  withdr  nv  the  insect  entire,  as  the  bursting 
of  the  body  and  discharge  of  the  eggs  in  the  sore  is  likely  to  result 
seriously. 

For  the  prevention  of  the  attacks  upon  domestic  animals  it  would 
seem  that  attention  to  the  infested  animals  and  the  destruction  of  the 
adults  whenever  detected,  along  with  the  liberal  use  of  pyrethnun  in 
the  localities  where  the  larva;  develop,  would  be  of  some  service,  though 
it  can  easily  be  seen  that  an  insect  with  so  large  a  number  of  hosts 
stands  a  very  good  chance  of  survival. 


regioni 


The  IIen  Flea. 


(Sarcopsylla  nallinacea  Westw.) 

Westwood '  described  this  species  from  specimens  brought  by  the 
famous  Challenger  expedition  from  Ceylon  and  collected  by  Mr.  H.  N. 
Mosely  from  the  domestic  hen.  Taschenberg-  gives  his  acccount  of  it 
from  type  examples  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Bitzema  Bos.  The  first 
record  of  its  occurrence  in  America  is  a  note  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Washington  ^  ujion  specimens  from  (laines- 
ville,  Fla.,  sent  to  the  society  by  Judge  Lawrence  C.  Johnson,  who 
later  *  jiresented  the  society  with  an  account  of  the  habits  of  the  insect. 
These  specimens  were  identified  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,''  who  also  pre- 
sents a  review  of  the  history  of  the  species. 

Baker '^  infers  its  occurrence  in  Texas  from  an  account  of  injury  to 
fowls  reported  in  Bulletin  30,  Texas  Experiment  Station,  and  records 
itfrom  specimens  furnished  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  from  Florida; 
Fl>resville,  Tex.;  Hockley,  Tex.;  and  Meridian,  Miss. 


»  The  Entomologists'  Monthly  Magazine,  Vol.  XI,  p.  246  (1874-75). 

«  Die  Flctlu",  p.  55,  PI.  I,  figs.  5,  5a. 

»  Vol.  I,  p.  59. 

*  lot.  cit.,  pp.  203-205. 

6  Insect  Life,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  23-24. 

"  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  19,  IH. 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


145 


Packard  mentions  receiving  specimens  from  Dr.Wagner,  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, labeled  "Strix  sp.,  Murgab,  Suirau-Beir,  3,  v,  1893,"  and  calling 
attention  to  this  widely  diflerent  host  suggests  that  the  species  lias  been 
curried  from  one  region  to  another  by  means  of  birds. 

From  what  has  so  far  appeared  it  would  seem  that  this  pest  is  likely 
to  become  a  very  important  one,  at  least  through  tropical  and  subtropical 


This  species  differs  from  penetrans  in  having  the  hind  angles  of  the 
metatlioracic  scales  angled  instead  of  rounded  and  the  eyes  and 
antennae  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  head.  It  is  from  1  to  1^  milli- 
meters in  length.  But  little  is  known  as  to  its  life  history,  and  the 
following  observations  by  Judge  Johnson  include  all  that  I  have 
)uet  with  in  regard  to  this  phase  of  the  subject  and  methods  of 
treatment: 

"Like  all  fleas,  it  abounds  mostly  in  shady  places,  under  old  houses, 
on  earthen  floors,  and  in  all 
dusty,  untidy  spots.  Hence 
from  analogy  when  some 
years  ago  my  attention  was 
called  to  the  subject  by  poul- 
try breeders,  I  advised  to  have 
all  such  places  i'losed  up,  and 
to  deprive  the  fowls  of  all 
shade  except  such  i)la('cs  as 
could  be  rained  upon.  Those 
who  acted  ui)on  this  advice 
were  rewarded.  Losses  fiom 
tins  cause  were  reduced  to  a 
minimum.  It  was  also  seen  that  animals  frequenting  wet  si)ots  in 
summer  were  exempt  from  the  pests. 

"First  ol)served  to  infest  young  animals,  such  as  chickens,  turkeys, 
kittens,  puppies,  and  even  calves  and  colts  and  children.  I  proposed 
for  it  the  name  of  I'idex  palUdorum;  but  whilst  it  is  true  the  young 
sutfer  most,  because  possibly  less  able  to  defend  themselves,  it  is  by  no 
means  confined  to  them. 

"In  general  appearance,  size,  color,  and  form  greatly  resembling  a 
flea,  popular  observation  notices  one  considerable  ditt'erence — it  does 
not  hop.  Closely  examined,  wo  find  the  femoral  portif^n  of  the  third 
pair  of  legs  but  slightly  developed.  Hence  its  motions  resemble  more 
the  crawling  of  a  wingless  fly  than  that  of  our  well-known  active 
jumper. 

"In  its  habits  of  feeding  it  differs  from  the  ordinary  flea.  Instead  of 
making  an  incision  at  which  to  lap  blood,  and  from  which  it  may 
quickly  remove  to  another  spot,  our  Florida  variety  plants  itself  where 
it  intends  ^o  stay,  like  a  tick.  As  to  the  males  I  can  not  say.  Much  of 
my  information  is  second  hand.  The  notion  that  these  do  not  bite, 
which  prevails  with  some  persons,  or  at  least  that  they  do  not  stick, 
4653— No.  5 10 


Via.  76.  —  (Si  .opgylla  galUnace.a:  mnlo,  enlarged,  ant, 
antcnniK;  m,  palpi,  iimio  culargoil  (from  Insect  Life, 
drawn  by  Packard). 


146 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


may  be  an  error.  Of  the  females,  however,  it  is  certain  that  they  bury 
themselves  in  the  skin  of  their  victims.  From  the  first  they  hold  on 
with  such  tenacity  that  no  ordinary  brusliing  will  remove  them.  It 
seems  to  be  at  this  stage  in  their  existence  that  impregnation  takes 
place.  The  males  now  are  often  seen  in  copula  with  them,  and  so 
remain  apparently  for  days,  or  until  the  tumefaction  of  the  skin  excited 
by  the  embedded  female  closes  arouiul  her  so  as  to  shove  liim  ott".  Here 
ends  about  all  actually  knowi  of  this  history.  From  analogy  we  may 
infer  tliat  the  licnod  of  gest;iiion  being  completed,  the  gravid  female 
lays  her  eggs  in  this  well-prepared  nidus,  or,  more  particularly,  that 
they  remain  and  are  hatched  in  lier  distended  stomach,  after  which 

they  crawl  out  and  drop  to  the 
ground.  If  in  a  dry,  shady 
si)ot,  they  undergo  transforma- 
tion to  the  perfect  form;  if  in  a 
wet  spot  or  in  the  sun,  they 
perish. 

"Upo.i  man  I  have  never 
heard  of  the  process  continuing 
to  the  end.  ilm  itching  caused 
by  it  generally  attracts  atten- 
tion sufticieutly  to  have  the  in- 
truder hunted  out.  With  the 
lower  animals  it  is  difterent, 
most  notably  with  chickens. 
Spots  bare  of  feathers,  or  near- 
ly so,  are  selected  in  preference. 
A  small  knot  resembling  a  wart  grows  over  the  insect,  and  so  numerous 
and  large  at  times  as  to  spread  over  the  eyes  and  into  tlie  jaws,  and, 
blind  Jind  famished,  the  victim  dies.  In  cases  not  fatal,  after  a  month 
or  two  these  knots  or  warts  drop  off,  leaving  a  scar  resembling  a  burn. 
With  very  young  chickens  or  ]»uppies  death  generally  comes  in  the 
first  stage,  when  every  portion  of  their  bodies  is  covered  with  innumer- 
able enemies." 

While  some  portions  of  this  account  would  seem  to  refer  to  the  chigoe 
or  i'^nr('02)syUa  penetrans,  vsl^e^'ia.Uy  thai  portion  referring  to  the  attacks 
upon  man  and  other  maumials,  it  no  doubt  includes  about  all  that  is 
known  regarding  tlie  actions  of  this  pest,  and  no  one,  probably, is  better 
ac(iuaintcd  with  the  habits  of  the  insect.  There  is  also  opportunity 
for  confusion  with  the  work  of  some  of  the  Sarcoptes  infesting  fowls 
in  cases  where  the  observer  cited  was  unable  to  make  personal  investi- 
gations. 

Opossum  Flka. 

(Pulex  Himnlans  IJaker.) 

This  species,  described  from  the  opossum,  is  said  to  be  closely  related 
to  irritans  and  distinguished  from  it  by  the  nmndibles  and  hypopharynx 
being  very  short,  not  reaching  one-half  the  length  of  the  anterior  coxte. 


Fill 


77. — Sa rcoi)siiUa    ijaUhiaeen:    feiiialo— enlnrgfrt 
(IimiM't  Lili',  (li'iiwn  hy  r.-n'kanl). 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


147 


TlIK  IIoiTSK  1^'lba. 


i    chickens. 


{Piilex  irrilaus  Linn.) 

This,  perhaps  the  best  known  species  of  tteii,  was  described  by  Lin- 
iiicns  in  1740.  It  is  distributed  widely  over  the  globe,  and  often 
biicomes  a  serious  pest  in  houses,  sometimes  even  in  spite  of  the  most 
careful  attention  and  cleanliness. 

It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  common  Hea  affecting  dogs  and 
cats,  and  which  is  almost  as  fre(iuent  an  inhabitant  of  houses,  by  the 
lait  that  there  are  no  combs  of  spines  upon  the  borders  of  the  head  or 
pronotum.  From  the  nmch  less  common  species  just  mentioned  which 
occurs  on  the  opossum,  and  which  is  most  nearly  allied  to  it,  it  is  to 
be  separated  by  the  greater  length  of  the  mandibles  and  hypopharynx, 
which  reach  more  than  halfway  the  length  of  the  anterior  coxa',  by  the 
the  single  row  of  bristles  on  each  abdomi- 
nal segment,  the  large  male  claspers,  and 
the  dark-reddish  or  piceous  color. 

The  habits  and  life  history  of  this  spe- 
cies have  long  been  known  and  freiiuently 
described.  They  occur  i)articularly  in 
houses,  secreting  themselves  in  be<lding 
and  clothing,  and,  especially  at  night, 
make  their  attacks  on  their  human  vic- 
tims lor  the  purpose  of  drawing  blood. 

Their  eggs  are  deposited  in  out-of-the- 
way  ])laces,  in  the  dust  or  lint  under  car- 
])ets,  and  the  larva'  are  said  to  feed  upon 
the  particles  of  organic  matter  whhh  may  be  found  in  such  localities. 

Hailliet  states  that  each  female  deposits  8  to  12  eggs,  which  are 
whitish  and  ovoid  and  0.7  mm.  long  by  OA  mm.  thick;  further,  that  in 
summer  tiie  larva-  issue  in  four  to  six  days,  become  pupa'  eleven  days 
later,  and  after  about  twelve  days  in  this  stage  become  adult;  the 
time  for  development  from  egg  to  adult  being,  therefore,  about  four 
weeks,  wliile  in  winter,  in  a  warmed  room,  it  occupies  about  six  weeks. 

While  no  amount  of  personal  cleanliness  will  protect  an  individual 
from  their  attacks  in  a  building  wliich  is  infested  by  them,  careful 
attention  to  the  removal  of  all  dust  and  refuse  which  may  harbor  the 
larva'  will  assist  in  keeping  them  in  check.  The  use  of  pyrethrum  is 
very  effectual  in  destroying  them,  and  nuiy  be  dusied  in  places  which 
liarbor  them.    (See  also  remarks  under  "The  Dog  and  Oat  Flea.") 


Via.l^n.-Piilf.r  irrtlans:  lii'iul  mid  pro- 
iiotiiiii  Blidwing  I'oirii  iiikI  alisi'iiic  ut' 
('(iiiil)s  ((iriyiual). 


The  liiBi)  Fi.EA. 

{Pnlex  avium  'rasch.) 


Ac<;ording  to  Taschenberg,  the  common  fleas,  aflfecting  a  great  variety 
of  birds,  including  the  domestic  fowls,  are  all  representatives  of  a 
single  species,  and  although  some  of  the  forms  were  described  as  early 


i^l 


148 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


as  1832  to  1835  he  brings  them  all  together,  and,  discarding  the  various 
names  refei'ring  to  particular  hosts,  as  f/alUnw  Houcln',  columbw  Gov. 
vais,  hirundinis  Sam.,  sturni  Dale,  and  fringillw  Walk.,  proposes  a  new 
name,  avium,  to  stan<l  for  the  species. 

It  belongs  to  the  series  with  no  comb  of  spines  on  the  head,  but 
with  a  comb  on  the  i)ronotum.  The  mandibles  arc  short,  not  reaching; 
to  the  ends  of  the  anterior  coxa^,  and  there  are  24  to  20  spines  in  the 
pronotal  comb.  The  liind  femora  have  a  row  of  minute  bristles  on  tlic 
side,  and  the  first  two  of  the  abdominal  segments  have  minute  tet  i  i 
on  the  disk  above.     Length,  3  to  3J  mm.    Dark  brown  in  color. 


Kt' 


li 


The  Eat  and  Mouse  Flea. 

(Pitlex  fanciatiiH  Bosc  d' Antic.) 

This  species  seems  to  have  received  pretty  general  recognit^  •  ,and 
has  been  recorded  from  (luite  a  number  of  different  hosts.  Whether  itfc 
can  be  said  to  be  primarily  a  parasite  of  the  rat  and  mouse  I  do  not 
pretend  to  say,  but  since  if  has  been  noted  a  number  of  times  from  these 
aiiimals,  and  so  far  only  from  these  in  this  country,  I  have  assigned 
it  here. 

Nothing  has  been  recorded  regarding  its  life  history,  but  doubtless 
it  is  like  its  congeners. 

The  a<lults  are  elongate,  witli  the  head  evenly  rounded  in  front,  with- 
out any  couib  of  spines  on  the  lower  border,  while  the  hind  border 
of  the  pronotum  bears  a  comb  of  strong  spines,  IS  in  number.  The 
mouth  parts  are  of  normal  length,  not  extending  beyond  the  anterior 
coxa',  a  character  which  will  separate  it  from  its  nearest  allies,  tlic 
scinrornm  and  arium.  Tascheiiberg  has  collected  a  list  of  the  known 
hosts,  and  enumerates  Myoxus,  Cricctus  /rnmrntariKfi,  Mns  musculus 
(mouse),  ^fllli  (JcciouaiiKs  (rat),  and  Cani,s  fa(/i>piis;  and  adds  that  he  has 
also  two  examples  from  the  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky.  I  have  col- 
lected it  from  Mils  <lc('iim(uni.s  at  Ames,  I<)wa,  which  api)ears  to  be  the 
only  record  from  a  definite  host  in  America,  but  it  is  doubtless  of  com- 
mon occurrence. 

Squirrel  Fleas. 

Several  spetdes  of  fleas  have  been  described  from  the  squirrels,  and 
while  they  do  not  occur  Indiscriminately  on  all  sjtecies  it  will  serve 
our  pui'i)()se  here  to  consider  them  together,  referring  for  full  descrip- 
tion to  the  technical  papers  of  Taschenberg  and  r>aker. 

Puh'.r  .sciurorinii  Bouche,  the  flea  which  infests  s(|uirrels  in  Fnroi)e, 
has  not  been  found  to  occur  on  our  American  species  of  S([uirrels. 

Ftilex  houmnU  Baker,  recorded  from  the  red  squirrel,  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
"  squirrel,"  Tallula  Falls,  Ga.,  gray  or  fox  squirrel  and  nest  of  field 
mouse,  Lincoln,  Nebr.,  is  apparently  the  most  generally  distributed  of 
the  American  species. 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


149 


There  are  no  spines  upon  the  head,  but  a  comb  of  18  spines  is  on 
tlie  pronotuni.  The  in.ilc  daspers  are  armed  with  short,  black  teeth 
wliich  very  readily  separate  this  species  from  its  nearest  allies. 

Specimens  frcmi  fox  8(iuirrel,  Caddo,  Ind.  T.,  sent  to  nie  by  Prof.  W. 
W.  Cooke,  probably  belong  to  this  species,  as  Baker  mentions  several 
specimens  in  my  collection  without  host,  and  as  several  of  these  speci- 
mens were  sent  him  the  labels  of  which  may  have  been  lost.  The  speci- 
mens being  remounted  I  can  not  positively  recognize  them  now. 

Jiaker  also  describes  Pulex  icickhami  from  the  flying  squirrel  (;Sf(fiM- 
ropterns  volans),  at  Iowa  City;  I'lilex  (fillettel  from  the  red  s(iuirrel 
{Scinrus  cfmatJcnsis),  Portland,  ^Nlich.;  Pulex coloradcmis  from  Fremont's 
chickaree,  Creorgetown,  Colo. ;  Pulex  hirsututi,  from  prairie  dog  ( Cynomys 


nt  doubtless 


Fia.  81. — Pulex howartU:  a,  fiMiiiiln;  h,  nenitiiliiiofiiiale— jjrisitly  ciilargod  (orijiinal). 

ludovicianifs),  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  County,  Colo.;  P.  lonf/isphnts, 
from  Fremont's  chickaree,  Colorado,  undJ'nk'x  montanHs,  from  the  large 
gray  squirrel  (Seiurus  alberti).  foothills  west  of  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 

The  Spermophile  Flea. 

{ Pnlex  hrinicri  liaikfiT.) 

The  common  spermophiles,  ^permophihiH  13-Uucatus  and  S.  franlclini, 
are  very  commonly  infested  with  a.  large  reddish-bi'owu  flea  which  has 
been  recorded  so  far  from  Lincoln.  Nebr.,  .ind  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  as 
well  as  Ames,  Iowa,  where  I  have  taken  it  Irequently  during  ajuimber 
of  years  past. 

The  head  is  without  spines  beneath,  but  the  pronotuni  bears  a  comb 

of  about  16  spinea.    Baker  describes  it  as  follows: 

Apical  spines  on  joint  2  of  hiuil  tarsi  long  as  joints  3  and  i  together;  anteunal 
roovo  in  middle  of  head;  maxillary  palpi  iu  female  with  joint  2  throe-fourths  of  4, 
and  3  two-thirds  of  4,  labial  jialpi  reaching  to  one-third  of  anterior  femora;  pro- 
notal  comb  of  16  spines;  in  anterior  tarsi  joint  2  longer  than  1  and  one-third  longer 
than  3;  iu  middle  tarsi  joint  1  equals  3  and  4  together  and  shorter  than  5,  while  5  is 


150 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


twice  1 ;  in  postorior  tarsi  joint  1  equals  2  iiud  8  together,  ">  ii  little  longer  than  ',< 
and  less  than  one-half  ol'  1,  while  2  is  three  times  t  aii<l  less  than  I  and  ">  togemer: 
hind  femora  with  a  row  oC  bristles  on  the  side;  color,  light  reddish  brown,  darker 
dorsally  on  the  abdomen;  length,  2  to  2.5  nun. 


/A'^ 


Fill.  S2.—  Pulfx  hriinrii:  iiiale — onliirjieil  (nri^iniil). 


While  this  specio.s  lias  been  noted  as  so  coiuinoii  on  its  ordinary  hosts 
it  has  never  been  observed  as  Oiumrriny  upon  any  of  the  domestic 
animals. 

The  Do(^  and  ('at  Klka. 

{Pulex  Hirraticepa  (ierv.) 

The  common  flea,  aflfecting  the  dog  and  cat,  was  described  by  Duges' 
under  the  name  of  Pulcv  cams  in  18.'i2,  and  by  BoucIk'  ■^  nn<ler  the  name 
of  rnle.vf(ii.s  in  1835,  these  names  referring  to  the  forms  infesting  the 
dog  and  the  cat,  respectively.  The  reference  of  the  two  to  one  species 
under  the  above  name  by  (lervais  '  was  made  in  1S44. 

It  is  onc^  of  the  most  al)undant  species  known,  and  is  distributed 
practically  over  the  entire  world.  As  a  house  pest  it  rivals  the  irritam, 
and  in  many  idaces  even  seems  to  be  about  the  only  species  occurring. 
Howard  states  that  from  the  specimens  sent  to  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology it  is  this  spe(!ies  rather  than  irrifans  that  is  usually  troublesome. 

It  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  presence  of 
the  combs  of  spines  on  the  border  of  the  head  and  pnmotum,  those  on 
the  head  being  usually  G  to  9  in  number  and  those  on  the  hind  border 
of  the  pronotum  14  to  18  in  number. 

The  adults  seem  to  adhere  (piite  closely  to  their  hosts,  as  cats  and 
dogs  infested  by  them  will  be  found  to  carry  them  (juite  constantly, 


'  Ann.  des  Sciences  Natnrolles,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  157. 
"Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Leop.  Carol.,  Vol.  XVII,  i,  p.  505. 
"Hist.  Nat.  des  Ins.  Apt ,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  371. 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


151 


and  their  egjis  maybe  found  adhering  very  loosely  to  the  hairs  of  these 
animaKs.  They  drop  oif,  however,  at  the  slightest  touch,  and  must 
therefore  be  distributed  in  a  groat  variety  of'nlaces  besides  the  sleep- 
ing places  of  their  hosts,  which  would  naturally  receive  the  greater 
number.  Dr.  How.ard  suggests  that  for  exi)erimenter8  who  may  wish 
to  follow  cmt  for  themselves  the  life  history  of  the  species  an  easy  way 
to  collect  tlui  eggs  is  to  lay  a  strip  of  cloth  or  carpet  for  the  animal  to 
lie  and  sleep  upon,  and  afterwards  to  brush  the  cloth  into  a  receptacde, 
in  which  the  eggs  will  be  found  in  numbers  if  the  animal  is  infested. 

Verrill  gives  the  following  condensed  account  of  the  life  history  of 
this  species: 

Tho  fomiilo  cat  Hoa  layH  her  oggs  among  tljo  fur  of  the  cat,  to  whifh  they  are  but 
sliglitly  attached.  These  eg^^s  aro  very  Hiiiall,  white,  and  long  oval.  As  the  cat 
WiilkH  t>r  runs  about,  the  eggs  are  constantly 
being  Hcattered  around,  often  in  great  numbers. 
On  one  occasion  I  was  able  to  collect  fully  a  tea- 
Bpoonful  of  these  eggs  from  the  dress  of  a  lady  in 
whose  lap  a  half-grown  kitten  had  been  held  for 
a  short  time.  The  places  wLere  cats  sleep  lie- 
come  well  tilleil  with  eggs.  These  liatch  in  about 
two  weeks  into  little,  white,  footless,  nuiggot- 
liko  larva',  whi<hhave  small  tufts  of  hairs  along 
the  sides.  They  are  at  first  about  one-sixteenth 
of  an  inch  long.  The  head  is  pale  yellow  and 
the  i)08terior  end  of  tlie  body  bears  two  spines. 
These  larvae  feed  upon  decaying  i)artieles  of  ani- 
nuil  and  vegetable  nuvtter  always  to  be  found  in 
the  <lirt  where  they  live.  They  move  alxuit  by 
nu>ans  of  their  hairs  and  spines.  Tliey  grow 
rajiidly  in  wjirm  weather,  ami  in  aiiout  twelve 
days,  when  they  mature,  sjtin  a  slight  silken 
coeiion  an<l  change  to  a  i>upa,  which  is  inactive.  This  looks  more  like  the  mature 
ilea  and  has  the  legs  fret;.  In  a.  short  time,  varying  from  ten  to  sixteen  days  or  more, 
aeeording  ti>  the  temjierature,  tiu^  pupa  nuitures,  and  the  full-formed  Ilea  comes  forth 
from  the  cocoon,  ready  and  willing  to  take  care  of  itself.  *  *  *  They  pass  the 
winter  both  in  tlie  mature  and  larval  states,  and  perhaps  also  as  eggs  and  pupte. 
There  are  several  broods  each  season. 


Flo.  S:i.—rttlex  terraticeps:  front  part 
of  l)ody,  showing  coniba  on  head  and 
jironotum — enlarged  (original) . 


REMEDIES. 

A  very  concise  statement  of  the  remedies  to  be  applied  for  fleas  is 
given  in  circular  No.  i;],  by  Dr.  T    ().  Howard: 

The  larva'  of  the  dog  and  cat  Ilea  will  not  develop  successfullj'  in  situations  where 
thoy  ar(<  likely  to  be  disturbed.  The  use  of  carpets  and  straw  nnittings,  in  our 
oi)inion,  favors  their  develoi)ment,  since  the  young  larvae  can  penetrate  the  inter- 
stices of  either  sort,  of  tloor  covering  and  lind  an  abiding'place  in  some  crack  where 
they  are  not  likely  to  be  disturbed.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  destroy  the  insect 
in  its  early  stages  (when  it  is  noticed),  as  is  shown  by  the  ditliculty  of  rearing  it, 
but  the  adult  fleas  are  so  active  and  so  hardy  that  they  successl'ully  resist  any  but 
tho  most  streniu)us  lui-asures.  Even  the  persistent  use  of  California  buhach  and 
other  pyrelhrum  powde  i.  was  ineft'ectual  in  i.ne  case  of  extreme  infestation,  as  was 
also,  and  more  remarkably,  a  free  sprinkling  of  floor  mattings  with  benzine.  In 
this  instance  it  was  finally  necessary  to  take  up  the  floor  coverings  and  wash  the 


152 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


floors  down  with  hot  soapsuds  iu  order  to  secure  relief  from  the  flea  plajjuo.  In 
auother case,  however,  a  single  liberal  ai>i>li(ation  of  hnhiich  was  perfectly  success- 
ful, while  in  a  third  a  single  thorough  a))plication  of  hen/ino  completely  rid  an 
infested  house  of  lloas. 

To  sum  up:  Every  house  where  a  pot  dog  or  cat  is  kept  may  become  seriously 
infested  with  fleas  if  the  proper  conditions  of  moisture  and  freedom  from  disturbance 
exist.  Infestation,  however,  is  not  likely  to  occur  if  the  (bare)  floors  can  be  Ire 
(jueiitly  and  thoroughly  swept.  When  an  outbreak  of  fleas  comes,  however,  the 
easiest  remedy  to  apply  is  a  free  sprinkling  of  jiyrethrum  j)owder  in  the  infosted 
••oonis.  This  failing,  benzine  may  be  tried,  a  thorough  spraying  of  carpets  and  floors 
being  undertaken,  with  the  exercise  of  due  precaution  in  seeing  tliat  noliglitsor 
fires  are  in  the  house  at  the  time  of  the  ap))lication,  or  for  some  hours  al'terwards. 
Finally,  if  the  ])l:)gue  is  not  thus  abated,  all  floor  covt^rings  must  be  removed  and 
the  floors  Avashed  witli  hot  soapsuds.  Tliis  is  a  useful  inecautiou  to  take  in  any 
house  which  it  is  proposed  to  close  for  the  summer,  since  even  a  tiiorough  sweeping 
may  leave  behind  some  few  flea  eggs  from  which  an  all-pervading  swarm  nniy  develop 
before  the  house  is  riM)pened.     *     *     » 

Provide  a  rug  for  the  cat  or  the  dog  to  sleep  on  and  give  this  rug  a  fre(]Uent  shak- 
ing and  brushing,  afterwards  sweeping  up  and  burning  the  dust  tlius  removed.  As 
•ill  the  flea  eggs  on  an  infested  aninnil  will  not,  however,  drop  off  iu  this  way,  and 
those  which  remain  on  it  will  probably  develo])  successfully,  it  will  be  found  wise 
to  occasionally  rub  into  the  hair  of  the  dog  or  cat  a  (juantity  of  i)yrethrum  powder. 
If  thoroughly  applied,  it  will  cause  the  fleas  to  fall  ofl'  in  a  half  stupefied  condition, 
when  they,  too,  may  be  swept  up  and  burned. 

In  the  observations  made  at  this  Department  upon  this  species  of  flea  during  the 
summer  of  1895,  some  dillicnlty  was  found  in  preserving  Just  the  right  degree  of 
moisture  to  eut'ible  tlie  insect  successfully  to  transform.  An  excess  of  moisture  was 
found  prejudicial  to  the  development  of  the  species,  as  was  too  great  dryness.  The 
observations  showed,  however,  that  at  Washington  in  summer  an  entire  generation 
may  develop  in  a  little  more  than  a  fortnight.  Hence  a  housekeeper  shutting  up 
her  house  in  .June,  for  example,  with  a  colony  of  fleas  too  small  to  be  noticed  inside 
it  need  not  bo  surprised  to  And  the  establishment  overrun  when  she  opens  it  up  again 
in  September  or  October. 

Kabbit  Fleas. 


1 1'-'' 

m 


The  difterent  kinds  of  rabbits  are  very  abundantly  supplied  with 

fleas,  as  doubtless  any  one  who  has  handled 
these  animals  will  willinj«ly  testify.  According 
to  authorities,  lK)wever,  there  are  at  least  three 
different  species  of  fleas  which  may  infest  them. 
The  species  infesting  the  European  hares  is 
known  as  Vulex  goniocephalns  Tasch.,  and  this 
has  not  as  yet  been  recognized  in  America. 
Pnlex  gujixH  of  Kirby  was  originally  described 
from  Canada,  and  Baker  has  recorded  it  from 
the  cottontail  rabbit,  at  Lansing,  Mich.  It  is 
described  as  having  the  head  rather  evenly 
rounded  in  front,  the  ej'es  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  head,  mandibles  reaching  two-thirds  of  the 
coxa;,  the  comb  on  the  bordf^r  of  the  head  of  one  or  two  spines,  pro- 
notal  comb  of  20  spines,  light  reddish-brown,  the  female  4  mm.  long. 


Fio.  H.  —  I'idez  inneqnalit— 
head  and  forepart  of  body — 
eularged  (original). 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


155 


rnlcv  inaequalin  leaker,  described  from  cottontail  and  ja<;k  rabbits 
near  the  Grand  Canyon,  Arizona,  is  thouglif  by  Baker  to  be  the  North 
Aiaeiican  rei>resentativc  of  (foniocephaluH,  It  is  distingnished  from 
(j\(l(tH  by  liavinjj  i\w,  head  obtnsely  angulated  in  front,  the  liead  spines 
r»  or  <»  in  number  and  pronotal  spines  1(5.  Length  of  tlie  mah%  1.5  nnn. ; 
female,  1.75  to  2.25  mm.  A  variety  called  simplex  is  indicated  as 
liiiving  H  spines  in  the  head  comb,  14  in  the  pronotal  comb,  and  being 
slightly  larger  in  size,  2.5  mm.  in  length.  This  variety  seems  to  be 
tlie  common  fm-m  on  lAjnts  sylraticiin  in  Towa. 

Pulcv  (fouiovephnhis  has  sharply  angnlated  forehead  and  prom)tal 
(!omb  of  14  spines.     It  has  a  length  of  2  mm. 


The  Mole  Flea. 

( 7'i/7)7i/»/>»////rt  iiHHimHiH  Tiiscb.) 


This  species,  destaibed  by  Taschenberg  from  the  European  mole  in 
1880,  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  species  found  on  our  common 
moles  Sadojhs  (uinatieus  and  aryentatus. 


Fl(».  ^r^.—Tii/ililotimilla  amimilis:  a  ami  h,  lioatl  and  tormiiial  Hcj;moiit  of  ft>iii«le;  c,  malt' — enlarged 

(uri;;iiml). 

The  eye  is  very  rudimentary,  scarcely  visible  under  the  microscope, 
the  head  with  a  comb  of  3  spines  on  the  lower  border  and  thepronotum 
with  a  comb  of  7  to  9  spines  on  each  side.  "Male  claspers  boot-shaped, 
the  sole  turned  up."  Color  rather  dark  brown,  more  intense  along  the 
dorsum.     Length  2.5  mm. 

It  is  recorded  from  Sorex  vulgaris,  Talpa  curopea,  Mus  syliuUimis,  and 
Arvicola  arvalis  by  Taschenberg,  and  Baker  records  it  from  the  mole, 
Lincoln,  Xebr.,  and  the  "common  garden  mole,"  Lansing,  Mich.  I 
have  taken  it  repeatedly  from  the  prairie  mole  {Scalo2)s  argentatus)  at 
Ames,  Iowa,  and  have  specimens  from  I'rof.  A.  W.  Bitting  from  Scalops 
aquoticHs,  Lafayette,  Ind. 

From  these  records  it  would  appear  to  be  quite  closely  confined  to 
the  mole  as  its  particular  host,  and  the  rudimentary  nature  of  its  eyes 
might  be  looked  upon  as  a  parallel  adaptation  with  that  of  its  host. 


154  INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 

The  Pocket  (Iopiikb  Flea. 

{Tyithlofninlla  amertvana  Hiikor;  ftlHo  Piilex  iijiiola  Milker.) 

Tliis   species,   (lesciib«',<l    by    Ilakei-  (Caiia«lijiii    Knt(mn)lo{ji8t,   Vnl. 
XXYII,  ]).  1S(!),  1  liave  taken   repeatedly  from   our  coininon  pocket 


Fid.  Mil. — l)iiMopiiyHa  attierieana  :  main;  n,  antiMiim— <'ii1arg<'il  (orifjiiial). 

gopher  {(iromyn  hnrmriuN)  diiriiijj^  the  past  ten  years,  and  it  must  be  a 
common  resident  of  their  burrows.    j\Ir.  Baker  records  it  from  a ''  large 


Fio.  S7. —Typhlopgylla  americana:  female — enlarged  (origir  il). 

brown  mole,"  and  states  that  lie  has  seen  specimens  cjllected  by  Pro- 
fessor (xillette  on  the  pocket  gopher  at  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  and  by 
Professor  AMrich  at  Moscow,  Idaho,  on  Thomomys  talpoides. 


SIPHONAPTERA. 


156 


"oloyist,   V„i. 
"irnon  pocket 


ertex  evenly  rounded  from  (H'oipnfi  to  month,  Hlifrlitly  llattonod  above  in  mule; 
lii'iid  with  very  weak  liriHtles;  liristleB  on  Joint  2  of  antonnii-  Inn^ur  than  third, joint, 
uliich  if*  without  bristleH;  nmn<iil>lt'H  attaining  tiin^e-fonrlhs  of  anterior  coxii';  pro- 
iiotiil  comb  of  18  to  22  npines ;  legs  with  Htrong  spines  on  tibiir  and  hind  tarsi ;  hind 
fiinora  with  a  row  of  bristU's  on  the  side;  in  midillo  tarsi  joint  2  is  longer  than  5;  in 
liind  tarsi, joint  I  is  about  as  long  as  2  and  3  together,  wliiir  5  is  shorter  than  !t; 
.'ibdominal  segments  each  with  two  dorsal  and  two  ventral  rows  of  nnmerouH  bris- 
tles, the  seeond  dorsal  row  wi(h  12  to  14  bristles,  tlio  ventral  row  with  nearly  as 
many,  ventral  bristles  not  stronger  than  dorsal ;  male  elasiters  long,  linear,  edges  not 
parallel,  end  sonu^what  ol>li<|uely  ent  off,  rounded;  <'olor,  brown;  length  of  male, 
L'.2r>  nnn.,  of  female  'A  to  ;<,2ri  mm.     (Haker. ) 

Tlie  form  described  sis  I'uhw  ujnota  by  Baker  is  evidently  ii  I'eiiiale 
of  this  species,  iuid,  since  it  appears  to  bo  a  Typlilopsylla,  the  nauie 
mnvrivunn  liad  better  be  retaine<l. 

Aside  from  the  species  mentioned  above  in  the  geiins  Tyi)hh)psylla, 
Kolenati  has  described  octavtinnsj  hcxnctenvs,  poitdctcnus,  and  divtrnm 
occurring  on  bats  in  llurope,  Taschenberg  nmiuetinuta  on  bat  in  Europe, 
muHculi  i'voui  rats  and  mice  in  Kurope,  eaucanica  on  SpdJa.r  ti/phlnn  in 
the  Cau(;asian  Steppes,  firavilis  on  Talpa  europea  and  Sorer  nih/aris  in 
Europe,  and  Uaker  has  described  alpiini  from  mountain  vat,  (leorge- 
town,  Coh>.,  iUu\/r)iU'nn(  from  garden  mole,  Lansing,  ^Mich.,  and  Jirook- 
iiigs,  S.  Dak,  host  unknown. 


mil). 

it  nuist  be  a 
"roma^largo 


id  by  Pro- 
0.,  and  by 


liisectH 
wiuitiiiff 

llllS»'S. 

wiiiRH. 
procure 


This  s 
bei'ii  ii  I 
quite  tli 

says: 

Its  iiiti- 
was  well 
(Hist.  All 

that  it  ^ 
iuontioii> 
fiict,  am 
little  kii 
occnrB  ii 
onyJiiDUi 
LettiTS, 

It  is 
this  in 
com  to  1 
obsciii 

As! 
parasi 
attacl 
other 
autho 


CHAPTER  IV. 

HEMIPTERA. 

Bugs  an'?  Lice. 

SITIU)RDKK  UKIKKOPTKItA. 

Insects  with  suctoiiiil  iiiouth  imrts;  tour  Aviiifjs,  unless  nltogetlior 
wiintiiig,  t\w  upper  or  front  pair  l)iMn{;"  thickoiiod  or  leathery  at  the 
l)as»'s.  The  younj;  resemble  the  adults  excoi)t  in  si/.e  and  in  wantinjif 
\\  iiifjs.  They  live  upon  the  juices  of  plants  or  aninuUs,  which  they 
procure  by  suction. 

Fajuily  A(^ANTTlin  ).K. 

(1J<h1  Huj^  iuid  Alli(Ml    Foi'iiiH.) 

TiiK  Common  Ukd  Biuj. 

(Arantliia  lectularia  Liiiu.) 

This  species,  desciibed  by  Linna-us  a  century  and  a  half  ago,  has 
been  a  most  familiar  insect  to  man,  though  for  how  long  a.  time  it  is 
quite  diflicult  to  determine.  Westwood  (Introduction,  Vol.  II,  i>.  475) 
says: 

Its  introduction  into  this  conntry  (Kngliiiid)  liiis  Leon  tv  snbjoct  of  discnsflion.  It 
was  well  known  to  I'liny  (lli»t.  N.,  2!),  17),  Hioscoriik's.  ArisiopliaiioM,  and  Aristotle 
(Hist.  An.  Kd.  Uok.,  p.  Its,  12);  bnt  it  has  been  gtMierally  assc^rtcd  to  liavo  been 
broufjht  from  America  to  England,  wiiencti  it  jiasscd  to  tiie  Continent  of  Kuroi)e,  and 
that  it  was  not  known  here  until  1G70.  MonflFet.  liowcvrr  (Ins.  Tlieatr.,  p.  270). 
mentions  its  havinfr  been  seen  in  l,">'>;-t.  It  has,  however,  been  noticed  as  a  singular 
fact,  and  as  showing  that  this  disgusting  visitant  must  have  been  comparatively 
little  known  in  tlie  days  of  "(iood  Queen  Mess,''  that,  although  tlio  word  "bug" 
occurs  tive  or  six  ditVerent  times  in  Shakspeare's  i>lays,  iL  is  in  every  instance  syn- 
onyinons  with  bugbear,  and  iloes  not  designate  this  insect  (Patterson's  Shakspeare 
Letters,  p.  59). 

It  is  by  no  means  easy  to  estimate  the  amount  of  injury  caused  by 
this  insect,  tor  so  far  as  num  is  concerned  it  consists  of  loss  of  tiiue  and 
comfort,  while  its  eltects  upon  other  animals  arc  involved  in  too  much 
obscurity  to  allow  of  any  estinuites  being  formed. 

As  found  in  houses  infesting  man  it  can  only  be  considered  as  semi- 
parasitic,  living  for  the  most  ])art  secreted  in  cracks  and  crevices  and 
attacking  its  victims  dnring  the  night.  Probably  its  attacks  upon 
other  animals  are  of  a  similar  nature,  although  it  is  referred  to  by  some 

authors  as  a  parasite  of  domestic  fowls. 

157 


158 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


1- 


Tlie  ej;j;8  are  oval  in  shape,  of  a  whitish  coh)r,  slightly  naiTowed  :it, 
cue  end,  and  will  be  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  cracks  which  furnish 
slielter  for  the  adults.  The  young  bugs  escape  from  the  eggs  by  pusli 
ing  oil'  a  circular  lid  at  one  end.  Tiiey  are  similar  to  the  adults  exceiit 
in  color  and  in  the  i)roportions  of  the  body  regions.  At  first  nearly 
white,  they  gradually  assume  the  reddish  and  finally  the  dark  reddisli 
brown  «'olor  of  the  adidts.  The  body  is  at  first  more  slender  and  tin- 
head  larger  in  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body,  but  gradually  tlic 
abdomen  wi'kiis  untd  the  insect  acquires  the  shape  and  si/.e  indicated 
in  the  figure. 

Professor  Uhler  says  (Standard  Natural  History,  Vol.  II,  p.  UOa): 

This  H|)c('ii's  lias  been  diatrilintud  over  most  jiarts  (if  tlu)  world,  fhiolly  l)y  tlio 
agency  <•!'  iiiaii,  and,  as  iiiii^lit  he  oxpcctiMl  iiiidcr  siicli  ciiTiiiimtanccs,  is  subject  to 
>^  iiiiicb  varlatiiiii  in  the  relative  size, 

projiortioiis,  and  forms  of  most 
parts  of  (lie  body.  Full- favored 
gross  specimens  are  often  ijnitc 
coarsely  punctured  and  hairy, 
while  their  half-starved  brethren 
have  a  nnich  tliinner  outside  integ- 
ument and  iiner  jiunctures,  with 
less  conspicuous  jiubescencf.  Some 
spccinn-ns  have  the  wing  pads  hang- 
ing loose  as  if  ready  to  change  into 
wing  covers,  but  generally  these 
are  run  together  into  one  piece  on 
the  middle  line.  Thus  far  no  indi- 
viduals of  this  ins(!ct  have  been  met 
with  fully  winged. 

There  is  sonie  confusion  its  concerns  tae  attacks  of  the  bedbug  or  its 
parasitism  on  other  animals  than  man.  Packard  (Guide  to  tlie  Study 
of  Insects,  p.  ."i.")! )  states  that  ^''It  lives  as  a  parasite  on  the  domestic 
birds,  such  as  the  dove,"  and  further,  same  book  and  page,  that  "i\Ir. 
James  ]\Iac Donald  writes  me  that  he  has  found  a  nest  of  swallows  on  a 
c<mrt-house  in  Iowa  swarming  with  bugs."  In  the  American  Ento- 
mologist (V(d.  1,  p.  87)  the  following  statement  occurs: 

Ordinarily  the  bed-bug  is  confined  to  the  dwelling  places  of  num,  and  lives  on  the 
blood  of  v.s  grc  it  lonls  of  crealion,  but  we  have  known  it  to  awarni  in  prodigious 
numb'iis  in  a  ch^ken  house,  wher<i  it  must  have  fed  exclusively  upon  chickens' 
blood,  and  it  is  said  to  occur  also  in  European  pigeon  houses. 

As  other  species  of  the  same  gemis  have  been  described  as  infesting 
pigeons,  swallows,  and  bats,  resj)ectively,  it  nught  be  that  these  state- 
ments are  based  upon  observations  wliich  did  not  take  into  considera- 
tion tne  specific  distinctions.  Still  another  source  of  confusion  exists 
so  far  as  birds  arei'onceriicd,  and  that  is  the  occurrence  upon  the  swift 
(67trc<«»v(j)e///.s///'»,),  frequently  called  "swallow "or  "chimney  swallow," 
a  species  of  louse  {Nitzschia  pulicaria)  which,  though  smaller,  has  so 
much  of  a  reseu'.blance  to  the  bed  bug  as  to  mislead  an  observer  not 
familiar  with  the  characters  separating  the  divisions  of  insects  to  which 
these  belong. 


Fm.  8S.— .t('aJif/iin7cc^Kl(irm.n,.vouiig;&,  a<bill— fiiliir;;iil 
(liom  Kik'.v). 


HEMIPTERA. 


159 


narroAved  nt 
which  lurnisli 
B^^rs  by  pusli 
Kliilts  (\\f.ept 
f  iirst  nearly 
lark  ictldisli 
•<ler  and  (i„. 
Jiadually  the 
ize  indieati'd 

1>.  -'Oo) : 

clli.'dy  by  tiio 
'«,  is  siilijoct  to 
10  rclativosizo, 

)I1U8     of     ,„„8t 

Full-favored 
o    ofton    (jiiito 
"I'l      hairy, 
rved  Idt'threii 
outside  inte"-- 
incturcs,  with 
sceucc.    Some 
iugpfidNhiinj,''- 
U)  change  into 
aiiorally  these 
p  one  piece  on 
us  far  no  indj. 
have  been  met 

Hlbnf?  or  its 
>  the  Stndy 
!«'  dituHvstic 
,  that '<j\Ir. 
allows  on  a 
■ieaii  Ento- 

l  lives  on  the 
n  prodijriouN 
»u  <hieken8' 

s  infesting 
icse  state- 
considera- 
iion  exists 
I  tlie  swift 
swallow," 
Br,  has  so 
lerver  not 
i  to  which 


Whatever  its  foundation,  there  is  a  widespread  belief  that  birds  and 
bats  carry  bed-bugs  from  place  to  place,  and  considering  the  suddenness 
with  which  they  appear  in  new  buildings  and  sometimes  in  buildings 
never  used  for  dwellings,  it  seems  hard  to  otherwise  account  for  their 
appearance.  Still,  to  those  fa- 
iiiiliar  with  the  habits  of  the 
bed-bug  and  its  opportunities 
tor  transportation,  there  will  be 
no  insuperable  ditliculty  in  ac- 
counting for  all  such  appear- 
ances. 

Another  impression  seems  to 
l)e  that  bed-bugs  occur  in  the 
woods  and  under  bark.  A  foot- 
note in  West  wood's  Introduc- 

lion  (Vol.  II,  J).  475)  reads:  Fm.  so. — icantkia  leclularia:   lirad  mi.l  iirollmrux— 

imich  ciiliirgod,  sliowiii;^  form  ami  olothiug  (origi- 
Soutliall   states  that   its   lirst  ap-        ,,^1). 

pearauee  took  phice  after  the  great 

fire  in  16()(!.  "  Learned  men,"  says  lie,  "united  in  thinliing  they  were  imported  with 
the  new  deal  timber,  as  the  bugs  were  naturally  fond  of  turpentine  woods."  It  is 
certain  that  they  swarm  in  the  American  timlter  employed  in  the  construction  of 
new  houses;  and  it  is  said  that  they  feed  upon  the  sap  of  that  wood. 

We  fail  to  find,  however,  any  authentic  record  of  such  occurrence 
from  pers(mal  observation,  and  since  we  have  never  met  it  in  collecting 
under  the  best  conditions  for  observing  it  we  are  inclined  to  think  that 
the  impression  is  due  entirely  to  other  insects  closely  resembling  the 
bed-bug  having  been  mistaken  for  it.  In  183".)  Mr.  Leonard  rienyns 
published  a  paper  in  the  Annals  of  Natural  History  (Vol.  .5,  pp.  L'41-l.'4t) 
oil  three  undescribed  species  of  the  genus  Cimex,  closely  related  to 
the  comnjoii  bed-bug  (C.  columharius,  hirundinis,  pipistrelM).  These 
are  stated  to  infest,  respectively,  the  pigeon,  the  swallow,  and  the  bat. 
The  occurrence  of  any  of  these  but  hirundinis  has  not  yet  been  re- 
corded in  the  United  States,  although,  for  reasons  already  stated,  they 
might  fail  to  be  recorded  even  were  they  fairly  common, 

PREVENTION   AND  BKMEDY. 

Cleanliness  and  the  ai»plication  of  the  common  remedies,  such  as  ben- 
zine, corrosive  sublimate,  and  hot  water  will  usually  sutlice  U  keep 
these  i)e8t8  reduced  in  ordinary  dwellings,  but  in  large  buildings  more 
general  measures  may  sometimes  be  necessary,  and  iu  such  cases  there 
is  probably  nothing  more  eflectual,  when  it  can  be  done,  than  thorough 
fumigation  with  sulphur,  brimstone,  or  i)erhaps  bisulphide  of  carbon. 
"I  have  known  a  house  which  had  long  stood  empty,  and  yet 
swarmed  with  them,  thoroughly  cleansed  by  fumigation  with  brim- 
stone" (Westwood). 

We  know  personally  of  an  instance  where  a  large  building,  badly 


160 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


infested  with  this  pest,  on  being  thoroughly  fumigated  with  sulphur  as 
a  disinfectant  against  scarlet  fever  remained  for  some  time  compara- 
tively free  from  bugs. 

Attention  to  the  cracks  in  the  walls  and  around  casings,  as  well  as 
to  the  joints  of  bedsteads,  will  do  much  to  keep  pests  under  control. 

For  immediate  relief  in  a  sleeping  room  pyrethrnm  is  most  sn  ;iilabl('. 
since  it  can  be  used  while  a  room  is  occupied,  l^usted  between  tlic 
sheets  of  a  bed,  it  will  protect  the  sleei^er  from  the  most  voracioii> 
hotel  bug. 

The  "Coruco,"  or  Mexican  ('hicken  Bug. 

{Acanthia  inodora  Dugts.) 

In  1892  Dr.  Alfredo  Duges,  of  Guanajufita,  Mexico,  described '  and 
figured  a  species  of  bed-bug  infesting  poultry,  and  the  same,  or  a  very 
closely  related  form,  is  recorded  from  southern  New  Mexico  by  Prof. 
C.  H.  Tyler  Towusend,  who  says: 

There  exists  in  sontliern  New  Mexico  a  Cimicid,  known  by  tbo  Mexican  name  of 
coruco,  which  is  au  uuuiitigated  pest  of  poultry  in  this  region.     When  the  insect 

once  gains  access  to  the  hen- 
house it  soon  swarms  in  great 
numbers,  infesting  the  inmates 
and  roosts,  and  covering  the 
eggs  with  the  excrementa, 
which  sliow  as  black  specks. 
It  is  a  very  dilliciilt  pest  to 
exterminate,  and  has  been  fre- 
(jiicntly  known  to  spread  from 
roosts  to  dwelling  houses, 
where  it  pioves  more  formida- 
ble than  the  bed-bug.  This 
insect  also  exists  in  western 
Texas.     *     *     » 

Dr.  Duges  mentions  applica- 
tions of  vinegar  as  a  remedy, 
doubtless  to  be  applied  to  the 
poultry  to  alleviate  the  bites, 
as  well  as  to  deter  the  corucos 
fnun  biting.  Here  burning  of 
sulphur  in  the,  henhouses  and 
spraying  of  kerosene  have  been 
tried  with  doubtful  results. 
About  the  only  way  to  keep 
poultry  uninfested  is  to  keep 
them  entirely  out  of  doors  and  not  to  house  them  at  all.  The  corucos  infest  and 
stick  to  the  houses  and  roosts,  awaiting  the  return  of  the  hens  at  night.  They 
began  to  appear  in  Las  Cruces  the  present  year  (1893)  before  the  middle  of  April. 

lam  informed  that  the  corucos  often  swarm  in  inunense  numbers  in  houses,  com- 
ing up  through  the  floors  and  cracks.  In  such  cases  it  is  almost  impossible  to  get 
rid  of  thtan,  the  easiest  and  most  economical  Avay  lieing  to  desert  the  house.    They 


Fio.  QO.—Acanthia  inndora'.   femnle;   n.  outliiii!  nC  n;:);— en- 
larfji'd  'origintil). 


have  been 
times  in  soi 
and  formed 
as^ainst  an  i 
plastered  th 

I  have 
sent  me 
(hawing 
distinct  fr 
tion  of  th( 
not  projec 


■  La  Naturaleza,  2d  series,  Vol.  II,  1892,  PI.  VIII,  8  ligs. 


This  8p( 
mon  barn 
fessor  Gil 
writer  in 

The  bu! 

parts  of  t 

to  them, 

served  on 

barn  nea 

ground. 

abundant 

lows  had 

and  spec 

bottle  cor 

stopper  V 

lowing  SI 

be  an  eas 

to  surviA 

iu  crack 

the  builtl 

during  t 

of  the  ] 

containe 

bers   of 

showing 

deposite 

would  a 

WhiU 

safe  to  ( 

the  SUB 

spring, 

It  is' 

4 


HEMIPTEBA. 


161 


have  been  known,  according  to  one  informant,  to  swarm  in  military  posts  in  former 
times  in  southern  New  Mexico  to  such  an  extent  that  the  soldiers  wore  ordered  out 
and  formed  in  two  linos,  one  line  with  brooms  to  sweep  the  corucos  en  masse  up 
HLjainst  an  adobe  wall,  where  the  other  line  stood  ready  with  trowels  and  mud  and 
phistered  them  into  the  wall  alive — a  novel  but  effective  means  of  riddance! 

I  have  not  seen  Dr.  Diijjes's  original  article,  but  bo  has  very  kindly 
sent  me  specimens  of  the  insect,  and  from  these  the  accompanying 
(hawing  has  been  piepared.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  form  is  <iuite 
distinct  from  that  of  the  ordinary  house  bug,  esi)ecially  in  the  excava- 
tion of  the  prothorax  in  front,  which  is  very  slight,  the  lateral  angles 
not  projecting  forward  on  the  sides  of  tlie  head. 

The  IJaun-swallow  Bug. 

(JeaHthia  hirundinis  .lenvns.) 

This  species  has  occurred  in  great  numbers  in  the  nests  of  the  com- 
mon barn  swallow  at  Ames,  Iowa,  the  occurrence  being  noted  by  Prof- 
fessor  Gillette  (Entomological  News,  Vol.  I,  pp.  20-27)  and  by  the 
writer  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXIV,  p.  LMJl. 

The  bugs  appear  to  be  conliued  to  the  swallow  nests  or  upon  the 
parts  of  the  barn  adjacent 
to  them,  some  being  ob- 
served on  the  sides  of  the 
barn  nearly  down  to  the 
ground.  They  were  very 
abundant  after  the  swal- 
lows had  left  in  autumn, 
and  specimens  kept  in  a 
bottle  corked  with  a  rubber 
stopper  were  alive  tlie  fol- 
lowing summer.  It  would 
be  an  easy  matter  for  them 
to  survive  in  the  nests  or 
in  cracks  and  corners  of 
the  building  near  the  nf  sts 
during  the  winter  absence 
of  the  hosts.  The  nests 
contained  immense  num- 
bers of  empty  eggshells, 
showing  that  the  eggs  were 


Fio.  91 Aoanthia  hirundinis— frnhxTgeA  (orlgiual). 


deposited  directly  in  tlie  nests,  and  where  the  young  bugs  in  hatching 
wotdd  at  once  gain  access  to  the  birds. 

While  it  is  impossible  to  say  at  just  what  time  the  eggs  were  laid,  it  is 
safe  to  conjecture  that  they  are  laid  some  time  during  the  early  i)art  of 
the  summer,  probably  soon  after  the  appearance  of  swallows  in  the 
spring,  and  that  the  young  become  partially  grown  at  least  before  fall. 

It  is  of  course  possible  that  they  may  use  other  food  than  the  bloo4 
4653— No.  5 11 


162 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


of  tlie  swallows,  but  it  is  evident  that  they  are  closely  associated  witli 
tliis  bird  as  a  host.  Tlie  li{jiire  will  indicate  the  distinctive  chai-acters 
of  the  8pe<'ies,  and  comparison  with  the  levtiiltrria  and  Inodora  will 
reveal  suflllcient  basis  for  considering  it  a  distiui-t  form. 

The  species  occnirrin};-  upon  the  pijjcon  and  the  bat  have  not  been 
recorded  for  America  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  but  it  is  (juite  i)robable  that 
they  may  occur.  They  are  evidently  (piite  distinct  species,  and  it  would 
be  a  matter  of  interest  to  determine  their  occurreiute  here. 

Avanthin columbaria  -lenyns  is  spetiially  characti^'i/.ed  by  the  rounded 
form  of  the  abdomen,  the  slijjfhtly  excavated  prothoriiX,  and  the  third 
joint  of  the  antenna'  being  longer  than  the  fourth. 

Acaiithia  piplstreUi  Jenyns  has  the  abdomen  naiTowed.  the  i)rothorax 
moderately  deeply  excavated,  the  antenna'  intermediate,  between  kctv- 
laria  and  columbaria. 


-^ 


Fio.  92.— Aiitt'iinir,  Hhowiii}:  lompariitivo  Iciijttli  (if  .joints  in  k,  Aniiilhia 
Ithundinit:  b.  A.U'ctularki;  c,  A .  iitiiiliir(i—i;nUiv<ivi\  (original). 

Considering  the  inaccessibility  of  the  original  description.-t  to  many 
students,  it  may  be  useful  to  rei»eat  here  tiui  full  technical  descriptions 
as  given  by  Jenyns  (Annals  of  Natural  History,  1839,  Vol.  Ill,  pp. 
241-244) : 

C.  Icctiilariiix:  .Ferriij^iiieo-ocliracous;  tliorace  ])rofiin(l('  ciiiiir^inati),  latorilms 
rotlcxiH;  alidoininu  Huhorliiciilato.  apice  aciito;  aiiteiinis  articiilo  turtio  <[uarto  loiigi- 
ore.     Long,  1.'^  liii.     llab.     lu  tioiiiibus. 

C,  coliimhariiiH :  Fernioiueo-oeliraceiis;  tbitraco  ]tri>l'un(li'  I'luar^inato,  latorilms 
rellexis;  ahiloiiiinoorhiciilato,  apico  .siiba<'iito;  aiitcniii.s  artii'iilo  tcrtiii  i|iiarto  paiilo 
b)iigiore.     Long,  vix  '2i  lin.     llab.     lu  coliiiiibis. 

('.  hinindhii.  ■  Kuwco-lerrngineiis;  tliorace^  leviter  oniargiiialo,  latiU'ibiiH  planiR, 
abdonihio  ovato,  apicc  siibacnto;  antennis  brcvUms,  articulo  tortio  ct  ([iiarto  siib- 
ue(|naHl>iiH.     Long.  \'i  lin.     Hab.     In  nidis  lliriiiHlini.''  iirbi(;a>. 

('.  ])iinntrcni :  Ferniginoo-ocliraceus,  nitidiis;  tboracti  |>r()f'iindtM^iiiarginMto,  latori- 
bns  paiilo  rellcxis;  abdoinino  ovato,  poistico  attennato;  antt^niiJH  articulo  tertit* 
quarto  lougiore.     Long.  12  lin.     llab.    lu  VcHpertilionc  pipiistrtdhi. 

C.cithiiiiharhis:  On  comparing  this  species  with  the  coninion  house  bug  it  will  bs' 
found  to  be  smaller  and  oC  a  morr  circular  form.  The  antenna-  are  shorter  and  the 
joints  are  not  ciuite  so  slender,  and  the  dilVerence  in  length  between  the  third  and 
fourth  Joints  i  ,  not  so  considerable.  The  thorax  is  rather  less  hollow(Ml  out  in  front, 
the  anterior  angles  less  produced,  and  the  sides  less  rellexod.  The  abdomen  more 
nearly  approaches  the  round,  the  lateral  margins  being  very  niuch  curved  and  the 
greatest  breadth  exactly  in  th(*  middle ;  whereas  in  the  house  bug  the  lateral  margins 
are  at  first  but  little  curved,  and  the  greatest  breadth  rather  behind  the  middle. 
The  colors  as  well  as  the  degree  of  the  pubesueuce  are  similar  in  the  two  species. 


HEMIPTERA. 


163 


C.  hirnndinis:  This  Hpeoies  is  rather  less  than  C.  columbariux  ana  in  respect  to  form 
(liferent  from  both  this  and  the  C.  lectnlartiiH.  Tlie  antnniiii-  are  coinparativoly  short, 
:iii<l  the  tliird  Joint  is  scarctOy  if  at  all  longer  than  the  fourth.  The  eyes  are  not  so 
jiroHiinent,  the  thorax  is  mnch  loss  hollowed  ont  in  front,  the  anterior  angles  but 
little  produecsil,  and  the  sides  scarcely  at  all  rellexed.  The  scntelluin  is  wider  at  the 
liase  or  more,  transverse  and  does  not  jirojeei,  so  far  backward;  the  elytra  are  less 
coarsely  pnuctnretl ;  the  abdomen  is  not  ko  broad,  and  mure  ronnded  at  the  apex, 
the  sides  regularly  curved.  The  wiiole  insect  is  more  pubescent.  The  color  is  f(!rru- 
!;iuoiis,  inclining  to  testaceous,  darker  than  ia  Iheeommon  bed-bug,  and  the  head  and 
tlioraiv  are  much  clouded  with  fuscous.  In  one  specimen  the  legs  are  spotted  at  or 
near  the  Joints  with  this  last  color.  There  are  also  some  fusc(>ns  spots  on  the  abdo- 
men. The  young  or  pupa"  have  the  abdomen  much  narrower  than  tlio  jierfect  insect, 
inclining  to  oblong. 

C.  pipislrelli:  The  antenme  of  this  S|>ecies  are  of  an  intermediate  l«!ngth  '  ♦^^ween 
those  of  the  ('.  Uctniarins  and  those  of  the  V.  (utliimbarins,  and  the  third  Joint  is 
obviously  longer  than  the  fourth.  The  eyes  are  prominent.  The  tlior  .  has  a  mod- 
erately deep  excavation  in  front,  and  the  sides  arc  partially  rellexed.  The  abdomen 
is  narrower  than  in  either  of  the  above-named  spe(Me8,  and  much  more  attenuated 
posteriorly,  the  greatest  breadth  being  rather  before  the  middle.  The  thighs  are 
more  incrassated.  The  wlioh*  insect  is  more  ]>ubesceut,  approaching  to  his])id,  and 
rather  coarsely  punctured.  The  color  is  dark  ferruginous  ochre,  glistening  with  a 
faint  metallic  or  subaeneous  hue,  not  j)erceptible  in  any  of  the  otuer  species.  The 
legs  and  antenna-  are  a  shade  paler  than  the  abdomen,  and,  as  well  asthislatt,  with- 
out spots. 

Fjimily   1 1  Kr>  I T  VITD^K. 

This  fainil.y  contains  a  lar{?e  variety  of  bugs,  tho  majority  of  which 
appear  to  be  strictly  carnivorous  in  habit,  many  of  them  beinji'  of  uo 
little  service  in  destroying  injurious  insec^ts.  They  are  provided  with 
stout  curved  beaks;  the  antenna'  have  the  terminal  Joints  smallest; 
the  head  is  cylindrical,  the  neck  usually  long  and  the  bodies  generally 
slender,  while  the  legs  are  strong  and  often  armed  with  spines.  Many 
species  are  capable  of  inflicting  severe  wounds,  but  probably  very  few 
of  them  do  so  except  in  self  defense.  One  sj)ecies,  however,  has  been 
so  many  times  reconled  as  attacking  individuals  of  the  human  species 
for  the  purjiose  of  sucking  blood  for  food  that  it  should  be  mentioned, 
at  least,  in  this  c(mnection. 

The  BLooi)-SuoKiN(f  C(>ne-no«e. 

{ConorhiniiH  HangiiisHtjit  lioc.) 


Tiiis  species,  sometimes  called  the  "  big  bed-bug,"  is  distributed 
throughout  the  southern  United  States  and  has  been  reported  as  fre- 
quently occurring  in  be«ls,  attacking  the  sleepers  and  sucking  their 
blood.  The  following  from  the  American  Entomologist  (Vol.  I,  j>.  88) 
sums  up  its  habits: 

While  taking  his  meal,  as  we  are  informed,  he  fairly  spraddles  himself  out,  and 
seems  to  enjoy  it  hugely.  In  the  more  southerly  parts  of  Illinois,  namely,  in  Madi- 
son, .Fersey,  and  Union  counties,  we  know  of  no  less  than  eight  specimens  having 
been  found  in  beds,  and  it  must  also  occur  as  far  north  as  Adams  Count,y,  for  we  saw 
it  in  a  collection  of  insects  made  at  C^nincy  and  exhibited  at  the  Htate  fair  in  18()8. 
Mr.  Uhler,  as  he  informs  us,  formerly  received  a  specimen  from  southern  Ohio,  near 
Marietta,  at  which  place  it  was  said  to  be  occasionally  found  in  beds,  and  to  cause 


164 


INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


severe  infliimniation  by  its  puncturing.  Dr.  E.  S.  Hull,  of  Alton,  111.,  was  once,  aslio 
tells  us,  bitten  in  three  places  in  the  arm  by  one  of  these  creatures,  and  the  arm 
became  so  inflamed  in  conso(|uence  that  for  three  days  afterwards  he  almost  lost  tlic 
use  of  it.  In  the  northerly  parts  of  tlie  United  States,  so  far  as  wo  are  aware,  it 
does  not  occur.  Like  many  of  it.s  allien  it  jjasses  the  Avuiter  in  the  perfect  state,  for 
we  have  ourselves  captured  it  in  south  llliDuis  under  loose  bark  in  November,  in 
company  with  its  pupa  (lig.  93,  b). 


m 


Tia.93.—  f'onorliinus,ian(iuUnfia:  a,  pupa;  6,  itrtult  (from  Anier.  Kiitom.). 

All  the  species  of  this  jjenus,  most  of  which  are  South  American,  fly  into  houses  by 
night,  according  to  Hiirmeister,  and  live  upon  tlie  blood  of  mammals,  tho  jmucturo 
of  their  beaks  causinj;  great  jiaiu.  In  the  larval  and  impal  states  they  probably 
suck  the  juices  of  insects;  for  being  wingless  in  those  states  they  would  have  no 
means  of  reaching  the  larger  animals.  Tho  single  jjupa  that  wo  found  under  bark 
in  winter  time  occurred  in  a  place  that  was  about  half  a  mile  from  tho  nearest  house; 
so  that  at  all  events  it  certainly  could  have  had  no  chance  there  to  suck  bumau 
blood. 

SUBOKDKIJ  PARASITA. 

This  group  includes  the  sucitorial  lice,  confined  to  mammals;  tliey  are 
strictly  parasitic  insects,  being  coufiued  to  their  hosts  constantly  and 
deriving  all  their  nourishment  from  them.  They  are  wingless,  and  the 
mouth  parts  consist  of  a  tubular  suctorial  organ. 

This  subordsr  contains  but  two  families,  the  first  of  which,  the  Poly- 
ctenidic,  contains,  so  far  as  known,  but  two  species,  both  of  which  are 
confined  to  bats,  one  in  Jamaica  aiul  the  other  in  China.  These  do  not 
projterly  fall  within  the  province  of  this  ])aper,  and  it  will  not  be  neces- 
sary to  give  them  further  consideration. 


Fjiinily  Pltll  )ICn  ILIl  ).K. 
(The  Suetoi'ial  Lice.) 

This  family  includes  nearly  all  the  species  of  the  suborder  and  all 
that  come  within  the  limits  of  this  i>aper. 

We  need  only  add  to  the  character  above  given  the  short  rostrum 
without  joint  and  the  tarsi  adapted  to  clasx)ing  and  holding  to  hairs. 


HEMIPTERA. 


165 


The  eggs — "iiita" — are  attached  to  hairs  by  a  glue-like  substance,  and 
the  young  lice  when  hatched  resemble  the  adults  except  in  size.  As  the 
ciitin^  life  of  the  parasite  is  passed  upon  the  same  animal  or  on  another 
animal  of  tl»e  same  kind,  its  range  of  habit  is  easily  stated. 

Hut  very  few  of  the  species  are  ever  found  upon  any  other  species  of 
animal  than  that  whic^li  they  normally  infest,  and  if  so  nlways  upon 
very  nearly  related  species.  Whether  this  is  due 
todirt'erences  in  (lie  thickness  of  the  skin,  of  tem- 
[icrature,  of  the  size  of  the  hair  to  which  they  must 
adhere  and  to  which  their  feet  are  adapted,  or  to 
some  subtle  difference  in  the  odor  or  taste  peculiar  //] 

to  their  particular  host  which  leads  them  to  dis- 
card all  others,  we  are  unable  to  say. 

The  mouth  parts  are  necessarily  capable  of  great 
extension  in  order  to  reach  the  blood  of  their 
hosts.  Uhler  says  (Standard  Fat.  Hist.,  Vol.  II, 
p.  209):  "A  fleshy  unjointed  rostrum,  capable  of 
great  extension  by  being  rolled  inside  out,  this 
action  serving  to  bring  forward  a  chapletof  barbs 
wliich  emlx'd  themselves  in  the  skin  to  give  a  lirm 
hold  for  the  penetrating  bristles,  arranged  as 
chitinous  strips  in  a  long,  slender,  flexible  tube, 
terminated  by  four  very  minute  lobes,  which  i)robe 
to  the  cajnllary  vessels  of  a  sweat  pore.  The  blood 
being  oncie  reached  a  current  is  maintained  by  the 
pulsations  of  the  pumping  ventricle  and  the  per- 
istaltic movements  of  the  stomach." 

The  species  infesting  nnin  are  so  nearly  related 
to  the  others  that  we  can  not  well  pass  them  by 
without  notice. 


The  Cuau  Louse. 


{/'hlliiriiiH  inffiiinulia  Leach.) 


(ler  .and  all 


/ 


Fig.   94.— Month-parta    of 

['ediculua    vfstiiiienti., 
sliowing  rostrum  ami  ex- 
tcnsili!  tube — greatly  en- 
largi'tl  (after  Si'biodte). 


If  we  may  depend  upon  ancient  writers,  this 
si>ecies  has  long  been  a  companion  of  man.  Ac- 
cording to  Denny  it  is  recorded  by  Herodotus,  and 
atrctmling  to  IMaget  was  referred  to  in  the  writings 
of  Aristotle.  Some  of  tlie  ancient  accounts  treat 
of  it  as  occurring  in  the  most  prodigious  numbers 
and  causing  most  serious  ailments  to  the  infested  parties.  The  disease 
produced  gained  the  name  of  Phthiriasis,  though  doubtless  this  term 
has  been  api)lietl  also  to  the  attacks  of  the  other  species  of  parasites 
infesting  man. 

Its  attacks  are  said  to  be  more  severe  than  those  of  the  other  forms 
of  lice,  although  it  is  quite  probable  that  in  the  worst  cases  reported  the 


16fi 


INSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


diftereiit  species  have,  been  jn-esent,  since  tlie  conditiuni^  favoriiifj  tin- 
in<Teiise  of  one  will  also  liivor  the  others.  The  reports,  especially  <it' 
the  earlier  writers,  have  many  of  them  doubtless  been  subject  to  {jieai 
exafjfjcration,  tor  while  the  normal  rate  of  increase  will  account  for  the 
sudden  app«ai;i nee  an<l  ■    oid  multiplication  of  the  li(!e  under  certain 

conditions,  it  is  not  equal  to  the  marvel 
ous  stories  which  are   to  be  met  with 
even  in  some  works  that  lay  claim  to 
iU'vin  H  y. 

-"r  (.  ,.-ab  louse  infests  ])articularly  the 
jie .  e.  'ons,  but  occurs  also  amon{^  the 
sii.i  hair.-  *  der  the  arms,  in  the  beard, 
antl  it  is  said  also  among  the  hairs  of 
the  eyebrows.  It  does  not  live  in  the 
line  hair  of  the  head. 

It  is  very  distinct  from  the  other 
species,  the  body  being  nearly  as  wide 
as  long,  \\hile  the  strong  legs  spreading  out  laterally  very  greatly 
increase  its  apparent  width  and  give  it  the  form  of  a  crab  in  miniature, 
thus  winning  for  it  the  name  of  (irab  louse.  It  is  of  a  whitish  color, 
with  a  dusky  i)atch  on  eju'h  shoulder,  and  with  the  legs  slightly  tinged 
with  re<ldish,  the  claws  having  this  color  more  pronounced.  It  is  nearly 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

The  remedies  adopted  for  the  head  louse  are  applicable  to  this  sjie- 
cies,  altlumgh  if  is  said  they  are  less  ettw-tual  and  must  be  i)eraisted  in 
more  vigorously.    lied  precipitate  is  probably  most  freijueutly  used. 


Fici.  It'i. —  I'litliiiiiis  i-.iiii/iialix 
(iil'te'-  iH'iinv.) 


•iiliir;;t'il 


The  Head  Louse. 


(I'ediciiluH  rapitix  Di'G<'<m-.  ) 

This  louse  has  been  I'ecognized  under  one  name  or  another  as  far 
back  as  we  have  history.  While  very  generally  (lonfused  with  the 
following  species,  it  is  probably  the  one  most  (icuumoidy  known,  th<nigh 
perhai)s  not  the  one  which  has  caused  the  greatest  amount  of  annoy- 
ance or  that  has  occurred  in  the  greatest  nuTubers.  The  two  species 
were  not  clearly  defined  till  comparatively  recent  tinu',s. 

Elaborate  writings  upon  the  louse  Avere  given  by  Swammerdam, 
Leeuwenhoek  (IfiOS),  and  descriptions  of  it  by  Redi,  DeCleer,  Linmeus, 
(leottroy,  liurmeister,  Leach,  and  others,  besides  innumerable  brief 
mentions  and  a  goodly  number  of  elaborate  memoirs  upon  its  embry- 
ology, etc.  In  later  days,  while  a  most  annoy  in j'  pest,  it  does  not 
appear  to  have  caused  such  serious  results  as  th  body  louse  or  the 
crab  louse. 

It  is  confined  to  the  flue  hair  of  the  head,  rarely  occurring  on  other 
parts  of  the  body. 

The  eggs  (nits)  are  white  and  glued  to  the  hair  at  some  distance 


c 


HEMIPTERA. 


1()7 


from  the  lieiul,  and  are  most  abuudaiit,  wo  have  observed,  ba(^k  of  the 

cars.     When   miiiierous  they  form  quite  conspicuous   objects.     The 

young,  upon  hatchinj;  from  these,  resemble  the  adults,  except  in  size 

iind  in  beinjj  less  distinctly  nnirkcd.    The  proportions  of 

tlie  body  are  also  somewhat  ditferent.  the  abdomen  beiiifj 

smaller  than  after  it  has  bccoine  enlarged  by  a  stciidy 

did  upon  hunnin  bhxul.     The  full-grown  lice  are  whitish, 

with  faint, dark  nmrkings  at  llie  sides  of  the  thorax  and 

iibdomen.     The   last   segment   of   the   abdomen  in   the 

female  is  bih)bed. 

Murray  has  shown  tlnit  the  (liferent  races  of  man  har- 
bor ditl'eri'ut  varieties  of  this  species  <»f  louse,  the  ditler- 
ence  in  the  varieties  being  jtarticularly  in  color  aiul  in  the  VM.w.-reincuiuK 
form  of  the  claws.  In  color  they  differ  from  the  nearly  <|'/'''''''  (ait.<r 
whit(^  infesting  the  Caucasians  to  the  black  infesting  the 
African.  The  claws  dilVt'r  sonu'what  in  proportions,  and  Murray  thinks 
these  dilferences  constant,  but  they  can  at  most  be  considered  oidy  us 
varietal  dilferences. 

IJemedies  are  white  precipitate,  suli)hur  ointment,  and  especially 
cleanliness. 


TiiK  Body  Lousk. 


(I'fdinilHn  ventimrnti  Leiinh.) 

As  with  the  preceding  species,  the  history  of  this  parasite  is  lost 
in  anticpiity,  and  most  of  the  early  accounts  failed  to  indicate  any  dif- 
ference in  the  two  forms.  In  the  works  of  DeGeer,  Leach,  Denny,  and 
others  they  ani  distinguished  and  well  characterized. 

This  form  is  most  common  where  opportunities  for  good  sanitation 
are  wanting,  as  in  armies,  prisons,  and  all  places  where  attention  to 

bodily  cleanliness  from  choice  or  necessity  is  neg- 
lected. 

It  is  not  km>wn  to  infest  animals,  though  we 
have  seen  specimens  that  were  said  to  have  been 
taken  from  cattle. 

Until  fully  grown  there  is  not  nnich  difierence 
to  be  noted  in  tiie  appearance  of  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding species,  though  the  nnirkings  at  the  sides 
are  less  distin(;t.  In  the  adult  form,  however,  the 
dorsal  surface  is  marked  with  dark  transverse 
bands. 

Tlie  insect  secretes  itself  in  the  folds  of  the 
clothing,  oidy  penetrating  the  skin  when  in  want 
of  food.  The  long,  slender  sucking  tube,  by 
means  of  which  it  reaches  the  small  blood  vessels  near  the  surface,  is 
shown  fully  extended  in  figure  94. 


iiii-nii  (iii"li'r  Di'iiii.v). 


108 


INSECTS    AKFKCTINO    l)OMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


ft 


Tho  t'jjfys  iirc^  (lopositod  in  folds  of  the  <1l()tlliIlJ,^  and,  uccordiiip  to  tlio 
estiuiati's  of  liOcuwtMiliovk,  a  sinifle  adult  fcnialo  may  liavo  a  i)rogt>iiy 
of  r>,<)(M)  in  (>i}r|it  wi'oks,  and  lie  adds  tliat  in  tlut  lioat  of  suniiner  this 
estimate  niiyht  ho  very  ffieatly  exceeded.  This  will  readily  ac<!()unl 
foi-  all  the  autlientic  repoits  of  snddeu  and  numerous  appearauees  <it' 
this  pt'st. 

A  )-eady  nu>ans  of  «'(Mid)atin^'  this  pest  is  to  thoroughly  bake  the 
elothiii};'  infested  witli  it,  or,  to  he  fully  as  elVeetual  with  less  heat,  This 
niijuhf  l»e  accompanied  by  fumigation  with  sul|>hnr  or  tobacco  smoke. 
A  repetition  of  this  pioccss  two  or  threes  times  at  intervals  of  a  few 
days,  along  with  strict  perscuuil  cleanliness,  should  overeouie  the  most 
seiions  attack. 

Alt  (lescribe«l,  uiuler  the  iuiiiu>  of  I'rdiciihis  tnhcaccntittniy  the  louse 
which  hcM'onsideied  as  the  cause  of  phthiriasis,  but  later  authorities 
consider  this  as  simply  tiie  re-stiincnfi  present  in  aggravated  numbers. 
Properly  speaking,  this  atfection  should  be  termed  |)ediculosis.  and  the 
term  phthiriasis  rtserved  for  the  attacks  of  I'htkiriuti  iiKjuinalM. 

LoiTSK  OF  THE  Ape. 


(rcdiviiliin  riiiimthriiiiiH  I'iiijjet.) 

Closely  related  to  the  hunnin  lice  is  a  species  described  by  Piaget 
occurring  upon  the  Ateles  ape  [Atclcs  iieniadactylns).  It  resembles 
especially  tile  I'eilivulKs  nii>His,  but  ])resents  sonuMlill'erences  in  form  of 
heatl  and  structur(H)f  alxlominal  ai»|)endages  which  have  led  this  author 
to  establi>h  the  separate  species.  It  appeals  to  differ  less,  in  general 
appearance,  from  typical  capifi-s  than  tho  varieties  of  capitis  oceurriug 
on  ditVerent  races  ditfer  annuig  themselves. 

Though  there  is  t'onsiderable  dilVereiu'e  in  the  drawings,  this  is  prob- 
ably the  same  species  that  is  ligured  by  Murray  (Keonomie  Entomology, 
p.  .'}S!M  under  the  name  of  Pediculns  quad  nun  an  us  and  said  to  be  taken 
from  the  Ateles  ape. 

Lice  JNi'ENTiN(r  the  iMonkev. 

Three  species  of  lice  are  found  ui)on  monkeys,  all  being  generically 
distin«rr  fnun  those  inte.stiig  other  aninuils.  They  form  the  genus  I'cdi- 
cinus,  the  most  essential  character  of  which  is  the  presence  of  but  three 
Joints  in  the  anteuiue. 

The  species  are  tlie  Pedicinus  curyj/asicr  Gervais,  which  occurs  upon 
the  maca(iues,  Macacxs  nemcsfrinns,  cynomohjUH,  and  radiaius,  accord- 
ing to  Piaget,  and  Macacus  sinicus,  according  to  (liebel;  the  Pedicimts 
longiceps  Piaget  occurring,  ai^cording  to  its  author,  upon  the  Macacua 
cynomo}(fUHii\\([  tho  Seninopithccus  pruinosm;  and  the  Pedicinus  breviceps 
Piaget  infesting  the  Cercopithecus  monas. 


HEMIPTKRA. 


169 


Aside  from  those  species  of  INMli(!iii(i.-.,(J«M'vaiH  describes  ii  species  of 
Ilifinatopiiius,  If.  ohtmim,  from  tiie  SeinnopitlieruH  maitruH. 

Tlie  abiin<liinc(i  of  tlieso  vermin  upon  moni\eys  can  be  attested  l>y  all 
visitors  of  z(M»lojjical  gardens  or  menageries,  and  the  ready  means 
adopted  by  tlie  iiosts  for  their  siil>inpition  are  equally  familiar — a 
method  of  destruction  whicli,  by  the  way,  is  said  to  be  adopted  by 
many  tribes  of  inferior  races  belon^^ing  to  the  human  species. 

THK   SUCKINCr    I)()(l    liOUHK. 
{Hitmatititinun  pH'tferuH  Hiiriii.) 


Althouffh  the  do}j  has  been  the  closest  <'ompauion  of  nian  amonjj  the 
domestic  animals  from  very  early  times,  and  (u>nsequently  this  para- 
site, in  all  pnibability,  was  well  known  to  keepers  of  dofjs,  it  was  not 
technically  descrilied  until  about  the  yeai'  1S3.S. 

It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  very  numerous  or  injurious  para 
site,  apparently  nuicii  less  so  than  the  TrivhodevteH  latus  infesting  the 
same  aninnil,  and  less  annoying  than  eitlier  ticks  or 
fleas.  Denny  says  (Monog.  Anop.  IJrit.,  p.  20):  "I 
have  found  it  upon  dogs  two  or  tiiree  times,  but  it 
is  by  nt)  means  of  connnon  occurren<*e."  We  have 
examined  nmny  dogs  in  quest  of  it,  but  only  a  single 
specimen  so  far  has  been  our  reward.  Denny  says 
(loc.  cit.):  "I  also  received  specimens  from  the  fer- 
ret.'' It  can  hardly  be  inferred,  however,  that  tiiis 
animal  is  consequently  a  normal  host  for  the  s])ecies, 
as  such  an  instaiu.'e  might  occur  entirely  from  a(!ci- 
dent,  the  louse  having  been  transferred  from  some 
dog  to  a  ferret  associated  witii  it. 

This  species  is  somewhat  similler  than  the  lice 
infesting  most  of  the  larger  mammals,  tiie  full-grown 
individuals  being  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long. 
It  is  described  generally  as  of  a  light-red  or  ashy  flesh  color,  but  evi- 
dently varies  as  the  other  species,  according  to  the  condition  of  the 
body  as  well  as  the  age  of  specimens.  In  preserved  specimens  these 
colors  become  lighter,  assuming  a  yellowish  hue,  the  abdomen,  except 
where  darkened  by  the  intestine  and  its  ccmtents,  appearing  a  shade 
lighter  than  the  front  part  of  the  body.  Tlie  abdomen  is  ihickly  cov- 
ered with  tine  hairs  and  minute  warty  ennnences,  these  latter  when 
magnified  about  300  diameters  appearing  like  the  scales  of  a  lizard  or 
fish. 

Specimens  from  different  breeds  of  dogs  do  not  appear  to  have  been 
noticed  as  dirtereut,  altliough  a  form  describe<l  as  //.  bicolor  by  Lucas 
may  iierhaps  bt  found  to  present  race  characteristics. 


Fio.  9S.—Ua!matopinus 
liiliJiTuii  (uiitliur's  il- 
lustration). 


170  INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 

THK    liOUSE   «»K   TUK   CAMEL. 

(Ilomatopiniia  intntli  Keili.) 

Wo  'How  (liobel  and  Piiif^ot  in  luliuittiii^  this  spocies,  nlthonjfh  it 
(Iocs  ii<     appoiir  to  liiivc  heoii  observed  by  :in,v  nioduni  iiatiiralist. 

I*ia}>t'i  says  (Ia's  IN'-dic,  ]>.  i\\\):  "  l^a  lij^nni  (luo  donuji  iJodi,  le  seiil 
(|ui  ait  obs«M'V(''  (H'tto  cspna^  se  nipprociio  bt^aucoiip dti  ctdlo  de  Vuriun" 

lilCK    iNI'KSTINC}  TIIK    (llltAPFK,    1)EEI{,    AND    ANTIXOI'E. 

( IlivmatopinHH  «j)i».) 

( /losely  it'lated  to  tlie  lice  intestiiij;  tlie  otlier  lioofcd  (piadruiu'ds  arc 
those  inlestiiiy  rcspectivoly  tiie  jjiratl'e,  deer,  and  aiiteh)i>e.  Tiic  hjic- 
(ies  infeatin};  tlie  j-iratl'e  {VduivlopardoliH  iiirnlTa)  was  described  by 
Giebel  under  tlu^  name  llwmntnpinus  hrevirornis  ;  tliat  infestin{f  the 
deer  was  Urst  mentioned  by  Rcdi  and  described  an<l  iianu'*!  by  Nitzadi 
ii»  JI<rm<(topiinis  rvnssirorniti;  it  is  recorded  I'roni  tlie  red  deer  (Ccrr».>( 
cUiphtis).  The  niviniitopiniis  tihialis  Piajjet,  from  Aiifilopa  wmorj,  is, 
according  to  its  anthor,  represented  by  varieties  on  t\w  Aiitilopa  sp. 
and  the  AntUopo  subi'Utiurosa,'A\n\  he  considers  it  jiossible  that  the  //. 
cerncapnc  Lucas,  from  Antilo^ht  vcnHcapra,  is  also  a  variety  of  this 
same  speiaes. 

The  SuoivTN*;  TiOiisE  of  tiik  Goat. 

{IIwinatopiniiH  slenupnis  Kiiriii.) 

We  have  no  record  of  this  si)ecies  having  been  observed  in  this  coun- 
try, and  judging  by  the  references  to  it  in  standard  works  it  must  be 
of  rather  rare  ocu'urrence  in  countries  where  these  animals  are  kept  in 
greater  abundance  than  here. 

The  species  is  not,  so  far  as  sit  present  known,  transmissible  to  any 
other  domestic  animal,  and  if  ever  becoming  abundant,  will  doubtless 
yield  to  the  treatment  used  for  the  other  species,  though  the  long  hair 
would  Tnake  some  of  them  niore  diftl(!ult  of  application.  On  this  account 
pyrethrum  would  seem  to  be  most  practicable. 

The  Sheep  Foot  Louse. 

{Ha'tnatopinim peduHH  ii.  sp.) 

We  would  hardly  expe<!t  to  find  an  entirely  new  form  of  louse  on  so 
common  a  domestic  animal  as  the  sheep  at  this  late  period  of  investi- 
gation of  <anima}  parasites.  I  sim  able  to  announce,  however,  a  species 
which  seems  to  have  entirely  escaped  observation  heretofore,  and,  more- 
over, to  describe  a  habit  of  distribution  of  the  parasite  on  its  host  which 
has,  so  far  as  I  know,  no  parallel  among  the  related  species.  This 
suctorial  louse  of  the  sheep  occurs  only,  as  all  examinaticms  so  far  indi- 
cate, upon  the  legs  and  feet  below  where  the  long  wool  is  found.    It  is 


HEMII'TERA. 


171 


ospeeially  coiiiinon  to  Mmi  region  of  \hv  'm1»'\v  «-,lii\vrt,"  wlit'H'  tin'  i'ligs 
uppuiir  to  l)u  most  (totiiiiioiily  dcposih'tl. 

It  is  of  about  tliu  Hiiiiio  ^<'ii(>ral  Hlia|io  as  tlic  sliort-noMi-d  ox  loiis(>, 
thoii^li  Mcarcoly  so  l»roa«l  and  rather  siiiallci.  Tlic  dark,  cliiliiioiis 
portions  of  the  body  arc  inucli  restricted,  so  tliat  it  lias  a  more  imma- 
ture look  than  the  viinjNteninH.  Its  maturity,  liowevcr,  is  tally  shown 
by  tlie  developuH'nt  of  the  neiiital  or},'aiis. 

It  no  doubt  passt's  throui^fh  its  various  staj^es  of  development  just  as 
the  related  spe<'ies,  an<l  so  far  nothing  <'an  be  said  as  to  the  exact  time 
re(piircd  in  n'aehin;;'  maturity.  Efftjs  ami  adults  were  collected  in 
January,  but  e<>°^s  carried  in  a  vest  pocket  in  a  small  vial  so  as  to  be 


I  maori,  is, 


■~'  nT|'\'\^'^^' 


W; 


Flo.  09 — llirnitttii/iiaiis  fii'daUii:  n.  uiliilt  IV'iimli';  (/,  vuntriil  view  of  tuniiiiial  Hi'giiiPiitH  of  simin, 
sliowini;  liniHhitH;  c,  tcRmiiiiil  Hcumciits  of  iiialo;  tl,  cgj;,— all  ('nlar};<Ml  (nrijiiiial). 

kept  warm  did  not  hatch.     T   <■  tigure  will  show  the  characteristic  form 
and  stru(!ture. 

The  fact  that  this  species  is  confined  to  the  lower  i)art  of  the  lejis  and 
does  not  occur  on  the  parts  of  the  body  covered  by  long  wool  is  a  very 
important  one,  and  one  which  makes  it  an  easy  matter  to  treat  the  pest 
at  any  season  of  the  year.  The  feet  and  lejjs  can  be  washed  with  any 
of  the  ettectivo  dipi)ing  solutions,  or  the  sheep  may  be  driven  into  a 
shallow  vat  of  the  solution  with  enough  of  tin'  solution  to  reach  up  to 
tlie  body  without  wetting  the  wool.  Dii)ping  at  shearing  time  for  ticks 
and  biting  lice  will  destroy  these  also,  so  that  if  the  ])racti(!e  of  an 
annual  dip  is  followed  there  should  be  no  troubhi  from  this  new  pest. 

Homaloimius  pedalis  n.  sp.  Female :  Head  and  thorax  comparatively  small ;  abdo- 
men fusiform,  tapering.    Length,  2.20  mm. ;  width  of  abdomen,  1  mm. 


172 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Head  abort,  as  wide  as  long,  blnntlj'  contracted  in  front  of  the  antennip,  with  fow 
hairs.  Antennie  large,  annulate  with  reddish-brown,  terminal  joint  with  three  or 
fonr  bristles.  Occiput  uicrging  into  thorax,  with  jjromiuent  reddish  oblique  bands 
either  side,  becoming  approximate  on  the  thorax.  Thorax  wider  than  long,  with 
anterior  faint  and  posterior  distinct  band  not  meeting  on  median  line  of  dorHuni. 
Legs  not  ditVeriug  nuirkedly  in  size,  but  anterior  smallest  and  posterior  largest ;  mid- 
dlo  and  posterior  tibial  with  very  prominent,  spoon-shaped  process  opposed  to  tarsal 
claw,  marked  with  red-brown  bands. 

Abdcmien  oval,  i'ui-ji'orm,  thick,  rising  high  above  the  thorax,  sparsely  set  at  base 
with  irregularly  scattered  small  hairs,  those  at  mrrgiu  a  little  longer  and  more  regu- 
larly placed;  Npiracles  inconspicuous,  pleural,  not  marked  by  chitinou.i  tubercles; 
brush  organs  on  seventh  segment  rather  small,  L-shaped,  th<i  bristles  on  cho  end  very 
small;  terminal  segment  set  with  a  duster  of  small  spines  cither  side,  ventrally. 

Male:  l?roi',der  and  flatter  than  tlie  femule.  Two  brownish  lines  on  posterior  ven- 
tral segments,  converging  to  tip  of  abdomen  ;  forked  genitalia,  showing  through  the 
transparent  body  wall. 

P3ggs  attached  on  hair  of  lower  log  and  foot  a  short  distance  from  the  skin,  of 
about  the  usual  form,  rather  long,  surface  shining,  minutely  punctured. 

Collected  .it  Ames,  Iowa,  from  domestic  sheep  {Ovh  arien).  These  sheep  had  been 
recently  im^ '  rted  from  Canada.    Tlie  lice  did  not  occur  on  more  than  a  few  animals. 

The  Shoet  nosed  Ox  Louse. 


{Hnmatopinua  eurysternits  Nitzsch.) 

This  is  probably  the  species  that  has  been  familiar  from  early  time 
as  the  louse  infestiiiff  cattle,  though  since  this  species  and  the  following 
one  have  been  generally  confused,  it  is  impossible  to  say  which  has 
'  fttn  most  common.  It  was  first  accurately  described  by  Nitzsch  under 
the  name  of  redicnhis  eurystcrmis  in  1818  (Germar's  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill, 
p.  305^.  and  has  received  jnention  in  every  important  treatise  on  para- 
sites since  that  date,  as  well  as  innumerable  notices  under  the  head  of 
animal  parasites,  cattle  lice,  etc.  As  with  other  species,  the  disease 
produced  has  been  termed  phthiriasis,  and  as  treated  by  KoUar  and 
other  writers,  it  has  been  recognized  as  a  most  serious  pest  and  numer- 
ous remedies  tried  for  its  suppression. 

Since  it  has  been  very  generally  confused  with  the  following  species, 
we  shall  give  more  particular  description  and  show  as  clearly  as  possi- 
ble how  to  distinguish  them.  The  following  quotation  from  Mr.  C  W. 
Tcnney  (in  Iowa  Homestead  for  August  18,  1882)  will  show  that  this 
difference  is  not  without  interest  or  value  as  viewed  by  a  practical 
breeder:  ''Then  there  is  a  blue  slate  colored  louse  and  a  larger  one  of 
the  same  color  that  vaiy  somewhat  in  their  habits,  and  the  last  men- 
tioned is  the  hardest  to  dish)dge."  Evidently  it  is  the  species  under 
discussion  to  which  Mr.  Tenney  refers  as  the  "larger  one."  It  infests 
particularly  the  neck  and  shoulders,  and  these  parts  are  frequently 
worn  bare  by  the  efforts  of  the  animal  to  rid  itself  of  the  irritation  i)ro- 
duced  by  these  u  v  ome  visitors.  Still,  some  cattlemen  say  that 
these  parasites  •  no  consequence,  and  that  they  never  pay  any 

attention  to  them. 

The  full-grown  females  are  about  one-eighth  to  one-flftli  of  an  inch 


HEMIPTERA. 


173 


I  the  skin,  of 


long,  aud  fully  half  that  in  width,  wliile  tlie  males  are  a  little  smaller 
and  proportionately  a  little  narrower.  Aside  from  the  difference  in 
size  th.e  sexes  differ  very  decidedly  in  the  markings  and  structural  fea- 
tures upon  the  umler  side  of  the  body.  The  males  have  a  broad  black 
stripe  running  forward  from  the  end  of  the  body  to  near  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen,  as  shown  in  figure  100,  c. 

The  females  have  no  indications  of  this  stripe,  but  the  black,  broken 
bund  of  the  U[)per  side  of  the  terminal  segment  extends  slightly 
around  on  the  under  side.  The  most  important  character,  however,  is 
the  i)re8ence  of  two  little  brush-like  organs  on  the  next  to  the  last  seg- 
ment, as  shown  in  figure  100,  d. 

The  head  is  bluntly  roumled  in  front,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  and 
with  the  anteume  sitiratcd  at  the  sides  midway  from  the  posterior  to  the 
anterior  borders;  behind  these  are  located  slight  eminences  upon  which 
may  be  found  the  small  eyes,  which  are  seen  with  considerable  ditticulty. 
At  the  front  of  the  head  may  be  seen  the  small  rostrum  or  beak,  the 


Fo.  \W^.—TTti'iiiatoiiinuseiini.<!trriiiis:  n,  fi'inuli' ;  h,  rostrum;  r,  vpiilrul  surl'aitMtf  tlio  liist  sppmonts 
of  male;  (/,  sami)  iil'  I'omale;  c,  iij;^;  .'',  surfaio  of  Hamo  groatly  I'lilargfl  (author's  illu.stratioii). 


end  of  which  is  usunlly  at  or  near  the  surf  ice,  bnt  which  is  caiMble  of 
extension  and  retraction.  The  end  of  this  beak  is  armed  with  a  double 
row  of  recurved  hooks  (see  iig.  KM),  h).  The  function  of  these  hooks  is 
doubtless  to  fasten  the  beak  firmly  into  the  skin  of  the  host,  while  the 
true  pnmping  organ  must  consist,  as  in  the  Pediculi,  of  a  slender  pierc- 
ing tube,  thcmgh  we  can  see  only  slight  in<u<'ations  of  this  tube  within 
the  head,  and  we  have  not  seen  it  nor  do  we  find  iiny  recordof  its  hav- 
ing been  seen  fully  extended  in  this  species.  Professor  Marker  says 
the  rostrum  can  be  pushed  out,  but  his  ligure  shows  oidy  the  basal 
portion  with  the  crown  of  hooks  and  nothing  of  the  tubular  parts 
inclosed  within. 

The  thorax  is  wider  than  long  and  widest  at  the  posterior  margin 
where  it  Joins  the  abdomen.  Tlie  legs  project  from  the  side,  are  long 
and  stout,  and  especially  adapted  to  chki  jig  and  clinging  to  the  hair. 


174 


TNSECTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


An  exfni  jn'ovisioii  for  this  purpose  coiisists  of  a  double  i)]iit.e  haviiiji- 
flue  transverse  ri(l{;es  in  the  basal  Joint  of  the  tarsus.  This  structure 
appears  t()  have  been  first  described  by  Professor  llarker  (Aj^ricniUnral 
8tiulents'  (razette,  Vol.  1,  p.  1(>2).  The  abdomen  differs  <>'reatly  in  form 
and  size,  aecordinjf  to  the  dejjreo  of  distention,  which  ac(U)unts  for  the 
discrepancies  in  the  ditlerent  tij^urcs  of  this  s[>ccics.  It  may  be  called 
llask-shaped  and  more  or  less  flattened  according  to  the  amount  of 
matter  contained  in  it.  There  is  a  row  of  luuMiy  tubercles  along  each 
side  and  a  row  of  ehitinous  plates  along  each  side  of  the  upi)cr  surface 
of  tlie  abdomen.  Tiie  spiracles  are  located  in  the  tubercles  at  tiie 
sides,  and  tliere  is  one  to  each  of  the  last  six  segments,  omitting  the 
terminal  one.  Jn  <!olor  there  is  some  variation,  as  w<mld  be  surmised 
from  a  c;»mparison  of  descriptions  by  different  authors.  The  general 
color  of  the  head  and  tiiorax  is  a  light  brown  approaching  to  yellow- 
ish, with  touches  of  bright  chestnut  on  the  head  and  legs  and  margins 
of  the  tliorax,  also  touches  of  dark  brown  on  these  parts,  more  par- 
ticularly on  tlie  dorsal  portion  of  the  thorax.  Tlie  abd<;mcn  in  fresh 
specimens  has  a  geneial  bluisii  asi)ect,  not  so  noticeable  in  ])reserved 
specimens,  besides  its  color  depends  evidently  in  large  degree  upon 
its  contents.  Denny  says  "grayish-white  or  ocliraceous  gray,"  whicii 
would  apply  well  t<»  pieserved  specimens,  but  his  ])late  shows  it  a  bl;.e- 
gray.  Ilarker  says  brownish  gray.  It  appears  to  ns  that  the  term 
used  by  Mr.  Tenney,  blue  slate  ctdored,  t'omes  quite  as  near  describing 
the  average  appearunce  as  any  that  we  have  seen.  The  tubercles  at 
the  side  of  the  abdonuni  and  the  ehitinous  plates  are  chestniit-colo'-ed, 
while  the  most  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  terminal  segment  in  the 
female  and  the  ventral  stri]te  in  the  male  are  black. 

The  females  deposit  their  eggs  on  tlie  hair,  attaching  them  very  near 
the  skin.  Figure  100,  c  reinesents  one  of  the  eggs,  siiowing  its  attach- 
ment to  the  hair  and  the  distances  from  the  root  of  the  iiair  in  the  speci- 
men drawn.  The  adluisive  substance  evidently  invests  the  egg  during 
ovii)Osition  and  is  touched  to  the  hair,  the  <'gg  then  slightly  drawn 
along  so  as  to  leave  the  glue-like  mass  to  form  a  firm  union  around  the 
hair  and  t()  the  egg.  The  egg  is  elongate-oval,  taperini':  at  the  lower 
end,  and  having  a  cai)-like  covering  at  the  upper  end.  Ttie  surface  is 
set  with  ery  minute  points  Just  visible  under  an  im^h  objective,  but 
showing  clearly  with  a  power  of  .'tOO  diameters.  At  the  surface  no  coi  - 
nection  is  to  be  seen  between  different  points,  but  focusing  a  little  below 
the  surface  brings  into  view  what  appear  to  be  minute  threads  or  chan- 
nels running  from  point  to  point  and  giving  a  reticulate  appearance  to 
the  eggshell.  The  points  can  not  correspond  to  fli«' circular  bodies  rep- 
resented in  Denny's  figure  (E,  IM.  XXV,  Monog.  Anop.  Urit.),  which 
have  nuich  more  the  jippearance  of  ])rotoplasmic  granules  of  the  egg 
contents.  The  shape  of  the  i'ji;g  in  his  figure  Is  also  entirely  different 
from  that  of  the  specimen  from  whi(;li  (mr  figure  is  drawn. 

The  young  louse  e8ca[)es  from  the  outer  or  unattached  end,  whether 


phur, 


HEMIPTEBA. 


175 


by  pushiuf?  off  the  ciip-Iike  portion  or  by  »iru[)ly  pusbiug  tbrou,uh  this 
portion,  whi(;h  ;ip[)ears  to  be  thinner  than  the  rest  and  may  be  simply 
laombranous,  is  not,   so  far  as  we   know,   derermiiied.      Xo  mnrked 
(  hanjj^es,  except  in  size  and.  the  develoi)ineut  of  the  chitinous  patches 
occur  from  hatdiiny  to  maturity. 

This  is  one  of  tlie  most  dillicult  parasites  to  destroy,  an<l  once  settled 
iipou  an  animal  should  receive  pr<»mpt  and  (horonjih  treatment,  'riie 
main  relianct'  of  veterinarian.'*  seems  to  b(;  stavesacre,  and  this  can 
doubtless  be  depended  upon  to  accomplish  the  desired  end.  !M  r.  Tenney 
rccontmends  the  seed  of  common  larkspur  steeped,  and  the  animal 
thorou^^hly  w.islied  witii  the  liquid.  He  says:  ••  I  have  known  one 
application  to  destroy  every  insect  and  ejjfg;  two  will  sutlice  it'  done 
tliorouj;hly."  Of  course  this  and  tiu^  stavesa''rt^  are  nearly  identical, 
both  plants  belonginj'' to  the  genus  I>eli>hinium.  Washes  of  carbolic- 
acid  soap  or  (►f  tobacco  infusion  are  also  etl'ectual,  but  waslies  of  any 
kind  are  of  course  illy  adapted  to  use  in  midwinter,  tlu'.  time  when  there 
is  frecpiently  most  nciiessity  fur  treatment.  ^Mercurial  ointment,  sid- 
phnr,  <  r  tobairco  smoke,  kerosene  and  lard,  or  kerosene  emulsion,  road 
dust,  ashes,  etc.,  may  be  resorted  to,  according  to  the  circumstances. 
Infested  animals  sliouhl,  if  possible,  be  placed  apart  from  the  others, 
and  nnicii  trouble  may  be  saved  by  this  precaution. 

Kxpcrinients  witli  fumigation  have  shown  this  to  be  a  nu^thod  avail- 
able when  (»ther  plans  are  undesirable,  though  from  the  etpiipment 
necessary,  and  the  fact  that  it  requires  some  tinu'  in  application,  it  may 
not  prove  of  as  general  service  as  the;  washes. 

The  method  may  be  said  in  brief  to  consist  <>f  a  tight  box  stall  Just 
large  enough  to  admit  tiie  largest  animals  to  be  treated,  one  end  having 
a  close-titting  door  to  admit  the  animal,  the  opposite,  end  a  stanchion 
in  which  the  animal  is  fastened,  and  covering  the  oi)en  part  of  tliis  end, 
and  made  to  lit  tightly  around  the  head  just  in  front  of  the  horns,  is 
a  canvas  sack  open  at  both  ends,  tlu^  inner  one  nailed  to  the  stall  and 
the  outer  with  a  running  coi  d  to  <lraw  it  down  to  the  animars  head,  thus 
leaving  the  eyes  and  nose  in  open  air.  An  opening  at  the  bottom  of 
one  side  admits  the  fuiuigating  substance,  sulpiiur  or  tobacco,  the  latter 
a|)pareutly  the  most  elfective.  In  burning  this  we  used  a  wire  .screen 
to  sjjread  the  tobacco,  placing  this  over  a  tin  trough  containing  a  small 
(]uantity  of  alcohol.  It  should  be  burned,  however,  with  coals  or  by 
using  a  small  ([uantity  ot  kerosene.  The  time  of  exitosure  *ssary 
will  vary  some  with  the  strengtii  of  lunies,  but  I  to  '.'  ounces  of  toi.;icco 
and  exposure  of  twenty  to  thirty  minutes  was  found  ellective.  I'yre. 
thrum  might  be  better  even  than  tobacco. 

This  species  has  been  said  to  occur  akso  on  horses;  but  if  this  is  the 
case  it  nuist  be  in  rare  instances,  and  there  need  be  little  apprehension 
of  horses  becoming  infested  with  it  by  transmission  from  cattle  Avith 
which  they  may  be  associated. 


176 


INSECTS    AFVECTINO    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


The  Long-nosed  Ox  Louse. 

{lIwmatoiiiniiH  rUiili  IJmi.) 

In  couuectiou  with  the  preceding  species  this  h)use,  as  already  stated, 
lias  K)iig  been  fainihar  to  cattlemen;  it  has  also  been  known  to  eiito 
iiiologists  for  a  considerable  time,  but  its  history  from  the  entoiuolo;; 
ical  side  is  not  entirely  (dear.  It  seems  to  have  been  (list  technically 
described  by  Linna-us  under  the  name  of  PfnlicHlus  rituli,  which  iianic 
has  been  followed  by  Fabricius,  Berkenhout,  Stuart,  and  Turton,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  tln^  change  in  the  generic  name,  by  Stephens, 
Denny,  and  English  and  American  authors  generally.  N  itzsch  described 
it  under  the  name  of  Pedieiilns  <>.i'i/rhi/iicliKs,  wliich  name  was  Latini/ed 
by  Burmeister  to  tcniiirostris.  Tiiis  designation  has  been  Ibllowed  by 
Giebel  and  Piaget,  but  wliy  the  earlier  name  of  LinnaMis  was  dro])ped 
we  fail  to  discover.  It  seems  more  proper  to  retain  the  name  given  by 
Linna'us. 

Denny  describes  and  figures  tlie  species  and  says  that  it  has  been 
found  only  on  tlie  calf,  (liebel  also  ligures  and  describes  it,  giving  a 
very  characteristi(!  figure,  though  deficient  in  some  details.  Piiiget 
admits  the  si)ecies  provisionally,  but  questions  it  being  sei)arable  from 
enry,sterniis  from  the  fact  that  descriptions  have  been  l)ased  only  on 
female  specimens  or  on  those  in  which  the  sex  was  not  distinguished, 
and  he  seems  to  think  it  probable  that  immature  specimens  of  eiirys- 
ternus  may  have  furnished  the  basis  for  this  form.' 

From  material  in  hand  there  can  be  no  (piestion  whatever  as  to  there 
being  a  distinct  form  corresi)niiding  with  the  descriptions  above  cited, 
and,  while  there  are  some  details  still  to  be  cleared  un,  we  propose  to 
show  as  fully  as  jiossible  the  dilferences.  Whileoiir  •■iifiar^  does  not 
include  any  siiecinien  tluiL  can  be  re(M»gniz«'d  as  a  ina;i  i,  does  include 
enough  specimens  of  the  early  stages  and  females  of  both  this  species 
and  the  cxrystcrnus  to  entirely  set  at  rest  any  (piestion  as  to  immature 
forms  of  ciiry.sternus  having  been  described  as  vifitU  or  f)nuiro.sfrin. 

In  this  s])ecies  the  body  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long  and  not 
more  tlian  one  third  of  that  in  width  (see  fig.  101).  The  head  is  long 
and  slender,  the  anteniiie  set  near  the  middle  each  side;  there  is  but  a 
very  slight  protuberance  behind  the  antenna'  and  no  eyes  visible.  The 
bead  sets  well  back  into  the  thorax,  torming  an  acute  angle  behind; 
the  thorax  is  longer  than  wide,  and  has  a  distinctly  visible  sjuracle 
above  the  scjond  pair  of  legs;  the  abdomen. is  elongate,  without  cliiti- 

'  Siiicd  tlio  j)r<'|);ir!iti(Hi  of '".'is  section  iiiid  tlie  ri<j;iiroH  illiistratiiifi;  tli»>  Hpeeies  I 
Lave  seen  the  HiipnlcMiieiit  to  riaj^ot's  Les  Pt'diciiliiies  ami  lind  tliiit  lie  no\'' iidniits 
tluH  a.s  a  j^ood  spccioH  ai'.d  j^i ve.s  a  figiiro  of  tlio  fe  aalo,  without,  however,  any  special 
details  of  ej.'iiitiire. 

^  A  series  of  jiarasites  kindly  lo.iued  to  me  liy  Dr.  A.  W.  Hii.ting,  of  I'urduo  Uni- 
versity, Indiana,  contains  a  set  of  rituli  aiiioug  which  I  lind  a  male.  It  agre(!S  with 
females  in  general  ^'jape  and  external  characters,  except  brushes,  but  is  considerably 
smaller.    Length,  1.7"  mm. ;  »vidth,  0.50  mm. 


I10U3  pll 
scgmeiJ 
thcuiK^ 
scgmenp 
In  all 
Iroin  cii 
men.  c»| 
s[)eciesi 
mens  oi 
cvideiul 
If,  lio4 
point 
gives  ( 
very    ; 
tuberc 
inclosii 
seen,  a\ 
tionate 
in  lenj 
vituUf 
UrnuN. 
move  n 
forcnce 
rather ' 
specim 
hue  is 
been  d 
The  y( 
The 
eflectu 
form. 


HEMIPTERA. 


177 


Fin.  \U\.  —  ll(einatoj)iinin  vitiili: 
t'('llj:llr,  limlff  Hlirt'lU't)  of  lu8t 
SfJilllt'llls    (if  lllllllllllC'II    of    SllIlU', 

.sliowiiiy     •iish-liUe  oi'^riins— en- 
lar^fd  (iiMthor  .s  illiistriitioii). 


nou3  plates  and  devoid  of  any  tubercles  along  tbe  sides;  the  terminal 
segment  is  also  devoid  of  a  bhick  lioniy  baiul;  the  bi'ush-like  orjjiin  on 
I  lie  under  side  of  the  abdomen  (see  ii<;.  101 )  is  slender,  while  the  terminal 
se<iinent  is  set  with  nmuerous  rather  lonj;"  hairs. 

In  all  of  tliese  [toints  it  will  be  observed  there  is  a  distinet  diflerence 
troni  rurijNti'nniN.  The  brush-like  oriian  on  under  surlace  ol  tlie  abdo- 
men, common  to  the  adult  females  of  related 
species  and  which  is  wantinj^  in  y<mnj;  speci- 
mens of  all  species,  must  be  tuken  as  distinct 
evidence  of  the  maturity  of  the  specimens* 
If,  however,  there  were  any  doubt  on  this  ^ 
point  a  stiuly  of  the  youu<i'  of  ciiri/sicrxus 
•lives  eijualiy  conclusive  testinu)ny.  In  the 
very  y()ungest  eHri/stcrniis,  the  <^hitin(uis 
tubendes  alonj-'  the  sides  of  tiu'-  abdomen 
inclosing  the  sjuracles  are  distinctly  to  be 
seen,  while  the  head,  though  longer  j)roiN)r- 
tionately  than  in  adults,  is  by  no  means  ecpml 
in  length  to  that  of  adult  riluli,  A  young 
ritiili,  found,  it  is  true,  associated  witli  cKri/s- 
ti'mu-s,  shows  this  elongation  of  the  head  still 
nu)r(^  nmrkedly.  In  color  tiu're  is  little  dif- 
ference in  the  two  forms,  this  species  having 
rather  duUei'  (  alors  njjon  the  head  and  thorax.  The  abdomen  of  young 
specimens,  when  full  of  blood,  appears  dark  red.  but  the  bluish-gray 
hue  is  more  prominent  in  adults.  Tlu^  eggs  of  this  species  have  not 
been  described,  and  we  have  not  had  the  g(»od  fortune  to  discover  them. 
The  young  are  even  more  slender  than  the  adults. 

Tlie  remedies  that  are  available  for  the  pre(H'<ling  species  will  prove 

eft'ectual  for  this,  and  it  is  evidently  less  dillicult  to  subjugate  than  that 

form. 

The  Huffalo  Loi  se. 

This  s])ecies  was  d(^scribed  by  liurmeister  ((ien.  Ins.)  under  the  name 
of  lUdicidus  tuhcrcnhdiis. 

It  is  described  in  Giebel's  Kpi/.oa,  page  4(5,  and  described  and  figured 
by  Piaget  (Les  Pedic,  p.  «»."»(),  pi.  .">;$,  lig.  2).  It  is  compared  by  (iiebel 
with  the  hog  louse  and  by  IMaget  with  the  //.  ciiriislcniK.s,  which  from 
his  figure  it  seems  nn)st  nearly  to  resend)le.  According  to  Piaget,  this 
species  is  probably  identical  witli  the  I'cdicnhis  (11.)  jflithiriopsls  of 
fJervais  (Apti'res,  I II,  ,'{()(»)  from  the  lias  cd/'cr  nud  with  the  Pnlicuhis 
{II.)  hiijali  of  Dedeer  >lem.,  VII,  (iS),  in  which  case  tlu^  name  givn 
by  DeGeer  slnmld  b'  .iopt-'d  for  tlu^  species.  Pndow  (Zeits.  f.  <1.  ges. 
Naturw.,  XXXIV,  l*i7^  dci^iibes  a  species  under  thenanu>  of  Ilivmitto- 
piuiis  piincfatiis,  from  tin  !u»,  fjruiinieuN,  whicli  [tossibly  wdl  be  found 
referable  to  this  same  species. 
4053— No.  ."» 12 


178 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Whether  the  same  species  occurs  on  our  American  bison  is  not 
known,  but  the  unfortunate  extermination  of  this  animal  renders  the 
(juestion,  from  a  prac-tical  standpoint,  of  little  importan(!e.  Lucas 
describes  and  ligures  the  species  in  the  Annales  de  la  Soci;''te  Entom. 
de  France  (185L',  ser.  2,  torn.  X,  j).  't'M,  pi.  11,  No.  II),  referring  it  to  the 
species  described  by  I'urmeister  in  J83S  in  the  "(lenera  Tnsectorum." 
Specimens,  he  says,  occurred  in  immense  numbers  on  a  Bos  buhaius  in 
the  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  IIo(r  Louse. 


(Ilwmatophntii  iirui8  Nit/.scli.) 

Occasionally  tliis  species  appears  in  formidable  numbers,  since  wo 
often  hear  of  swine  badly  affected  witli  lice,  and  no  other  species  is 
known  to  attack  this  animal. 

(liebel  credits  this  species  to  Monfet,  citing  the  Theatrnm  Insector 
(1034, 2')(i),  while  Piaget  states  that  it  is  cited  by  Monfeton  the  author- 
ity of  Albertus  (IV,  C.  205),  which  would  carry  its  recognition  back  to 
tiio  thirtcentli  century.  Linna'us  described  it  under  tlie  name  of  Ped- 
ienlHS  ,sui.s,  which  name  has  been  most  conunonly  followed,  but  Nitzsch 
revived  the  name  of  uriiis  and  tliis  name  has  been  foHowed  by  (liebel 
and  Piaget.  Along  with  other  ]tavasites  it  received  fivquent  nu'ntiou 
by  botli  early  and  modern  v.riters.  Denny  speaks  of  it  as  rare  in  Hng- 
laiid,  but  common  in  Ireland.     He  says  {^Nlonog.  Anop.  Brit.,  p.  35): 

'riiiHK])e('ies  is  found  in  i^rcat  iminhersoii  swine,  lint  it  does  not  iijipi-arso  yenorally 
spread  as  niiglit  lio  expected  I'roni  llie  (liv:_s  lial)it> ol' tlieaiiinialB.  It  i:iost  I'reiinently 
occurs  oil  those  fresh  imported  from  tlie,  sister  isle.  It  was  many  months  Vieforo  I 
could  obtain  a  sinjilo  example.  J  h.id  .iiiplied  to  hotli  farmers  and  j>i^  InUchi'rs, 
neither  of  whom  seemed  to  approve  of  the  idea  wliieli  I  had  conceived,  that  of  their 
l)ii;s  lieinji;  lousy,  hut  relerred  mo  to  those  of  the  Emerald  Isle  as  hein;;  sure  to 
gratify  my  Avisbes  (foijitttlii;;-.  I  suspect,  that  the  Irish  ]iij>s  coiiio  to  this  niarl;et  to 
meet  i'liiilish  huyers).  I  i>ec()rdiuj.'ly  visited  a  colony, just  arrived,  where  I  most 
ce.'.ainl.v  met  \\  ith  a  read.N  oUjiplv;  hut  liere  they  Avere  coiilined  almost  entirely  to 
le  ..'I  animals,  and  \\ii<u'e\er  I  found  a  jiii;;  fat  or  healthy  no  jfauio  wen*  to  be  seen 

^lost  stock  breeders  ii,; ve  probably  seen  instances  of  its  abundance, 
and  li'oiii  the  fre(|uent  meiilio:!  of  -t  in  Tlie  agricnltural  pa])('rs  it  would 
seem  to  be  (juite  coninioii  tlironehonf  the  coniitiy,  aii<l  wliile,  jjcrhaps, 
less  generally  <listributed  than  the  >'\  hmse,  to  multijily  sonu'tinies  so 
as  to  cause  miu;h  more  apparent  damage  to  its  host.  The  iact  that 
they  are  niorecomtiioiily  found  on  poor  or  iiiiitv  animals  should  not  he 
taken  as  evidence  tlcit  they  have  a  preference  lor  such  animals,  hut 
rather  that  the  aniinals  n[)on  which  they  have  nudtiplied  rapidly  h.ave, 
in  conse(inence,  become  emaciated  and  unhealthy.  That  they  do  not 
increase  more  raiiidly  and  become  a  much  greater  nuisance  n>;y  be  in 
part  because  the  majority  of  hogs  are  sold  and  slaughtered  at  a  compara- 
tively early  age,  and  with  each  one  slaughtered  must  perish  the  ]»ara- 
sites  which  have  beou  snpjioited  by  it,  unless,  perchance,  an  occasional 


HEMIPTERA. 


179 


one  escape  the  scalding  trough  and  succeed  in  finding  anotiicr  liust. 
Of  the  vast  nuuibei-  of  hogs  shipped  to  nmrlvct  and  shiiiglitered  at  the 
great  packing  hoiKses,  none  can  beiiueatli  the  iiisccts  Ihcy  liave  nurtured 
to  their  foIh)\vers.  The  amount  of  injury  and  tlie  consequent  need  ot 
precautionary  measures  are  therefore  niucli  less  for  t!;is  sj)ecics  than 
lor  many  others. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  the  family,  full  grown  individuals 
measuring  a  fourth  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  it  is  of  a  gray  color, 
with  the  margins  of  the  head  and  thorax  and  nu)st  of  the  abdomen 
dark.  The  head  is  (piite  h)ng,  the  sides  nearly  parallel,  with  strong 
eminences  Just  back  of  the  antenna',  which  are  set  on  tho  sides  of  the 
iiead,  midway  from  rostrum  to  occiput;  the  legs  are  li',iiter,  Avith  dark 
bands  at  the  joints;  the  spiracles  are  inclosed  hy  a  black  chitiuous 


Klti.  102.      IliViiiitti'iiiiiiis  iiiIkx:  II.  I'l'iiiiilr:  li.  vi'iitnil  \  ii'W  <il'  pnnKMior  sr:;niriils  of  iii;il<»;  c,  li'j;,  hIkiw- 
iiiir  iinilraclilc  diriU  nC  tiliiu     i'iil;ni;cil  cmthcir  m  illll^itl■illil)n). 


emiiuMU'c,  aiul  there  is  a  broad  bhick  band  on  tlie  last  segment,  broken 
near  the  middle.     (See  tig.  102.) 

The  male  has  the  abdomen  marked  beneath  with  a  large  black  area 
extending  forward  from  the  end  >>f  the  terminal  segment,  so  as  to  occupy 
tlie  cciitral  |iortion  of  the  last  tiiree  segments. 

There  is  a  cniions  ]»ro\  ision  in  the  feet  for  strengthening  the  hold 
U])on  the  hair,  which  does  not  seem  to  have  been  hitherto  described. 
It  consists  of  a  (circular  ])ad-like  organ  or  disk  in  the  miter  portion  of 
the  tibia,  which  is  received  in  a  conical  cavity  in  the  end  of  the  tibia, 
and  which  can  be  forced  out  so  as  to  press  upon  the  hair  held  between 
the  (rlaw  of  the  tarsus  and  the  end  of  the  tibia.    Ordinarily,  and  always 


180 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


in  the  dead  spocimcMis,  this  is  withdrawn  so  as  to  a])i)ear  sinii)ly  as  a 
part  if  thp  tiMl  of  th»'  tibia,  and  tlie  spines  located  on  its  margin  appear 
to  belong  to  the  tibial  rim,  but  if  examined  with  suilicientmafjfnificatioi! 
when  the  louse  is  alive  it  is  easy  t<>  observe  the  «'.\trusion  of  the  organ. 

Whether  similar  organs  exist  in  related  s|)»'«'it's  is  yet  undetermined, 
but  it  seems  (piite  piobable  that  they  should,  since  in  the  specimens 
examined  microscopically  we  have  usually  to  deal  with  dead  and  ])re- 
served  individuals  in  which  this  8tru(^ture  woidd  almost  certainly 
escai)e  notice. 

The  eggs  are  one  millimeter  and  a  half  in  length  (0.0(>  imjii)  by  three- 
fourths  of  a  miliinu't«  i  in  width  ((>.(>."»  inch).  Tlu'y  are  light  yellow  or 
dusky  whitish  in  color,  and  taper  slightly  to  the  i»oint  of  attachment. 
The  circular  lid-like  portion  is  hirge,  occui)ying  nearly  all  tlu^  suiface 
of  the  free  end  of  the  egg.  They  art>  attached  usually  near  the  base  of 
the  hairs. 

On  account  of  the  thinness  of  the  hair  the  appli(!ation  of  remedi«'s, 
where  necessary,  is  quite  easy.  Washes  of  tobac(!o  water  or  dilute 
carbolic;  acid,  and  the  api)lieation  of  kerosene  in  lard,  or  kerosene 
enuilsion  by  means  of  a  Ibrce  pump,  sulphur,  ointment,  etc.,  are  recom- 
mended. The  a])pli('ation  of  liiu'  dust  may  be  provided  Ibr  naturally 
by  allowing  the  hogs  a  chance  to  i-oll  in  a  roadway  or  any  place 
well  supplied  with  line  <lust.  Where  this  is  imjiracticable  the  dust, 
ashes,  or  ])owdcred  charcoal  may  be  applied  directly  to  th»>  neck  and 
back  of  the  infested  animal.  The  species  is  not  known  to  attack  any 
other  of  the  domestic  animals,  and  hence  no  precautionary  measures  in 
this  direi'tion  are  nece.ss.irv. 


The  Si'CKiNtr  House  Lotsk. 

(11(1  malonhnin  aniiii  Liuii.     matrDcejilialiin  IWiriii.) 

]S'otwithstaudiiig  the  probable  freciuent  occurren<H' of  this  s|>ei'ies,  we 
liave  as  yet  failed  to  meet  with  it  in  any  abundance. 
The  biting  lice  from  horses  have  been  secured  in 
great  numbers,  Imt  we  have  searched  in  \iiin  for 
this  one,  and  but  lew  liave  come  to  hand. 

It  is  figured  by  b'edi  (Mxp.,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  I), 
and  was  described  by  binnans  under  the  name  of 
l'<')lici(lii,s  osiiii;  presumably  his  s])ecimens  were 
taken  from  the  ass.  Later  Ibirineister  desciibed 
specimens  from  the  horse  under  the  name  (»f'  Pcdi- 
cuhiN  )ii<icr()<'('i)Ju(lus.  Denny  retains  the  name 
given  by  Linna'us  and  states  that  it  is  common 
upon  the  ass,  and  that  he  also  had  specimens  from 
the  hors"; .  from  which  cii-cumstam-e  lie  sasi)ected 
Hurnieister's  macroccphalux  to  l»e  the  same  (lie- 
bel  and  I'iaget  both  follow  the  minu^  of  liurmeis- 

ter,  and  Piaget  8ei>arates  as  a  variety  the  form  occurring  on  tlie  ass, 

and  gives  it  the  name  of  eoloraUi. 


I 


Fio.     lo:i.  —  Ihvmatiiiiiniis 
asini  (Irdiii  ('miistoi'ki. 


HEMIPTERA. 


181 


nMiiedii's, 


Tt  seems  hardly  i)robable  tliiit  it  occurs  in  tliis  country  in  sullicient 
numbers  to  cause  much  trouble  on  liorses.  Possibly  exiimination  of 
mulfcft,  asses,  or  donkeys  would  show  {greater  abundance  tr(Mu  the  fact 
that  horses  in  geiu'ral  are  more  ciirefully  groonu'd  than  tlieir  somewliat 
despised  relatives.  Tlu^  size  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  ox  louse, 
but  it  differs  very  decidedly  in  tlie  form  of  the  head,  which  is  long, 
slender,  and  the  sides  of  the  heiul  nearly  i)arallel,  as  shown  in  the  hyure 
(fig-.  Jb.'{),  talien  from  Tomstock's  Introduction  to  Kntoinology. 

Careful  gi<K;ming  may  be  looked  upon  as  at  least  favorable  to  the 
reduction  of  nund)ersiii  thissi)ecies.  In  case  they  become  too  numerous, 
the  applicati«)n  of  a  little  kerosene  to  the  card  or  currycond)  used  in 
grooming  the  animals  will  be  found  of  value.  Where  more  vigorous 
treatment  is  net-essary,  the  measures  recommended  for  the(»\  louse  may 
be  adopted. 

Sur;Km(}  Liok  of  Rodents. 

( Iliimatopiniis  »\t\i). 

Belonging  to  the  same  genus  of  suctorial  lice  as  those  previimsly 
mentioned,  we  have  a  number  of  species  common  to  the  smaller  mam- 
mals, p.uticnlaviy  thos(M)flhegroupof  gUiNving  mammals,  tlu^liodentia. 

These  smalh'r  mammals,  though  peiiiaps  never  strictly  domesticated, 
Muve  tiie  rabbit,  iire  very  often  kept  in  a  semidomestiiated  state,  either 
as  pets  ill  zoologiciil  gardens,  or,  in  I'ase  of  rats  iiiid  mice,  (jnite  involun- 
tarily l)e(ause  of  our  inibility  to  i^itirely  rid  ourselves  of  them.  A  few 
notes  on  the  liiu'  Infesfing  thi'm  will  therefore  be  <d'  interest  here.  It  is 
desirable  to  be  able  to  identity  them  in  case  of  their  accidental  occ.ur- 
renct^  on  other  niiimnials,  and  thus  be  able  to  determine  whether,  in 
such  cases,  we  have  to  <leal  with  a  species  likely  to  prove  troublesome. 

Loi'HK   OF    THE   KAT. 

The  common  rat  [Miis  decumnnus)  supports  a  species.  H(vmatopimiH 
npiinilosiis,  whii^h,  with  its  host,  must  be  distributed  over  most  of  the 
world.  It  has  been  taken  at  An\es,  Iowa,  though  in  small  nund)ers,  and 
it  seems  to  be  rathei-  scarce. 

It  is  a  small  species  of  a  light-yellow  c(dor,  the  head  projecting  very 
little  in  front  of  the  antenna^  and  the  thorax  very  short.  The  mice  are 
said  to  harbor  a  distinct  species,  but  there  seems  to  be  some  doubt  as 
to  its  being  a  genuine  species. 

Louse  of  the  Fii;li>  Mouse. 

{Iliimiilopiniis  acanthopus  IJuriii.) 

Ai)parently  common  on  our  species  of  Arvicola,  and  does  not  appear 
to  vary  in  any  important  particular  from  the  descriptions  of  European 
specimens. 

It  has  been  taken  at  Ames  from  a  species  of  Arvicola.  It  resend)les 
the  preceding  in  color  and  form,  but  is  somewhat  larger.     The  sternal 


182 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


]>Jiitois  kito-slmped,  tlu'  iintcrior  iind  postiMior  aiifjles  ju-nte,  th« lateral 

iuinlcs  rnuiidcd.  Tlu'  body  is  quite  elongate, 
the  posterior  le}{s  iiineh  larjjer  than  the  ante 
rioi'  or  middle  ones.     ^Fig.  101.) 


r^ir 


m  ^^ 


!*■ 


'l'li(M<j;g  ill  this  s|»'<'i(^H,  iiiiliki^  tliosc  of  otli.  r  forniR 
wo  liavi-  mot,  im  attach<'(l  to  a  liiiiiillo  of  hairs  iiiHti';i(l 
of  to  on<>,  our  spuciiiii'ii  thus  having  attaclinu'iit  to 
four  iiaiiH,  as  siiown  in  tig.  101.  Tliis  would  Hrciii  lo 
1)0  ail  oxccllciit  )irovisioii  v-  iioro  the  iiair  is  ho  hue  as 
ill  tlu>so  iniiinals. 

The  ojiji'  in  <!li)tigato  oval,  broad,  and  Homowhat  trim- 
catoat  the  attached  oiid ;  tlio  surfaco  s  Kiiighoncd, 
ru<;'ulost;,  or  fovoolate,  appearing  ii<|uaiiioii,s  in  ]>lacos, 
and  in  section  Hhowing  rouudod  pits  on  thoHiirfaco; 
tho  iiivostin<{sul»Htanct'  at  base  is  liyhtly  corrugated. 
(Sec  fi«.  104,  f.) 

The  larva  is  much  shorter  and  thicker  in  iirojior- 
tioii  than  the  adult,  the  spiny  liairH  of  the  abdomen 
wantinj;,  but  with  one  or  two  long,  Hlender  hairs  ex- 
tending back  from  tlio  terminal  portion. 


Kid.  1(14.  - //<»'Hl(l^l/l,■)^'»  actnitlio- 
pxi.i:  (I,  (1(i1m;iI  \  irw  ;  h,  liiiid  :  C, 
Htcriiiil  pliilr;  >/.  iKisti'iicirli'i;:  >'. 
i'llii—nW  ciiliii'Ki'il  (iiiitlior'H  illim- 

tl'Utioll). 


Louse  of  the  Rahhit  and  Hare. 

{/lirmaloihniix  ntilrhomiH  Denny.) 

In  this  chai»ter,  tirst  published  in  Hulletin  7,  it  was  stated  that 
the  rabbit  louse  had  not  been  observed  in  this  country;  but  .shortly 
after  speeiniens  were  received  from  .Mi'.  A.  llassall,  of  IJaltimore,  and  I 
have  sinee  taken  the  speeies  on  the  prairie  hare  ( Lcpns  cdnipcstris), 
and  it  most  likely  occurs  on  the  various  species  of  rabbits  native  to 
America. 

It  is  a  thick-bodied  species,  the  abdomen  almost  {jlobular,  the  leys 
quite  short.    It  is  not  known  from  any  other  animals. 


Louse  of  the  Flying  Squirrel. 

(IIwmatopinuH  Hciiiropteri  Osb. ) 

Body  slender,  light  yellow,  head  as  broad  as  long,  ex[>!inding  latoriilly  nt  the  pos- 
terior bordi  1  above  and  wilii  an  aciit(!  angle  behind  ;  bcncatli  triaugiilai  and  running 
back  to  a  sharp  angle  lietween  the  anterior  legs,  the  front  projecting  very  slightly 
beyond  the  antcnmc,  very  slightly  convex,  tlie  rostrum  located  back  of  the  anterior 
border;  tiie  tropin  jiiainly  visible,  jtassing  back  into  the  prothorax ;  the  antenna' 
very  large  and  strong,  lirst  joint  much  the  largest,  occupying  in  its  attachment  half 
the  lateral  margin  of  tlie  head;  second  joint  ordinary,  third  Joint  very  short,  but  the 
anterior  ]iorti<)ii  extending  to  more  than  usual  lengtli  and  ajipearing  like  a  process 
and  bearing  a  stiH'  hair  and  two  or  three  tooth-like  spines ;  the  fourth  joint  attached 
a]))iarently  very  ntsir  the  base  of  the  third  on  ]>osterior  side  and  of  usual  length  ;  the 
tilth  joint  sliurt,  the  teniiiual  jut  with  two  or  three  short  hairs;  the  postero-lateral 
angles  of  the  liead  armed  with  a  long,  still  hair. 

Thorax  widening  fr«m  before  backwar<l,  longer  than  its  greatest  width,  lateral 
hordj'rs  irregular,  tlie  posterior  border  concave;  the  sternal  plate  is  very  large, 
euarginate  in  front  and  a  large  emarginatiou  corresponding  to  each  leg,  deeply 


HEMIPTEKA. 


183 


bllobeA  postorlorly ;  anterior  lejjs  not  half  tho  size  of  the  others,  claws  weak;  pos- 
terior lej;«  liirgeHt.  Tlioso  and  sreond  i'Iu-h  provided  with  Htroiig  claapiug  claws,  or 
teruiinal  joint  of  tarsuH,  opposinj^  ImHiil  Joint 
of  tarsus,  which  is  providi-d  with  conii^jattMl 
idate;  tibia  at  aju-x  internally  provided  with 
a  short  toothed  npine. 

Al.domon  of  eight  Hegmcnts,  elongiitc,  ouch 
seguu^nt  parsely  set  with  rthort,  very  stilF 
haiiM,  those  at  lateral  angles  Hpine-like;  penis 
distinct,  of  ordinary  form.     (S«^o  lig.  105.) 

Kgg  eloiiiiate  ovate,  attenuated  tow;ird  the 
attaehniont,  tho  Kurfaee  with  faint  reticula- 
tions having  form  of  scales;  the  liasal  half  of 
the  egg  has  the  walls  beautifully  corrui;atcd. 
(See  fig.  105,/.) 

Lenuth,  1.20;  head,  0.27;  thorax,  0.27;  ab- 
domen, 0.7H;  antcnnie,  (». lOmni.  Width,  0.U3; 
head,  0.2(1;  tbora.T,  O.lfO;  abdomen,  0.3:J  mm. 

I'oHterior  lemur,  length,  0.10.  I'oslerior 
tibia,  length,  0.10.  Kgg:  J.ength,  O.HO;  width, 
0.18  mm. 


This  s]»tM'ie.'*,  in  the  form  of  tlic  hciul 
and  tho.  chiiractcr  of  the  antenniP,  dif- 


FlO.  10,'!. —  Iliriiialopinii$  uciuroplcH:  a, 
tiinle,  (lor.sal  view;  6,  head,  ventral  view; 
c,  Hiermil  idiite;  (/,  Icjr;  «>,  teniiiiiiil  ncjr- 
iiieiits;  /,  eg;; — all  enlarged  (autliur's 
illuHlratiun). 


fers  very  deiiidedly  from  most  of  the 
other  members  of  the.  jfeuus  and  is  readily  distiii{;uished  bythe.se  char- 
acters, as  al.so  by  tho  form  of  the  sternal  i>late. 

One  specimen  male  and  one  egjj  taken 
from  different  vspecimens  of  the  llyinj^ 
sijuirrel,  Sc'mropierm  roluccUa,  but  un- 
doubtedly belonging  to  the  same  species. 

Collected  at  Ames,  Iowa;  also  repre- 
sented in  the  Burnett  collection  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  Natural  llistory  from 
the  same  host. 

Louse  of  the  Fox  Squiurbl. 

{IIomatopbuiH  anivntintua  Osb.) 

I5ody  long  and  slender,  the  .-ibdomen  pro]>or- 
tiopately  large. 

Female, — Head  narrow  and  rounded  iu  front, 
widening  decidedly  behind  the  anteiui.e,  deeply- 
hollowed  beneath  the  lateral  margin,  the  postero- 
lateral margin  subacute,  bearing  a  short  spiuo- 
liko  hair  and  a  long  stift"  hair,  the  posterior  border 
with  an  acute  angle  behind;  beneath  broadly 
keeled,  keel  behind  narrow,  expanding  in  front 
to  width  of  head  between  the  antonme.  Antenna'  very  different  from  other  mem- 
bers of  the  genus;  the  first  joint  large  with  a  short  process  on  the  posterior 
border  bearing  a  sharp  inwardly  curved  tooth;  other  joints  ordinary,  second  joint 
loagest.    Thorax  short,  widest  behind,  sternal  plate  ovate,  broadest  in  front,  lega 


Flo.  106.— Iltrtnatopiiuit  axtninatus: 
a,  dorsal  view;  h,  liead,  ve;:lral 
view;  c,  antenna;  (/,  lej;;  c,  sternal 
]ilate;  /,  egg— all  enlarge<1  (author's 
illustration). 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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A 


f/. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


I. 
t.    ^ 


U    IIIIIL6 


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7 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^^^•^^^^ 


184 


INSECrr   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


as  with  iillied  i'oniiH,  the  posterior  pair  strongest.  Ahdomeii  lon<r, lateral  tingles  pro- 
tliiced,  bearing  a  sliort  H))ine  or  tooth,  a  sliort  still'  hair  and  along  hair;  a  tnft  of 
hairs  on  lateral  angles  of  the  eighth  segment.  Egg  elongate  ovate,  surface  smooth 
thr(mghoiit  except  at  the  cap,  whicii  is  strongly  convex  and  has  a  row  of  perfora- 
tions near  the  attachment  to  tlie  body  of  the  shell. 

Leii'^th,  l..">5  and  1.6.");  head.  0.85;  thora.v,  0.13;  abdomen,  l.liO;  antenna-,  0.20  mm. 
Width,  0.50;  head,  O.'.'O;  thorax,  0.22;  abdomen,  0.50  mm. 

Egg:  Length,  0.7:?;  width,  0  28  nnii. 

Th's  s|)ecies  i.s  iit  once  (listingui.slied  from  all  others  known  by  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  anteniue,  no  other  .specie.s  desiU'ibed  possess- 
!»}••  the  proce.«<s  and  curved  tooth  of  the  bas.d  joint.  In  form  of  head 
it  approaches  (H-aiitliopii.s,  but  is  larjfer  than  that  species  and  has  the 
sternal  i)late  of  different  form.  The  egy  is  longer,  more  atteuucated  at 
the  base,  and  devoid  of  the  surface  markings  charat'teristic  of  that 
species.  Collected  from  a  fox  s«|uirrel,  Sciunis  cinercm  var.  ludovicianus, 
at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Louse  of  the  Guay  St^uiuREL. 


(Ila'malopinuH  montaniis  n.sj).) 

Head  rounded  in  front,  projecting  well  in  front  of  aiitennse ;  antennic  strong,  basal 

Joint  without  liooked  tooth,  a  bristle  at  eacli  side 
behind  Sternalplatevery  broad  in  front,  contracted 
behind  i'or  lialf  its  length,  almost  fungiform.  Ab- 
domen broad;  hairs  long,  those  on  dorsTim  slightly 
irregular,  mostly  longer  than  length  of  segment, 
those  at  lateral  angles  longer.  Length,  1.40  to 
l..')0  mm. 

On  Western  (Iray  Sciuim.'l,  Fort  Collins, 
Colo.  (Baker). 

I  have  still  another  form  sent  me  by  Dr. 
A.  Ilassall,  of  Ualtimore,  which  seems  to 
dirter  from  both  this  and  the  antennatun  and 
to  approach  the  Iffriocephalm  of  Europe, 
FiaAoi.-ncematnpbvis  tnimtanuK-     but  I  liave  Hot  been  able  to  Satisfy  mysclf 

enlarged  (oriKm.d,.  ^^,j^j^  ^^^,^^^y  ^^  -^^  relationship. 


Louse  of  the  White  footed  Mouse. 


(Hwinatopinus  henperomydiH  Oshorn.) 

Body  elongate,  general  color  golden  yellow. 

Female. — Head  sub(|iiadrate,  rounded  in  front,  a  concavity  for  the  rostrum,  obtusely 
angnlated  on  the  posterior  border;  antenna'  set  near  the  front ,  (irsi  joint  large,  short; 
second  longest,  the  rest  nearly  e(|ual;  fourth  with  a  small  tooth  on  the  posti^rior 
border,  terminal  pit  with  several  short  hairs.  Thorax  sliorter  than  the  head,  small, 
sternal  plate  cuneiform,  obtusely  angular,  irregularly  or  obli<|nely  truncate  in  front 
and  sharply  pointed  behind;  anterior  legs  small  and  weak,  the  middle  ones  some- 
what larger,  the  posterior  ])air  much  the  largest,  flattened;  terminal  joint  of  tarsus 
very  broad  and  curved,  opposing  basal  joint  of  tarsus  and  meeting  tibial  spur  in 
such  manner  that  tho  three  form  almost  a  complete  cylinder;  abdomen  oval  elon- 


HEMIPTERA. 


185 


)iiiif((,  0.20  null. 


gate,  sparsely  set  with  short  spiny  hairs,  one  or  two  hmg  hairs  at  hittrul  angles  of 
sixtli  and  sev<Mitli  segiiiuiitH. 

Male,  more  .slender,  head  lou;;er  and  tapering  somewhat 
toward  the  front.     (See  lig.  108.) 

F.gjjf,  as  H<M!n  in  the  Lody  of  adult  female  specimen,  is 
elongate  oval. 

Length,  0.7')  to  0.90;  head,  0.1.S  to  0.16;  thorax.  0.10; 
al»doinen,  0.,'iO  to  O.tiO  mm.  Width,  0.J8  to  O.IW;  head,  0.10; 
thorax,  0.13  to  0.15;  ahdonien,  0.28  to  0..33  mm. 

This  species  approiiclies  tho  acanihopiiN,  resem- 
bliiijj  it  ill  the  ionn  of  tlie  sternal  plate,  the  char- 
acter of  the  lejis,  and  the  };eiieral  form  of  the  body. 
It  differs,  however,  in  haviiij;  the  sternal  plate  less 
narrowed  posteriorly,  more  obtuse,  or  even  trim 
cated  in  front;  more  decidedly  still  in  the  form  of 
the  head,  which  is  lonj;er  and  less  excavated  for 
the  insertion  of  the  antenna'.  It  is  also  smaller, 
and  the  egg,  if  we  may  judge  by  what  we  can  see 
through  the  walls  of  the  female,  is  more  ehmgated. 

It  has  been  collected  from  the  white-footed  or  (le«'r  immm^  {llcspennnys 
leuco2>us)  at  .Vines,  Iowa. 


Via.  1(IH  lliriiialdiihniii 
he.spcf  1)111  iiitit :  II,  ihiPMal 
vimv  :  h,  luiul ;  c,  stemnl 
pliitf.  (/.  |ic)Nti'ri()r  1(1^;  (', 
ternii  iial  sejimonl  8,  iiiii  It' — 
all  rnlnrticd  (author  »  il 
liiHti'Utioii). 


LOUSK   OF   TIIK   (rllOUND   St,»UniKi:LS    AND   CHIPMUNK. 

(Hmnatopiniia  suliiraliH  ( >sliorn. ) 

Body  short,  hro'id;  color,  golden  yellow. 

Head  oviil,  roniide<I  an<l  detlected  in  front;  a  large  chitinoiis  ring  inclosing  the 
hase  of  the  rostrum;  a  vny  distinct  transverse  suture  hehind  th**  autennii>;  sides 

slightly  convex ;  lateral  angles  obtuse,  without  hairs; 
posterior  angh*  acnte,  and  passing  well  hack  upon  the 
thorax  ;  antenuat  sini))le,  located  anterior  to  the  muldle 
of  the  sides ;  joints  nearly  equal  in  size    Thorax  short, 

j{^-p>jO    xf^^^f^^^tOi      convex  .at  sides,  widest  behind,  sternal   plate  nearly 

whr""^    ■^/fltljU|tt\  circular,  surface  roughened;  anterior  and  middle  legs 

'"   '     '  '  slender  and  nearly  equal   in  size;   claws  slender  and 

sharjt ;  itosterior  legs  very  thick,  claw  strong  and  l)road. 
Alulomen  short,  ovate,  broadest  near  the  front,  sutures 
inconspicuous,  hairs  long;  some  of  those  on  sides  and 
posteriorly  very  long.  Males  and  females  are  very 
similar,  and  distinguishable  only  by  genital  armature 
of  male. 

Length,  0.75  to  O.SO;  head,  0.27;  thorax,  0.13;  abdo- 
men, 0.15  to  0.18  mm.  Width,  0.35  to  0.40;  head,  0.13; 
thorax,  0.18;  abdomen,  0.35  to  0.40  mm. 


KlO,  XOO.—IIiruialiipiniiK  lutur- 
(lit*:  n,  (lotHiil  view  ;  h,  licud  ;  c, 
Htnriial  jilatc;  i/,  ]M)Ht<^rior  ]t'ji; 
e.,  t(!rniinal  sc;;iiit'iit».  male — 
all  eiilarjijoil  (a'lthor'H  illimtni- 
tion). 


This  si)ecie8  is  particularly  well  marked  by 
the  general  form  of  the  body  and  especially  by  the  conspicuous  trans 
verse  suture  back  of  the  antenna'.  It  differs  further  from  most  of 
the  species  in  the  genus  in  having  both  the  anterior  and  middle  legs 
slender  and  of  nearly  the  same  size,  while  the  posterior  legs  alone  are 
especially  modified  as  clasping  organs. 


186 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Althoufrii  weliave  not  seen  Midrtendorf's  description  and  flfjnrn  of  77. 
Itt'rhisciilnii  from  iSpcrmoplnlus  crcrsmanni,  there  can  be  scarcielya  possi 
bility  of  this  being  identical  witli  it,  siiure  thiA  ditters  in  abnost  every 
particuhir  as  compared  witli  the  diagnoses  of  tlnit  species  given  liy 
(liebel  and  by  Piaget.  We  therefore  describe  it  withont  hesitation  as  a 
new  species. 

It  lias  been  fonnd  i>lentiful  on  SpcrmophHus  franldini  and  8. 13-lim:- 
atuH  at  Ames,  b)\va.  An  immature  specimen  from  Tainias  .striatiis  ]nv- 
sents  the  charac^ters  of  tiie  species  so  plainly  that  there  can  belittle 
doubt  that  it  is  identical. 


lIu'inatopinuB  erraticiiH  n.sp. 

Approaclics  n<vniafopiiiiifi  liixpironiydia.  Abdomen  broad,  niiddlo  and  hind  legs 
larger  than  front.  Stt-rnal  plate  circular  incised  at  sides  behind  and  prochued 
medially.  Head  nearly  as  broad  as  lonj;,  rostrum  slij^ihtlv  iiroduced.  Antennic 
large,  first  joint  thick,  second  longest.  Fore  legs  rather  small,  middle  legs  (ionsid- 
erably  larger,  liind  legs  laigest.  All  tibiae  widened,  front  tarsal  claw  sharp, 
middle  and  hind  claws  broad,  llat.  Sternal  plate  rather  wide,  circular  in  front, 
slightly  sinuate  at  sides,  excised  behind  tor  insertion  of  posterior  coxa-.  Median 
portion  ]irodnced,  subtrnncatt!,  reaching  about  halfway  between  hind  coxa'.  Abdo- 
men broad,  lateral  margins  rather  broadly  corneous,  disk  with  still"  hairs. 

From  "  Larus  bonapartii"  in  the  Burnett  collection.  This  reference 
seems  very  doubtful  as  the  actual  host  of  the  s])ecies,  and  I  8usi)ect 
that  it  was  taken  from  the  gull  after  contact  with  some  other  aninuil 
in  .a  game  bag  or  otherwise.  It  seems  to  come  most  nearly  to  the  type 
infesting  rodents  and  family  Murida^,  and  I  would  predict  that  the 
species  will  be  Ibnnd  on  some  mammal,  probably  a  rodent.  If  actually 
I>ara8itic  on  Larus  it  is  a  remarkable  exception  to  the  rule  for  Pedicu- 
lida'  and  should  be  regarded,  I  think,  as  a  form,  but  recently  estab- 
lished on  an  avian  host  and  derived  from  a  mammal-infesting  species.' 

A  REMAKKABLE   PEDICULII)   PARASITE   OF   THE   MOLE. 

While  these  pages  have  been  passing  through  the  press,  I  have 
encountered  upon  a  mole,  IScalops  argentatus.  collected  at  Ames,  Iowa,  a 
very  peculiar  species  of  i)e«liculid,  and  in  order  to  bring  it  to  notice 
In  coiniection  with  the  other  si)ecies  described  here,  I  give  a  brief  diag- 
nosis of  its  distinctive  features.  It  difiers  so  decidedly  from  typical 
species  of  Ibematopinns  in  (iliaracters  given  generic  value  tiiat  it  will 
have  to  be  ]>la('ed  in  a  new  genus  or  else  form  a  subgenus  and  the 
characters  of  Haniatopinus  be  enlarged.     I  will  call  it  Euhtematopinus 


Antenuu'  three-Jointed;  posterior  pair  of  legs  greatly  modified  and  bearing  on  the 
femora  and  tibiat  stalked,  disc-shaped  appendages,  iirojeoting  at  right  angles  from 
these  parts. 

'  After  the  above  paragrajjh  was  written  I  fonnd  slides  of  tbe  same  species  from 
Pfcromjis  rohiirlla,  where  it  was  mounted  witli  one  female  specimen  of  £r.  sduropteii, 
and  also  specimens  from  Arvioola  pennaylvanica  and  Sciuriia  atriatua. 


HEMIPTERA. 


187 


EuhicmatopinuM  abnormia  u.  sp. 

Head  nearly  twico  us  long  as  broud,  tlie  anterior  portion  narrowing  to  a  Itlnnt 
point  and  tins  iiosterior  portion  scarcely  longer  than  wide — nearly  (jiiadratc,  siinlitly 
narrowing  behind.  Antenna;  three-Jointed,  the  lirst  Joint  large,  articnlate  with 
iiiiterior  half  of  head;  second  and  third  Joints  (Mpial  insi/e;  the  third  as  long  as 
tirst  and  ntsarly  twice  as  long  as  second,  and  having  on  its  apical  enil  a  slight  con- 
stri<'tion,  which  in  sonx;  speciniuns  ai)))ears  almost  like  an  indistinct  Joint. 

Thorax  wider  than  long,  liroadeneil  behintl;  sternal  plate  rounded  in  front,  ox(;ised 
slightly  at  si<les  and  produce. I  Ixdiind  into  a  strong  spur,  ending  in  a  sharp  ])oint, 
which  rests  bctwetin  the  hind  pair  of  coxa-.  Anterior  an<l  middle  legs  of  the  usual 
ty])e;  the  middle  a  trille  larger  than  the  front;  the  posterior  ]»air  greatly  moilitied, 
shortened,  thickened,  and  incurved  ajtparently  incapable  of  being  fully  extended 
and  hidden  from  above  by  the  margin  of  the;  abdomen,  so  that  the  insect  a])pears  to 
have  but  four  li'gs  institatl  of  six.  The  femur  and  tibia  are  each  provided  with  a 
stalked  a])pendage  which  extends  at  right  angles  fiom  the  exterior  margin  and  con- 
sists of  a  short  stalk  bearing  a  flattened,  circular,  disc-like  structure.  These  discs 
may  evidently  be  o])posed  to  the  alMlomen  or  to  the  tibia;  of  middle  legs  and  servo 
as  clasping  organs. 

Hotly  much  <lepressed,  sides  of  abdomen  subparallel.  Length  l.tOmm.,  width  of 
abdomen  0.<i.'>  nun. 

Hiinuttopinoidtg  < )sboru. 

AiiteiuiJi'  c()nii)<)8o<l  of  three  Joints,  terminal  Joint  deei)ly  excavsited 
on  the  jiosteiior  side;  abdoiniiiiil  segments  at  hitcial  margins  broadly 
chitinons,  with  ii  strono'  tubercle  and  a  semicircular  plate  above  and 
below  lapping  over  the  ciiitinous  portion  of  the  succeeding  segment. 

SU0K1N(}    Lot  SK   OF   THE    PoCKET   (lOPIIEB. 


(Ihvmatopi. 


«7Hamo8H«Osb.) 


Head  small,  longer 


R(»ily  oblong,  broadly  tiattened;  general  <!(dor,  dark  yellowish, 
than  liroad,  narrowly  rounded  in  front,  widening 
behind  the  antenna-;  lateral  a^igles  rounded,  pos- 
terior margin  acutely  pointed  ',  eneath,  with  two 
large  hairs  ."^et,  between  the  bases  of  the  antenna; 
and  directed  outward;  antenna'  coiuposed  of  but 
three  Joints,  these  being  nearly  ecpial  in  size,  the 
first  short,  stout;  the  third  longest  and  with  a 
deep  excavation  on  the  posterior  side.  Thorax 
suiall,  broader  than  long,  margin  irregular,  sternal 
l)late  obtusely  angled  in  fi'ont;  lateral  margins 
])arallel,  passing  liy  obtuse  angles  into  an  acutely 
angled  po8teri(U-  extremity  ;  immediately  back  of 
tlni  sternal  i)late  are  two  irregularly  triangrilar 
ehitinoiiB  jtlates,  occupying  the  region  of  the  m(!ta- 
thorax  and  extending  each  sidi-.  so  that  their  bases 
reach  to  the  bases  of  the  coxa-.  Anterior  and 
middle  legs  of  nearly  the  same  siz*;;  hind  legs 
larger,  stouter,  and  bettei-  fitted  for  clasping. 
Abdomen  largo,  oblong  or  elliptical,  broadening 
very  rapidly  at  base  and  terminating  abrui)t1y; 
lateral  margins  of  segments  broadly  chitinous,  n 
strong  tubercle  directed  jjosteriorly  and  a  semicircular  plate  above  and  below  lap- 
ping over  the  chitinous  portion  of  the  succeeding  segment,  spiracle  located  at  middle 
of  lateral  margin ;  median  portion  membranous,  apx)earing  minutely  stiuainous.    The 


Fid.  110. — IIa'iiiatoi)iniiiilessquamntii.i: 
a.  fciiiiili'  ilorsiil  view;  b,  iinteuna; 
c,  head;  t/,  .stcniiil  plute;  e,  f  >storior 
It'jj;  /,  l)or(li'r  ()l'  iibilonum — uU  cu- 
largeil  (autlior'H  illu.stnitioii). 


188 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


suturoB  of  the  Hegnients  faintly  iudicnted,  a  few  long  hairH  ncattored  over  tho  lutMliin 
portion  of  the  dorHiil  siirfiice,  two  liuirH  on  each  lateral  tubercle,  tiieist;  iiinch  cUiii- 
f;ate»l  on  Heginfi>tH  <!  and  7;  the  cifjlith  witli  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Length,  1.20;  head,  0.127;  thorax,  0.13;  abdomen,  0.87;  antenna-,  0,10 mm.     Wiiltli, 
0.50;  head,  0.13;  thorax,  0.20;  abdomen,  0..'>0  mm. 

J  This  sptM'ii's  depjirts  so  remarkably  from  others  of  the  sroup  that  it 
seems  necessary  to  erect  for  it  a  new  genus.  The  most  imi)ortaiit 
characters  and  tliose  which  seem  of  jieneric  vahie  are  the  three.jointcd 
anten'ia'  and  the  semicirciihir  jjlates  on  n)argfins  of  th(^  abdomen.  Tlic 
sternal  structure  is  also  different.  In  general  aspect,  however,  ii 
a])i)roaches  the  "enus  Ila'matopinus. 

T\>o  specimens,  botli  females,  collected  from  the  i)Ocket  or  pouched 
gopher,  Geomys  Im r sarins,  at  Auiet>;  Iowa. 


TiiK  Elephant  Louse. 


(I/wmatomjiziiH  jiroboacidviia  I'iaget.) 

This  louse,  infesting  the  elei)hant,  is  about  as  (exceptional  in  its  way 
as  the  animal  which  harbors  it.     It  appears  to  be  of  (piite  recent 

notice,  though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  has  been 
known  in  countries  where  the  elephant  has  been 
domesticated  for  an  indefinite  length  of  time. 

it  was  described  by  Piaget  (Tijdschr.  voor  Ent., 
2il  series,  IV,  254)  in  18()J),  under  the  name  of 
Hwniatotnyzm  elephantis.  The  same  author,  how- 
ever, in  his  elaborate  monograph,  Les  I'rdiciilines, 
changes  the  name  to  Jf.  proboscideus.  This  louse 
differs  from  the  others  of  the  family  in  having 
a  slender  prolonged  snout  extending  in  front  of 
the  head.  The  antenna^  are  located  at  the  base 
of  this  snout,  and,  according  to  Murray,  are  lenticuhir  in  form.  In 
riaget's  lignre,  however,  they  appear  of  nearly  equal  thickness.  "Color 
reddish,  madder  brown,  smooth,  shining,  impunctate"  (Murray). 


Fio.  111.—  Ilreintitomi/ziiii 
2>rolnitcidi'iiii  -  cr.liirgeil 
(after  Miirra.v). 


The  Lou«e  of  the  IIarhor  8eal. 

(EchinojMhiriuH  setosux  Lneati.) 

This  louse  was  collected  in  considerabh',  numbers  from  a  seal  in  the 
aquarium  at  New  York  last  year  (1895).  Specimens  forwarded  to  me 
by  Professor  Bean  were  accompanied  by  the  statement  that  they  were 
infesting  the  harbor  seals  there  and  it  was  feared  they  would  prove 
troublesome.  Later  it  was  stated  that  they  almost  entirely  disappeared 
during  the  molting  of  the  animals. 

The  species  is  distingtiished  by  having  the  body  covered  with  numer- 
ous small  spiues,  aud  the  autenua)  are  but  four  jointed. 


\^:l 


>.10uiin.     Widii 


(^HAPTElt  V. 


et  or  poucliod 


SUBORDER  MALLOPHAOA. 


Bird  Lice. 


This  group  iMiibraces  all  the  bitiufj  lice  inrestinghirds  and  niainiuiils. 
They  are  very  <listiiict,  indeed,  from  the  precedinjf  jiioup,  althoiigli  fre- 
quently placed  with  them  under  such  unnatural  divisions  as  Anoplura, 
Pedi<nxlines,  etc. 

Their  b()dies  are  usually  hard  and  .lorny  and  much  flattened.  They 
possess  mandibulatc  mouth  parts  adapted  to  <-utting  and  bitin;.;  the 
hairs,  feathers,  epidermal  scales,  or  excretions  on  the  bodies  of  their 
hosts.  They  are  said  also  to  have  a  8uctori;il  organ  by  means  of  which 
they  may  at  times  draw  blood  from  the  host  animal.  The  mandibles 
are  situated  in  most  forms  underneath  the  head  and  near  the  center, 
the  clypeus  projecting  and  forming  the  most  anterior  portion  of  the 
head.  The  labrum  is  present  and  the  maxillary  palpi  are  ])rominent  in 
a  part  of  the  group.  The  eyes  when  visible  are  located  bnck  of  the 
antenna'.  The  antenna'  are  tive-Jointed  except  in  Trichodc(!tes.  The 
thorax  is  generally  narrow  and  fretiuently  but  two  divisions  are  appar- 
ent. The  legs  are  adapted  to  clasping  (IMiih>pterida')  or  to  rnnniug 
(Liothei(he),  the  tarsi  in  the  first  case  being  short  and  fitted  for  folding 
against  the  tibia',  and  in  the  second  case  being  long,  well  adapted  to 
running,  and  provided  with  two  claws.  The  members  of  the  first  divi- 
sion occur  on  both  nuimnuils  and  birds,  th()se  of  the  second,  except 
(lyropus,  are  limited  to  birds.  Wings  are  entirely  wanting,  and  the 
abdomen  contains  niiui  or  ten  segments  and  is  usually  oval  in  ahape. 

In  life  history  this  group  agrees  with  the  i)receding.  The  eggs  are 
ghied  to  the  hairs  or  feathers  of  the  host  iinimal  and  open  with  a  <'ir- 
(iular  cap  or  lid  at  the  free  end.  The  larva'  are  less  flattened,  shorter 
in  proportion,  and  without  the  hardened  i)arts  common  to  tlie  adults 
covering  a  part  or  all  of  the  surface.  The  length  of  life  and  rapidity 
of  multiplication  has  not  been  determined  for  any  species  so  far  as  we 
know,  and  the  habits  of  the  insects  make  any  such  determinatiim  a 
matter  of  great  difticulty. 

While  it  is,  of  course,  very  desirable  that  a  more  complete  knowl- 
edge of  the  life  history  of  the  species  be  secured,  it  nuiy  be  considered 
as  already  established  that  all  the  species,  with  no  known  excei)tion, 
pass  their  transformations  on  the  body  of  the  fowl,  and  that,  unlike 

189 


100 


INSKCTS    AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMAL8. 


the  initoH,  they  may  be  attiicktMl  with  the  asanraiico  that  ejigs  iind 
newly-hatched  youufi- are  not  dcvclopiiijf  in  some  oiitol'tlie-way  conicr. 

Moreover,  tlie  ohservatious  iinuU^  on  the  h'lijjftli  of  time  recitiired  lor 
the  hatchiiiff  of  the  eggs  imlieate  that  they  require  a  immber  of  (hiys 
at  least,  ho  tiiat  in  repetition  of  treatments  intended  to  kill  individ 
uals  hatciied  since  a  former  treatment  a  jteriod  of  ten  days  to  twc 
weeks  nniy  be  counted  on  as  probably  short  enou'^h. 

Even  were  we  able  to  keep  the  eggs  under  suitable  conditions  au<l 
determine  its  exact  perio<l  of  incubaticm  for  all  the  si)eeies.  we  wc.'uhl 
not  know  tliat  this  would  hold  for  all  times  of  the  y«'ar.  nor  could  we 
assume  results  as  to  the  nunijer  of  eggs  laid  by  one  feiriale  and  length 
of  life  of  the  nuiture  louse  to  be  uniform  under  all  conditions.  For 
practical  i)uri)oses,  therefore,  it  muII  be  best  to  work  on  the  facts  already 
known,  using,  where  possible,  measures  that  will  destroy  «'ggs  attaclieil 
to  hairs  or  feathers  as  well  as  the  lice,  and  to  discrinunate  between  tl>e 
lice  and  the  mites  or  ticks  which  breed  away  from  the  fowls,  and  must 
therefore  be  fought  with  a  little  different  jirinciple  in  mind,  though 
often  the  same  measures  may  be  adopted  for  both. 

It  should  always  be  borne  in  mind  that  lice  must  grow  from  eggs 
laid  by  the  adult  louse,  and  can  never  originate  from  tilth  or  other 
matter.  Chickens  hatched  in  an  incubator  should  be  absolutely  free 
from  lice  and  remain  so  until  brought  in  contact  with  a  lousy  hen  or 
jmt  in  a  lousy  house. 

The  effect  of  these  lice  may  be  less  im])ortant  than  the  :<uctoriai  lice 
or  the  sucking  ticks  or  nutes;  but  Judging  from  the  serious  results  lol- 
lowing  the  elforts  of  the  animals  to  rid  themselves,  and  from  the  known 
irritation  due  to  auything  crawling  among  the  hairs  or  feathers,  it  can 
not  be  doubted  that  they  cause  much  annoyance  and  inconvenience  to 
the  creatures  that  become  their  involuntary  supporters. 

A  writer  in  the  Poultry  World  gives  the  following  stateujent  as  to 
the  symptoms  of  lice  in  fowls; 

Bowel  (llHeaHt)  in  Hiiiuiuer  is  a  Hi<rii  of  lico;  the  ^loopy  diHeuHe,  in  wliicli  tlit;  cbicka 
arc  sleepy  or  ilrowwy.  is  ii  sign  ;  refusal  to  eat;  imuy-lookiii.n'  body  iuid  slow  ;;rowtb; 
sudden  deatbs ;  gradual  wasting  away;  constai't  crying;  Iosh  of  featbers  on  tbe  iioad, 
and  otber  Byiuptonis  tbat  appear  8uri>rising  or  remarkable.  Even  in  tbe  (deanest  of 
houses,  when  not  a  sigu  of  lice  can  l)e  seen,  look  on  tbe  chick  for  tlu^  large  lice.  Not 
only  on  the  cliicks,  liut  tbe  large  liody  lice  are  lu-arly  always  on  tbe  a<lults.  A  cbick 
will  1  ^ve^  get  lousy  unless  tbe  (dd  fowls  are  near,  and  that  is  why  brooder  ('hioka 
grow  laster  than  tbost;  under  lunis.  'Ibc  large  liee  will  kill  ducks  suddenly.  Tbcy 
kill  nearly  all  tbe  young  turkeys  that  die.  Whenever  you  notice  a  sick  fowl  dust- 
ing itself  look  lor  lice.  No  doubt  a  majority  of  our  readerh  full,\  understand  bow 
to  get  rid  of  lice,  but  tbe  fact  is  Ibat  they  will  not  believe  that  lic.e  are  jjresent, 
and  ascribe  the  results  of  tin;  work  of  lice  to  some  disease,  thus  doctoring  tbe  liirds 
unnecessarily.  First,  we  wish  to  say  that  while  you  nniy  easily  discover  myriads 
of  little  red  mites  in  the  poultry  liouso,  yet  tbe  real  enemy  is  the  large  gray  body 
louse  which  works  on  the  heads,  necks,  and  vents,  .and  which  uaver  leaves  the  birds. 
To  find  this  louse  a  very  close  search  must  be  made,  as  he  lurks  <lown  on  the  skin,  at 
tbe  base  of  the  feathers,  and  hides  from  view.  A  single  one  of  these  voracious  fel- 
lows on  the  head  or  throat  of  a  young  chick  will  sometimes  cause  the  chick  to  droop 
and  die. 


SUBORDER  MALLOPHAGA. 


191 


enicnt  as  to 


Mr.  E.  W.  Pai'ker,  in  Poultry  WorM,  gives  ii  good  idea  of  how  iadif- 
fereut  one  may  be.     Me  says: 

In  July  and  An^nst  oHpfiially  (but  iit  nil  tinioH  of  the  year)  lice  nbuiind  ninro  than  at 
any  other  time,  iind  ehickH  will  hecnnu'  infoHted  with  thorn  unless niem  fure  is  taken. 
Many  persons  wonder  why  thrir  young  chicks droo})  and  die,  niopcnroniid  for  a  wocTv 
(II  two,  all  the  time  getting  thinner  and  weaker,  tinally  becomo  iniahlo  to  Htiiud,  and 
(lie — these  pcrHons  claiming  all  the  time  that  "  liee  is  not  tli(»  cause  of  it"  liecanse 
Iliey  have  searched  under  the  wing  i'or  the  red  or  yellow  louse,  on  tie  head  Cor  the 
large  head  louse,  and  in  t'a(;t  have  looked  them  from  top  to  bottom  for  ])ara.HJtes  and 
have  found  none.  I  wonder  if  they  have  ever  looked  on  tint  throat,  or  at  the  side 
lielow  thi»  ears,  for  the  large  liead  louse.  I  wonder  if  it  entered  into  the  brain  of  such 
breedera  that  the  head  louse  could  destroy  the  life  of  chicks  from  two  to  six  weeks 
ohl  by  sucking  the  lifchhiod  from  tlie  throat  and  under  the  lu^ad.  If  it  has  not,  I 
can  tell  rhemthat  such  's  the  case,  and  I  say  without  fear  of  contradiction  tliat  when 
the  chick  appears  weak,  growing  weaker  and  thinner,  the  skin  seems  to  shrink  upon 
tlie  body,  and  theni  is  a  slimy  discharge  from  the  body,  and  when  the  el  i'  k  eats  it 
is  usually  with  dilheulty,  and  as  the  supposed  disease  advances  ii  seems  almost 
impossible  for  the  chick  to  swallow,  tinally  refusing  to  eat;  when  any  or  all  of  these 
.symptoms  appear  then  eramine  the  niaierpart  of  the  head  and  the  throat  and  at 
the  sides  for  the  head  louse,  and  nine  timesout  of  ten  he  will  be  found  snugly  at  home 
among  the  down  or  sprouting  feathers;  then  apply  two-thirds  glycerin,  one-third 
carbolic  noid,  and  five  times  as  nuieh  water  as  the  above  mixture. 

The  order  may  readily  be  separated  into  two  families  upon  cliaracters 
a  part  of  which  have  already  been  mentioned,  namely,  the  structure  of 
the  mouth  parts  and  the  feet.  The  latter,  which  is  the  most  readily 
observed,  can  be  easily  told  from  the  mode  of  locomotion,  the  members 
of  the  first  group  being  incapable  of  rapid  movement,  but  well  adajjted 
to  clinging  to  the  hairs  or  feathers,  the  latter  running  freely  and  swiftly, 
but  having  less  power  tc-  clasp. 

Family  PIIIL(  )P TF.RIDyK. 

Infesting  houses,  cattle,  sheep,  dogs,  cats,  chickens,  turkeys, pigeons, 
ducks,  etc. 

The  members  of  this  family  have  the  mouth  parts  on  the  undei"  side 
of  the  head.  Mandibles  strong;  maxillte  wanting;  tarsi  short,  of  one 
or  two  joints,  the  claw  meeting  a  tooth  at  the  apex  of  the  tibia;  meso- 
thorax  apparently  wanting;  abdomen  having  nine  segments. 

The  group  is  a  large  one,  the  species  being  so  numerous  that  there  is 
scai'cely  a  bird  but  harbors  one,  and  sometimes  several,  species  of  this 
family. 

The  genera  are,  for  the  most  part,  easily  separated ;  Docophorus,  by 
the  presence  of  a  movable  appendage  (trabecula)  in  front  of  the  anten- 
nse;  Nirmus,  by  tlie  presence  of  an  immovable  tooth  in  front  of  the 
antennjc  and  the  genersilly  entire  terminal  segment  of  the  abdomen  of 
the  female.  Goniocotes  and  Goniodes  are  robust  forms,  usually  with 
large  heads  stroujrly  curved  in  front.  They  ditf'er  by  the  former  having 
simple  antennjc  in  both  sexes,  while  in  the  latter  they  are  modified  in 
the  male.  The  former  are  also  usually  much  the  smaller.  In  Lipeurus 
the  body  is  generally  long  and  slender,  the  antennas  of  the  m^^Jes  large 


192 


INSECTS   AFFF.CTINO   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


and  often  with  a  coinplicatud  structure,  while  the  tei  miiuil  Heguicnt  of 
the  female  is  biU)bed.  The  species  of  Ornithohim  are  white  or  trans- 
parent and  especially  characterized  by  having  sliarp  curved  append 
ages  meeting  in  front  of  the  clypeus.  TrichothctcN  is  at  once  kn«>\vii 
by  the  three-jointed  antenna'.  Otiier  genera  of  the  family  do  not  «'on 
tain  species  infesting  domestic  animals,  and  hence  need  not  be  noticed 
here. 

LOUSK   OK    DUOKS  AND   GEEHE. 


(DocophoruH  iclerodea  Nitzsch.) 

This  8])ecies  has  been  recorded  from  so  many  different  members  of 
the  order  of  birds  containing  the  ducks  and  geese  that  it  n>ay  be  con- 
siilered  as  common  to  the  order.  It  was  described  by  Fitzsch  in  1818, 
and  has  been  mentioned  by  most  writers  on  parasites  since  that  time. 
It  is  about  1  mm.  in  length,  and  has  the  head  and  thcnax  of  a  bright 
reddish  color  with  darker  bands.  The  abdomen  is  white  in  the  center, 
with  broad,  dark  reddish,  horny  bands  at  the  sides,  with  a  darker  spot 
at  the  margin.    It  occurs  conunonly  on  our  native  ducks. 

Little  Red  Swan  Louse. 

{Doeophonia  cyi/ni  Denny.) 

Notwithstanding  the  apiiarent  abundance  of  this  species,  it  does  not 
a])pear  to  have  been  described  before  1842,  when  it  was  described  and 
rtgured  by  Denny  (Mouog.  Anop.  Hrit.,  p.  95,  jd.  1,  tig.  1),  but  accord- 
ing to  tills  author  it  was  figured  by  Re«li  (Exper., 
PI.  IX,  tig.  inf.),  which  would  carry  its  recognition 
back  two  hundred  years.  It  is  common  on  both 
the  wild  and  domesticated  swans,  and  Denny  states 
that  he  has  received  it  from  the  bean  goose. 

II  IS  1  mm.  in  length,  of  a  robust  form,  the  head 
decidedly  rounded  in  front,  except  at  the  extreme 
tip,  where  it  is  slightly  excavated.  In  color  the 
head,  thorax,  .and  legs  are  bright  reddish  brown, 
while  the  abdomen  is  white  in  the  center  and  dark 
brown  at  the  sides,  the  brown  occupying  hard  plate-like  portions  at  the 
side  of  eacli  segment. 

Tlie  form  and  the  distribution  of  these  plates  are  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying figure. 

Lesser  Chicken  Louse. 

(Goniocotes  holofiaakr  Nit/sch.) 

This  common  species  which  lives  upon  the  domestic  fowl  wjis  recog- 
nized by  DeGeer  and  by  Nitzsch.  It  has  been  generally  confused  with 
another  form,  or  rather  another  larger  and  perhaps  more  common  form 


Fio.  112.  —  Docojihonit 
cyijni  (autli(ir'»  illiis 
tratiiiii)- 


SUUORDEU    MALLOPHAOA. 


193 


1  the  acconi- 


lias  boun  generally  aciiuptutl  by  En^liHli  uiid  American  writers  us  the 
hologOMtir^  this  buiiif;  duo  to  the  desiuiptitm  and  llguro  given  by  Denny, 
who  does  not  seem  to  liave  seen  the  true  holoijnHfcr,  but  described  for 
it,  according  to  I'iaget,  an  immature  HiK;cinten  of  the  hirger  Hpecies  since 
de'icribed  as  GoniocntcH  idxloininalis  Piaget. 

The  holofjaHtir  is  only  about  I  mm.  in  length,  whereas  the abilominalis, 
or  Denny's  holoijaHtn'^  is  about .'{  mm.  In  general  ibrm  ttie  sjiecies  are 
somewhat  simihir,  the  hnloijaHtrf  being  less  constricted  at  the  thorax 
and  more  regularly  ta])ering  to  t\w  4'nd  of  the  abdomen.  Tiie  head  is 
more  nearly  quadrate;  the  ab(h)men  not  so  conspicuously  marked,  the 
incurved  margins  of  the  segments  not  extending  so  decidedly  upon  the 
disk  and  presenting  the  distinct  lines  seen  as  a  border  to  the  fasciie  iu 
ahdominalin. 

liAUaK  (JiriOKKN    IjOUHE. 

{llonioculen  abilomiiialia  I'iiiget;  -=  (!.  giga»  TiiHchnnberg.) 

This  is  probably  fully  as  c(unmon  as  the  precotling  species.    As 
already  stated,  it  is  the  form  which  has  been  commonly 
referred  to  in  Knglish  and  American  works  as  the-O'o/t/o- 
cotes  holoffmtcr,  which  d<)ubtless  accounts  for  its  not 
having  been  des(!ribed  until  (juite  recently. 

It  is  a  large,  conspicuous  species,  about  3  millimeters 
iu  length,  quite  broad,  the  head  nearly  cinmlar  in  front 

and  constricted  behind, 
the  thorax  small,  the 
abdomen  widening  to 
near  the  end  and  termi- 
nating abruptly.  The 
head,  thorax,  and  legs 
are  yellowish,  with  dark 
margins  and  spots;  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments bear  lateral  whitish  fasciie  bor- 
dered with  black. 

It  appears  to  be  much  less  common 
than  some  other  species  of  chicken  lice, 
notably  Menopon  iniUidum  and  L'qteu- 
rus  variabilin. 


Vin.  113.  —  Ooni'o. 

riilct  abiliimiiialis 
(uftor  Dfuuy). 


Via, Hi.— Ooniocotfn  cowpar— enlargud  (au. 
thor's  illiiHtratioii.) 


PiciEON  Louse. 

{(ioniocotea  vompar  Nitzsclx.) 


A  species  which  has  been  familiar  for  a  long  time  and  generally 
common,  along  with  other  lice,  on  domestic  pigeons.    It  is  a  rather 


4653— No.  5- 


-13 


194 


INSECTS   AFFKCTINQ    DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Biiiiill-Hi/od  sptiiHes,  ii  littU^  ni<>i-»  than  a  inilliinoter  in  ltMi};th.  Tlic 
liuiul  is  i'ouimIkI  ill  front,  niirriiwcr  Ittitwuen  ttuMintunmr,  hroiidt'Ht  uoiir 
tlu^  posterior  niiir;;;in.  Tlio  thoi'ax  is  narrower,  tiui  alxloincn  in  the  male 
broadest  near  tlie  po8terior  end  and  H<|uarish  behind;  in  tiu^  fouialc 
more  rej^ular  and  broadest  near  tlie  middle.  It  is  wiiitish,  with  a 
ratlier  broad  brownisli  nnir^in,  iVoni  whieii  prohnigatiuus  extend 
iuward  upuu  thu  sutures. 


Tm;    l*KAC(M!K   OoNIOOOTES. 

{lloiiioooliH  riolannulatiiH  Nit/.Hcli.) 

This  speeies,  which  shares  witli  tlie  (lonioiiiH  /alfh'ornin  the  hospi- 
tality of  the  peaco(!k,  was  lirst  described  by  Nitzscli 
((ierniar's  Ma;>'.,  Ill,  L'04).  It  is  u  small  species,  about 
the  si/e  of  the  holoijantcr,  which  it  resembles  quite 
closely.  The  head  is  squarish,  stmiewhat  rounded  in 
front,  while  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  short  ami  oval. 
While  less  noticeable  than  the  larger  species  associ- 
ated with  it,  it  is  probably  no  less  abundaut. 

GoMO(!()TES   (»F   THE    IMlEASANT. 

Fifi.  115.-(,(.;i/oco/,«  ( (loiiiiwoten  vhryHovvi>haUtH  (Jieb«)l. ) 

an:e.  (aitei     a-        ']^\^\^  puTasito  of  tlic  plieasaut  was  first  described  by 

Giebel  in  18(U>  under  the  name  of  (Joniocotes  volvhieiy 

which  he  afterwards  chauged  to  the  above.     It  is  said  to  resemble  the 

//oZof/a.s7c*' which  affects  the  domestic  fowl.    Jt  has  not  been  recorded 

from  America,  but  will  i)robably  be  found  on  imported  birds. 

BUKNETT'S    GONIOCOTES. 

(iioiiiocoten  burneltii  Pa(^k.*) 

A  species  described  by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  (Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  IV, 
p.  IH)  is  apparently  much  less  common  than  some  of 
the  other  species  common  to  the  sadly  infested  barn- 
yard fowl.  According  to  Dr.  Packard's  description,  it 
differs  from  the  0.  holoijasier  of  Euroi)e,  whicb  lives 
on  the  same  bird,  in  the  short  second  Joint  of  the 
antennae,  which  are  also  stoutei',  and  in  the  long 
■lead,  the  clypeus  being  much  longer  and  more  acutely 
rounded,  while  the  head  is  less  hollowed  out  at  the 
insertion  of  the  antenna'.  The  abdomen  is  oval  and 
one-half  as  wide  as  long,  with  transverse,  broad,  irreg- 
ular bands  along  the  edges  of  the  segments.  The 
mandibles  are  short  and  straight,  two-toothed.  The  body  is  slightly 
yellowish  and  variously  streaked  and  banded  with  pitchy  black.    This 


Fia.  116.— Oonioco(c« 
burni-tlii — oulurKed 
(nftor  Puckard). 


'Probably  identical  with  lApeurua  heterographns  Nitzsoh.     (See  p. 231.) 


HUUURDER   MALLOIMIAOA. 


195 


proves  to  bo  a  Lipennm,  or  at  least  it  a;;reew  with  A.  hvtvroijrnphuH  in 
most  particulars.  Occurs  also  oil  diiclis.  (See  L.  htkronntphm,  ulsu 
tcchuiuul  uotus.) 

The  (!nH!KEN  (Joniodes. 

((SouiodcH  ilinHiiiiiliH  Nit/.srli.) 

Althou);1i  this  sptM-ios  lla^  been  known  for  a  consiibMiible  time,  it 
seems  not  to  luive  been  abnnihmt  e'iou|;h  to 
receive  frequent  notice. 

Denny  says: 

I  Himpi^i^t  tliiH  Hpeoi«!H  of  \wiug  of  rar<^  occurrence,  iih 
the  only  speiinicn  which  I  huvo  exiiniintMl  wim  coni- 
ninniciitud  by  Mr.  Thoiii)mnn  from  ItelfitHt,  lunl  tliiit 
bein){  ii  feinuht  I  am  procIiMlcd  from  dcHcribiug  the  chur- 
aoteriHtii't)  of  tlio  niulu. 

It  is  a  lar^^e  species,  2  to  L'^  mm.  in  length, 
an<l  Denny  describes  it  as  tawny  in  coh>r, 
Buiootli,  shilling;,  and  pubescent,  with  lar^v) 
Bubquadrate  liead,  a  short  transverse  pro- 
thorax,  and  a  hir^^e  abdomen  with  tlie  side 
nnirkin^s  couliuent,  and  the  sutures  with 
deep  tiliestnut  bauds.  It  has  not  as  yet  been 
recorded  for  this  country  that  we  are  aware 
of,  though  iu  all  probability  it  occurs  here  as  well  as  in  Europe. 


Kit).  in.—Uiiiiiintin  ilittiiailit— 
dulargcd  (ul'tur  IH>nii,v). 


Guinea  Fowl  Goniodes. 


(doniodiH  numidianun  Donuy.) 

Wg  have  only  the  record  given  by  Denny  (Mouog.  Anop.  Brit.,  p. 
103,  PI.  XUl,  tig.  7)  as  authority  for  this  species.  His  diagnosis  of 
the  species  is  as  tbllows:  '*  I'ale  straw-yellow,  shining  and  smooth, 
margined  with  black;  head  suborbicular;  abdomen  acuminate,  with 
pitchy  brown,  interrupted  transverse  bands."  tie  states  that  "the 
only  8i)ecimens  of  this  species  I  have  seen  are  two  males,  which  I  took 
from  oti"  a  pintado  {Xumida  meleatjris).^^  We  have  not  had  the  oppor- 
tunity to  search  for  this  species  and  can  not  say  whether  any  effort  has 
been  made  in  this  country  to  obtain  parasites  from  the  guinea  fowl. 
It  is  most  likely  that  a  careful  examination  of  a  number  of  the  fowls 
would  furnish  examples  of  this  species  and  possibly  still  others  not  yet 
recognized. 

The  Pigeon  Goniodes. 

{Goniodes  damicornia  Nitzsch.) 

According  to  Giebel,  this  species  was  first  described  by  Nitzsch,  and 
his  reference  is  "  Zeitschrift  f.  ges.  Naturwiss.,  1866,  XVII,  119."    It  is 


196 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


m 


\:i-:' 


*l 


a  rather  large  si)ecies,  a  little  more  than  2  mm.  in  length  ami  of  .1 
bright-brown  coh)r.     The  head  is  very  iinwh  rounded  in  front  and 

.strongly  angular  behind.  It  occurs  only  on 
pigeons,  but  upon  these  appears  to  be  rather 
conmion,  though  not  yet  met  with  in  our  own 
collecting. 

The  Littlk  PirKON  Goniodes. 

{(lonlinhn  minor  Piagot.) 

Piaget  (Les  IN'dieulines,  j).  i'r»C)  has  described 
as  a  distin(!t  species,  under  the  above  name,  a 
form  quite  simihir  to  the  preceding  but  smaller 
and  pr<»senting  some  differences  »»f  the  antenuic 
and  form  of  the  head.  According  to  this 
author,  it  is  found  on  the  domestic  pigeons  and 
also  on  Columba  tigrina,  C.  rifioria.  and  C.  hitor- 
qitnta.  It  has  in)t  to  our  knowledge  been  re- 
corded in  this  country  as  yet,  lji;t  is  lilcely  to  be  found  along  with  the 
other  I'orms. 

LorsE  OF  Turkey. 

(doiiiodea  stiilij'er  yi'it/.sch.) 

Nitzsch  describes  this  species  in  (lermar's  Magazine  (111,204),  and  it 
has  been  l're(|uently  mentioned  since  that  time.  It  was  also  described 
by  Schrank  under  the  name  of  PcdieiilKs  weh'tufriN  {F-duu.  Ins.  Aust., 
504).    It  is  a  large  species,  3  mm.  or  more  in  length,  u^l  (piite  readily 


Fi(i.  118. — tr'oHwdc*'  damictir- 
ni»— milargt.il  (author's  il- 
luBtrutiun) . 


Fl(i.  V9.—<i(iiU<iiti'ii  xtjili/cr:  a,  inoiiMi  parts;  It,  aiilt  ..iin'— cularRCil  (iiner  Ciivier). 

<li8tinguished  fnun  other  common  spe(;ies  by  the  hind  angles  of  the 
head,  wliich  are  extended  backward  into  long  styles,  from  the  ends  of 
winch  extend  strong  bristles.  The  tiiorax  is  angular,  with  a  black  mar- 
gin, and  the  abdomen  is  pale,  with  transverse  band.^  :)f  dark  color. 

The  specie;  probably  has  a  distribution  eipial  to  that  of  the  turkey 
itself,  and  with  the  other  species  common  to  this  fowl  render  it  pretty 
thoroughly  infested. 


1  and  of  !i 
front  and 

rs  only  on 
be  latlicr 

111  our  own 


DES. 


described 
>ve  name,  a 

nt  smaller 
le  antenna! 
f,'  to  this 
>i^eons  and 
nd  C.  hitor- 
te  been  re- 
\g  with  the 


SUBORDER  MALLOPHAGA.  197 

The  Teaoock  Go>  >des. 

{GoiiiodcB  falcicorniH  Nitzscli.) 

Tbis  large  find  commwi  species  appears  to  have  been  first  recorded 
by  liedi,  who  flgured  it  under  the  name  of  I'nle.v  paronis.  Since  tliat 
time  it  has  engaged  the  attention  of  Linna'us,  Frisch, 
Olfers,  Fal)ri('iiis,  Stephens,  Schrauk,  Nitzsch,  Bur- 
nu'ister,  Stewart,  Panzer,  Denny,  Giebel,  Piaget,  and 
numerous  other  wrifers,  who  have  described,  figured, 
and  discussed  it  under  one  name  or  another,  from 
which  we  would  infer  that  it  must  have  been  <uie  of 
tlie  most  common  and  frequently  met  with  of  any  of 
tlie  parasites  of  oiir  domesticated  fowls. 

ll  is  a  large  species,  .'5  to  4  mm.  in  length,  of  a 
brigiit  reddish-yellow  color,  with  a  large  head,  the 
liind  angles  of  which  are  acute  .and  prominent. 
The  first  Joint  of  the  antenna  in  the  male  is  large 
and  bears  a  prominent  tooth.  The  abdomen  is  broad,  1  ight  yellow,  with 
prominent  transverse  lateral  bauds  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  line. 
It  has  been  taken  repeatedly  in  America. 


l'T(i.   120. — lliijiiotli's  fill- 
ci'co/HiK— enlarged  (af- 


ter Denny). 


204),  and  it 

o  described 

Fns.  Aust., 

lite  readily 


rior). 

lies  of  the 
lie  ends  of 
black  mar- 
(!olor. 
;lio  turkey 
r  it  pretty 


Thk  I 'he  as  ant  Goniodes. 

(doiiiodvg  coIchiciiH  Deiniy.) 

This  specief.  is  not  likely  to  prove  of  any  special  interest  in  this 
country,  except  where  pheasants  have  been  introduced,  and  we  will 
simply  menriou  it  and  repeat  the  diagnostic  description  gi  \  en  by  Denny : 

Uright  clifstuiit- yellow;  Lead  iulKimuli'ate,  leiiiporal  angles  obtiiso,  thorax  with 
a  broad  ieiriigiiions  margin;  abdomen  i)ale,  yello\v-whit«,  nearly  orbicular,  each 
Hegnieut,  excejitiug  tlio  first  and  last  two,  with  a  pitchy  black  arcuate  fascia. 

He  refers  this  s])ecies  to  the  insect  nientioned  uiuler  the  name  of 
redknduH  phusUmi  by  Fabricius,  with  a  (^uestiou  as  to  their  identity. 

(lonlodes  gigaa  Tascli  (?). 

Professor  Coinstock.  lii  liis  Introduction  to  Entomology,  first  ed., 
Pt.  I,  p.  SO,  names  this  as  a  parasite  of  the  hen,  but  he  states  no  author- 
ity for  the  sjjccies,  and  we  are  unable  to  find  any  other  reference  to  it, 
unless  it  be  intended  for  Goniocotes  glgiiN  Taschenberg. 

LiPKUltUS   OF   THE  CHICKEN    AND  PHEASANT. 

(LijKuriin  hetfrofjraj)hun  Nitzsch.) 

This  species,  first  recorded  by  Niizsch,  wouhl  appear  from  the  writ- 
ings of  European  naturalists  to  be  rather  common,  but  it  has  seldom 


i 


m 


198 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


been  taken  in  this  country,  a  fact  which  nuiy  be  due  to  the  little  atten. 
tion  that  has  been  given  to  collecting  these  insects  here,  rather  than  t<i 
their  absence. 

I  have  taken  it  t'ronv  the  chicken  at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  from  the  cTiar 
acters  which  it  presents  F  believe  that  Packard's  (hmiocotcs  hurnellii 
was  described  from  a  female  of  this  spe(!i«'S. 

According  to  tlie  figures  given  by  I'iaget,  it  differs  decidedly  frcMii 
the  vnriahUiH,  with  which  it  is  most  likely  to  le  confused,  in  having  the 
head  rather  narrowed  in  front  instead  of  intlated,  and  the  body  is  much 
stouter. 

Besides  ocunirring  upon  the  common  d«)mcstic  fowl  it  is  said  to  occur 
upon  pheasants  of  certain  sjjecies. 


Guinea  Fowl  I.ipettrus. 

{LipeuruK  numidw  Denny.) 

Denny  described  this  species  under  the  name  of  Xirmus  numidw^hiit 
riaget  refers  it  to  the  genus  Lipeurns. 

It  is  characterized  by  Denny  as  "  livid  yellow,  shining  and  smooth; 
head  subpanduriform,  lateral  margin  black;  abdomen  with  twoluscous 
interrupted  dorsal  fasciae" 

As  he  states  that  he  found  "  t^\o  specimens,''  it  would  appear  not  to 
have  occurred  in  great  abundance. 


4 


LousK  OF  THE  Sheldrake. 

(lAjiriiriiH  tndormr  Dcnny;.^ /,»/)<■«>•«»(  lavtviin  Gieliel.) 

Denny  <lescribed  this  species  tVoin  specimens  taken  from  the  shel- 
drake, and  cites  also  a  manuscript  name  of  Leach.  Ornithobius  ta<lorna\ 
which  he  assumes  to  be  the  same  and  which  applied  to  specimens  in  the 
IJritish  ^Museum.  The  species  was  later  described  by  (liebel  witli  the 
name  lavtens,  though  he  at  the  same  time  tpiotes  Denny's  name  without 
stjitiug  any  reason  for  tiu-i  change. 

Piaget  states  that  he  prefers  the  name  chosen  by  (liebel  to  that  of 
tadornw  in  order  to  avoid  as  much  as  possible  the  names  of  birds  upon 
which  the  parasites  have  been  found.  If  this  princijtle  were  carried  out 
it  would  involve  the  change  of  hosts  of  names  applied  to  members  of 
this  group  of  insects,  and  as  it  is  directly  opi)osed  to  the  well-established 
principle  of  priority  we  believe  the  luime  applied  by  Denny  slu>uhl  be 
restored. 

The  insect  is  characterized  by  a  ndlky-white  cohu-,  the  surface  smooth 
and  shining,  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  with  bhick  marginal  spots; 
it  is  elongate  in  form  and  the  head  heart  shaped. 

Professor  Oomstocl  >  itcs  it  as  occurring  also  ujion  the  goose,  but  upon 
what  authority  we  are  unable  to  say,  as  the  authorities  consulted  mention 
it  only  as  a  parasite  of  the  sheldrake. 


SUBORDER  MALLOPHAGA. 


199 


J'ttle  atteii. 
htlier  tlmn  to 

jojii  tlio  cLar 
\>ff'fi  burncffii 

icidedly  from 

I  liaviii^r  f|,(. 

*o(\y  is  mncli 

<uid  to  occur 


mmiaw,  but 

'xi  'Smooth; 
two  tuscous 

I>eur  not  to 


i  the  sliel 

•leiia  ill  the 
''  witli  the 
lie  without 

f'>  that  of 
"rds  upon 
JTiied  out 
ambers  of 
itabh'sJied 
iliould  be 

!e  smooth 
a'  si)ot8; 

'»it  uj^on 
mention 


The  Pigeon  Lipeurus. 

{LipeiiruB  hacttlus  Nitzscli.) 

This  is  another  of  the  species  that  was  jjiven  a  name  and  figure  in 
the  work  by  Kedi  more  than  two  liundred  years  ago.  It  was  also 
described  briefly  by  Linnanis  under  tlie  name  of  Pediculus  columhv;  but 
since  the  description  by  Nitzsch  in  1818,  under  the  name  of  Lipvurns 
bacillus,  this  has  been  the  accepted  name,  and  has  been  used  by  nearly 
all  writers  since  that  time."  It  is  not  strange  that  it  attracted  the 
attention  of  early  naturalists,  as  it  occurs  in  wonderful  abundance  on 
almost  every  pigeon  that  may  be  examined,  and  its  striking  a])pear- 
auce,  due  to  the  extreme  slenderness  of  the  body,  would  at  once  catch 
the  eye  of  the  observer. 

It  is  about  2  mm.  in  length,  the  body  very  slender;  the  head  and 
thorax  are  of  a  bright  reddish-brown  color,  while  the  abdomen  is 
rather  dusky,  with  a  series  of  patches  of  a  brown  color  corresponding 
with  the  segments  of  the  abdomen. 

So  far  as  known,  this  species  is  confined  to  pigeons,  and  there  seems 
no  danger  of  their  being  transmitted  to  other  fowls 
with  which  they  may  associate. 

Piaget  states  that  he  has  found  the  females  astray 
up(m  a  Sula  alba,  ujmn  a  Totanus  filottis,  and  upon  a 
Charadrius  minor,  only  in  the  last  case  the  appendages 
of  the  clypeus  wanting;  the  last  segment  had  the 
lobes  more  acute  and  the  dimensions  were  less. 

Denny  described,  under  the  name  of  Xirnius  elavi- 
forniis,  what  appears  to  be  the  young  of  this  species, 
though  he  gives  measurements  for  males  and  females, 
whiiili  would  seem  to  indicate  that  he  was  able  to  see 
the  sexual  organs.  In  all  the  specimens  we  have 
examined  that  agree  with  his  ligureand  description  of 
this  form  we  have  been  unable  to  discover  the  genital 
organs,  which  makes  it  appear  that  tliey  are  immature, 
and  they  are  in  all  cases  associated  with  the  haculus,  with  which  they 
seem  to  agree  in  all  structural  characters.  The  body  is  shorter,  the 
niarkings  less  distinct,  ami  the  rudiment  of  a  trabecula  is  more  promi- 
nent than  in  the  adults. 

It  seems  best,  therefore,  at  least  till  well-marked  males  and  females 
can  be  found,  to  consider  these  as  inunatuie  bacnlus, 

Piaget  does  not  discuss  this  matter,  but  in  his  index  to  "Les  Pedic- 
ulines"  he  gives  N.  elari/ormifi  as  a  synonym  of  L.  baculus. 


Fio.  121.  —  Lipeurui 
hacidus —  enlarged 
(author'a  illuatra- 
tioii). 


'Oiebel  names  and  descriltcH  two  specioH,  baciUnH  and  oaculuft,  Telertiug  both  to 
NitzHch,  and  ])lacin<;  under  hacilliis  tlie  form  which  all  other  authors  refer  to  baculm, 
and  referriufj  to  haciiliin  a  form  not  separated  by  other  authors,  but  which  ho  de- 
scribes as  dirt'ereut  from  tlw  other  form.  It  seems  undesirable  to  add  names  without 
a  nM)ro  detuded  diifereuce  in  form,  and  wo  agree  with  I'iaget  in  uniting  both  under 
the  old  name. 


200 


INSECTS  AFFECTINd   DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


rt- 


iie.i 


The  Sqitalid  Duck  Louse. 

(lApeitrKH  Hqualidim  Nit/Hrli.) 

Accordinff  to  Benny,  tliis  species  was  referred  to  l)y  Fabrioiusnniloi' 
tlu',  name  of  Peilindns  onatis,  and  it  ^oeiiis  extremely  probable  tliat  it 
was  referred  to  under  other  names  by  nuiny  of  tlie 
early  writers,  sinee  it  is  so  <'onunon  on  many  species 
of  ducks  that  it  is  hardly  i>os.,ible  that  it  should 
liave  been  entirely  overlooked.  Tlie  first  deliuite 
r»'fe  Mice  to  it,  liowever,  is  the  description  by 
Nitzsch  in  1818;  and,  more  fortunate  than  some  of 
the  related  species,  this  has  been  allowed  to  hold  in 
all  snbse(iuent  works,  and  so  far  as  we  know  there 
are  no  syiuHiyms  for  its  specific  name. 

It  is  a  very  abundant  and  common  spec-ies  and 
o(!curson.i  f^reat  many  different  species  of  ducks, 
both  wild  and  domesticated;  indeed,  so  generally 
does  it  occur  on  the  different  species  of  the  genus 
A  tins  and  related  genera  that  we  may  alnu>st  say 
that  it  is  common  to  all  species  ()f  the  family  includ- 
ing th(^  ducks. 

It  is  (jnife  (iharacteristic  in  ai)pearance,  and  not 
likely  to  be  confused  with  other  species  on  the  same 
birds.  It  is  about  4  mm.  (one-sixth  inch)  in  length, 
elongate  in  form,  and  of  a  light  yellowish  color,  with 
dark  border  to  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen.  On 
the  latter  this  border  is  broken  into  a  series  of  quad- 
rate patches  corresi>onding  with  the  segments.  The 
young  lack  the  definite  markings  of  the  adults,  but  have  nearly  the 
same  general  outline  of  body.  The  annexed  figui*^  will  doubtless  enable 
anyone  to  detennine  with  certainty  as  to  specimens  taken  from  ducks. 

I.iprnriix  (UiHcris  Gurlt. 

TTiidei-  this  head  is  recognized  a  species  which  is  said,  to  differ  from 
the  «».sr//.s  of  Linna'us  and  other  authors,  which  is  referrt'd  to  jcjunuH 
of  Nitzsch.  It  was  described  from  specimens  taken  from  the  domestic 
goose,  but  would  api)ear  to  be  rather  a  rare  species  since  it  has  not  been 
generally  recognized.  We  insert  it  ui)on  the  authority  of  Piaget,  who 
seems  to  consider  it  as  iiiKiuestionably  distinct  from  related  species, 
though  apparently  in  doubt  as  to  the  real  form  from  which  the  descrip- 
tions were  made. 

TnK  Lii'KURUS  OF  THE  Goose. 

( LipenriiH  jejunuH  Nitzscli. ) 

It  is  generally  accepted  that  Redi  had  this  species  in  hand  as  one 
of  the  different  parasites  which  he  figured,  and  it  has  certainly  been 


Kin.  122.—  T.ipi'v  riit 
xijiiiiliiliiii—rii  1  a  I'm- 1 1 
(aiitlmr's  illiistiiilicuii. 


referred 
by  Nitzsi 
would  se 
taken  fro 
beau  g()< 

goose,  a« 
Itise^ 

of  tbe  g( 
We  hi 

pale  yell 

abdoniei 


SUHORDER  MALLOPHAGA. 


201 


>ricius  nndoi 

^"'''«  tliiit;  it 

J">aiiy  of  f  i,,' 

jMfUjy  SlH^cies 

m  it  siioiiM 
Jiist  (leJiuife 
l<'>il)tioii  by 
I'iin  some  of 
f<I  to  boJ(i  ii, 
know  there 


referred  to  by  Linnteus,  Albiii,  Olfers,  and  otiicrs,  but  the  description 
by  Nitzsch  may  be  taken  as  the  first  strictly  technical  description  that 
would  separate  it  certainly  from  related  forms.  Dcuny  records  it  as 
taken  from  the  white-fronted  {^oose,  the  brent,  the  wild  jioose,  and  the 
bean  goose,  and  Piaget  adds  the  gray  ^oose,  Canada  goose,  domestic 
goose,  and  the  nujypilcuH, 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  tliat  it  is  generally  distributed  ui»on  members 
of  the  goose  family. 

We  have  not  had  specimens  in  hand,  but  it  is  described  its  slender, 
pale  yellow-white,  with  a  iMtcthy  margin,  the  lirst  <'iglit  segments  of  the 
abdomen  with  (juadrangnhir  bands,  and  tlie  legs  dusky  above. 

TiiK  Turkey  Louse. 


pe(!ies  and 
'•■^  of  ducks, 
<>  goneiiiJIy 

the  geiiiis 
almost  say 
nilyinclud- 

<«,  .'ind  not 
"»  the  same 
"»  loiigth, 
color,  with 
f>uu'ii.    On 
PS  of  quad- 
ants.    The 
nearly  the 
«ss  enable 
>ni  ducks. 


iffer  from 

domestic 
not  been 
«'et,  who 
8j)ecies, 
descrip 


as  one 
ly  been 


( l.iiifitniH  poliitntjivziiiH  Nit/.scli.) 

This,  like  the  niriahilin,  apptiars  to  iiave  been  one  of  the  earliest 
species  to  receive  recognition,  as  Linna-us  cites  liedi  (10xi»er.,  t.  II,  fig. 
2)  with  the  name  Pi'diciilns  nvcipitris,  while  he  himself  uses  the  name 
Pediculuft  mi'leatfridis,  and  gives  a  brief  description,  wiiich  i)robably 
refers  to  this  species.  Authors  have 
(juite  generally,  however,  foUowed  the 
name  given  by  Xitzsch,  as  above.  It 
has  d(mbtless  been  common  wherever 
this  fowl  has  been  kept  and  is  one  of  the 
familiar  species. 

It  is  of  rather  large  size,  ^  to  3i  mm. 
(an  eighth  of  an  inch)  in  length,  of  an 
elongated  form,  having  a  pale,  yellowish 
white  coh>r,  and  with  a  black  margin 
arouiul  the  body.  The  abdomen  is  long, 
and  all  the  segments  but  the  last  are 
marked  with  agrayish  brown  trapezoidal 
spot  on  each  side.    According  to  Denny: 

Tlieiriiio(l(<  of  profrressioii  is  rather  siiif^iilar, 
as  well  as  rajdd.  They  slidt-,  as  it  were,  side- 
wise  extremely  (piick  from  oiio  side  of  tlio  tiber 
of  ii  feather  to  tlio  other,  and  move  e(iiially 
well  ill  a  forward  or  retrograde  direetioii,  which, 
together  with  their  Hat,  jiolished  bodies,  ren- 
ders them  extremely  dilliciilt  to  eateli  or  hold. 
1  have  observed  that  where  two  or  more  genera  infest  one  bird,  they  have  eaeb  their 
favorite  localities;  for,  while  the  (loniodes  ali/lifer  •\\U\  ho  found  on  the  breast  and 
neck  of  the  bird,  the  Lipeiim/i  pohjtrapez'tHx  will  be  conij;regatod  in  numbers  on  the 
webs  and  shafts  of  the  ]>rimary  wiiiu;  featlnrs. 

Veryconnuonon  turkeys,  and  I  have  specimens  from  tlie  wiUl  turkey 
as  well. 


laiKi'il  (alter  l'iaj;i'l). 


202 


INSECTS  APPECTlNa  DOMESTIC  ANIM\LS. 


'II  r 


I 


Km.  124.— /,i'- 

jifvni.1  vari- 
ahilit  — oil- 
lar{;i'<l  (after 
Dfiiuy). 


Br 


The  Vauiable  Chicken  Louse. 

{Lij'curua  variahilia  Nit/sch.) 

Tliis  species  appears  to  have  been  reeoide*!  as  early  as  1668  by  Kedi. 
later  by  Fristjli,  unless  these  both  refer  to  Mciiopon  jKillidiim,  and  to 
have  receiveil  a  brief  (leseription  by  Linna-us  ( FaM»/(  Sue 
viva.  No.  1!)6())  under  the  name  of  Pedivulnx  caponis.  The 
nana'  by  which  it  is  now  universally  known,  however,  was 
{jiven  with  descriptiori  by  Nitzsch  in  181S  (dennar's  Mag., 
Ill,  2\)'2),  While  no  very  extensive  literature  seems  to 
have  accumulated  in  reference  to  this  particular  speciies, 
it  is  of  course  included  in  the  many  articles  referring  to 
jxiultry  lice  in  general.  It  does  not  seem,  however,  to  be 
so  abundant  as  some  of  the  other  species  infesting  the 
c(mimon  domestii*  fowl. 

11  is  abimt  2  nun.  (one-twelfth  of  an  inch)  in  length,  the 
body  elongated,  of  a  whitish  color,  and  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. The  margins  of  the  body  are  black ;  the  head  is  large, 
rounded  on  the  anterior  margin,  and  the  whole  appearance 
sufiiciently  distinct  from  any  of  the  s.pecies  infesting  the 
chicken,  so  that,  with  the  ai«l  of  the  ttgure,  there  can  be  lu)  difficulty  in 
distinguishing  it  at  a  glance.  Denny  says:  "Common  ou  the  domes- 
tic fowl,  preferring  the  prinniry  and  secondarj* 
feathers  of  the  wings,  among  the  webs  of  which  ""ic^^*^ 

they  move  with  great  celerity." 

Thk  Whitk  Swan  Loise. 

(^Orn'ilhobiun  vjKini  l>cimy;  O.  hiicephahia  (Jioliel.) 

This  large  and  handsome  si)ecies  was  (juite 
certainly  recogni/e«l  by  liedi  and  ligured  by  him 
and  has  received  frecpient  mention  since.  It  is 
a  conspicuous  species,  and  appears  to  occur  in 
great  abundance  on  different  species  of  swans, 
so  that  it  is  readily  obtained.  It  has  be^n  re- 
corded as  occurring  on  the  domestic  and  wild 
swan  of  the  old  world  as  Avell  as  the  wusicns 
and  heirichii,  and  we  have  taken  it  in  great 
abundance  from  the  common  swan  of  tliis  coun- 
try, probably  the  Tiumpeter  Swan. 

The  body  in  this  species  is  whitish,  but  so 
transparent  that  all  the  internal  organs  are 
easily  seen  through  the  body  walls.  There  are 
black  points  .at  the  outer  hind  margins  of  about  four  of  the  abdominal 
segments,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  and  the  last  segment  in  dusky  or 
uearly  black.    It  is  4  mm.  long  (one-sixth  of  an  inch),  and  t^  e  body  is 


l''l(}.  \2!>.  —  t>niithol)iu.i  ci/'/iii — 
•'iilarjiiMl  (aiitlior'H  illimtra- 
tioii). 


rather  slen 
to  be  almoj 
which  harl 
contain  bh 
blood  fron 
deep  enoUi 
may  have 
bird. 


While  i 
cius  abou 
certain  re 
in  1818. 
on  the  CO 
know  the 
eut  stage 
tantdepa 
thorough 
It  is  « 
has  muc 
other  d(j 
larly  by 
and  the 
out  in  a 
will  oftc 
a  hair  i 
what  di 
insect. 

Then 
on  any 
observi 
When 
a  wasl 
be  alio 
slowly 


Son 
site  c 
referi 
of  Pi 
uude 


SUnORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


203 


rather  slender  and  decidedly  flattened.  Altojyether  this  species  seems 
to  be  almost  as  beautiful  and  as  j?raceful  iu  its  movements  as  tlie  bird 
which  harbors  it.  Some  of  the  specimens  we  have  secured  appear  to 
contain  blood,  and  wliile  these  jiarasites  are  not  supposed  to  extract 
blood  from  their  hosts,  it  is  possible  that  they  may  at  times  burrow 
deep  en<mfih  to  secure  access  to  th«^  ciipillaries  or  feed  upon  blood  that 
may  liave  exudeil  from  wounds  upon  the  surface  of  the  body  of  the 
bird. 

THK    LoilSK   OF   THK   ('AT. 


«»gth,  the 
Jmd  shin- 
id  is  large, 
Ppearance 
esting  the 
ifficulty  in 
he  doiues- 


:^. 


Ml 


{TrU'hodevliH  mibroniraliin  NilZHcli.) 

While  it  is  jiossible  that  this  parasite  was  referred  to  by  Otto  l^'abri- 
cius  about  the  year  17S()  under  the  name  of  PeMcnluH  c((nis,  the  first 
certain  referen»'e  to  it  app^-ars  to  have  been  the  description  by  Kitzsch 
in  1818.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  referred  to  by  nearly  all  writers 
on  the  common  ]>arasites  of  animals,  but  so  far  as  we 
know  there  has  been  no  special  description  of  the  differ 
ent  stafi'es,  and  we  must  asstune  that  there  is  no  impor 
tant  departure  from  the  habits  of  species  that  are  more 
thoroughly  known. 

It  is  a  little  more  than  a  millimeter  in  length,  and 
has  much  the  appearance  of  tlie  species  occurring  (►n 
other  domestic  aninuds,  but  is  distinguished  parti<'U- 
larly  by  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is  (piite  pointed, 
and  the  under  part  of  the  front  of  the  head  is  hollowed 
out  in  a  furrow  about  the  size  of  a  hair.  The  insect 
will  often  be  found  adhering  by  the  mouth  parts  with 
a  hair  so  «^losely  hehl  in  this  groove  that  it  is  some- 
what difli<;ult  to  tell  where  the  hair  begins  as  sej)arate  from  the 
insect. 

There  is  no  re(!ord  that  we  have  seen  that  indicates  its  presence 
on  any  other  animal  than  the  domestic  cat,  and.  Judging  by  my  own 
observatiim,  it  is  oidy  occasionally  that  cats  become  infested  with  it. 
When  they  <h)  the  usual  remedies  may  bo  administered,  especially 
a  washing  with  kerosene  emulsion,  after  which  the  animal  should 
be  allowed  to  dry  in  a  warm  i)lace,  as  the  fur  is  so  line  that  it  dries 
slowly. 

TiiK  liTTma  LoTTSK  <»K  THE  l>oa. 


l-'ui.  V26.  —  Trieho- 
di'ctes  luhrciitratuii 
— eiilarj;iMl  (aii- 
tlitir's  i  11 II  Ht  ra- 
tion). 


'«   illiistra- 


lominal 
iisky  or 
body  is 


{Ti'ichodcclfK  latiiH  Nit/.st^li.) 

Something  over  a  century  ago  DeCieer  mentioned  a  species  of  para- 
site on  the  dog  under  the  nante  of  Ricinus  cams,  which  probably 
referred  to  this  species,  and  another  mention  by  Olfers  under  the  name 
of  Pediculns  sefosiis  probably  preceded  the  descriution  by  l!fitz8ch 
under  the  name  which  the  insect  has  borne  since  1818. 


i' 

1;  i 

■*■        "■  '< 

i'  1 

■■;r       ■■'■r 

204 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMATES. 


■ft 


•Ii 


Prohably  everyone  who  has  had  mucli  to  do  with  dojjs  is  aware  to 
what  an  extent  this  parasite  may  nudtiply  and  how  troublesome  it  is 
to  this  Iriend  of  man.  It  is  generally  believed  that  the  liee  are  niovf 
troublesome  to  pupiiies  than  to  old  dojjs,  and  it  is  not 
at  all  unlikely  tiiat  the  insects  mi}>rate  when  iiossibic 
from  older  to  youn<«er  aninuds. 

In  color  this  species  agrees  i)retty  closely  with  tlic 
other  species,  and  it  is  of  about  the  same  length  as 
the  cat  louse,  a  little  more  than  I  mm.,  but  it  is  miicli 
broader  in  ]iro])oriion,  being  more  than  half  as  wideiis 
long,  an<l  the  head  is  short  and  the  frcMU  but  slightly 
<-nrved. 


Fki.  \21.—lrirhnihcten 
liitiiH  —  <•  II  1 II  r  {;<'''. 
(iiftor  Oriiiiy). 


Tin;  i^oTTSE  OF   vuk  I>kai{. 

{Trivhtxin  tin  itiiiiiiiis  Nit/scli. ) 

Inasmuch  as  tiie  common  brown  bear  has  been  to  a  considerable 
extent  domesticated,  and  indee<l  furnishes  a  means  of  sui)p(U't  to  a 
certain  class  of  peojyle.  it  seems  jn-opi'r  to  introdnci^  menticm  of  its 
common  parasite  here.  The  species  was  described  by  N^itzseh,  and 
apparently  later  authors  have  done  little  more  than  quote  his  deserip 
tion.  To  what  an  extent  bruin  sulfera  from  the  company  of  his  guests 
we  are  not  aware,  but  they  probably  multiply  upcm  him  as  i)n  other 
aninnds  and  cause  him  the  same  amount  of  annoyance. 

It  is  described  as  <;haracterized  by  the  form  of  the  head,  which   is 
sulxpiatlrangular.     It  is  nearly  2  mm.  in  length. 

TlIK   liOT'KE   OF   Till',    T^LA^fA. 


(Trichntlectcs  hnrirt'im  Ifmlow.) 

In  some  parts  of  S>)uth  America  the  llanni  is  a  very  important  domes- 
tie  animal,  and  oonseciuently  this  parasite  has  a  place  with  the  other 
species  included  in  this  work. 

This  species  was  described  by  liudow  in  1S(»(),  \)ut  as  we  h.ive  not 
seen  specimens  we  must  leave  it  with  the  mere  PKMition.  It  is  said  to 
be  1  mm.  in  length,  ami  (bmbtless  agrees  closely  with  tiie  .)ther  spociea 
of  the  genus  in  appearance. 

TlIK    liOrSK   OF   TllK   (loAT. 

(Triclioilecti'K  rlimax  NitzHch.) 

Since  this  species  was  described  by  Nitzsch  in  llie  early  part  of  the 
present  century  it  does  not  seem  to  have  received  very  frequent  notice, 
and  Denny  does  not  appear  to  have  fount^  it  in  England. 

It  is  described  as  having  the  head  wider  than  long,  (juadrangular  in 
shape,  and  the  body  in  the  female  nearly  two-thirds  as  wide  as  long, 
the  length  being  about  1.^  mm. 


SUHOUDER    MALLOPHA(}A. 


205 


18  aware  td 
)le.somo  it  is 
ico  aio  nioK' 
and  it  is  noi 
Jieii  possible 


'I'lui  rricli<nl<Ttr.s  ciiftnv  of  (Jnrit  Ih  considt'rjMl  l>y  Piiijjet  as  identitial 
with  dim<i.r,  wliilo  +he  Tr.  cajiinr  of  i'ackard  is  not  nientiou^d  l»y  him,  ' 


(^^ 


c<^^ 


^  '' 


Kio.  Vi.'A-trkhodccUn  cUmax :  a,  iiia'..;  /-,  f.nml.v  c,  c;:^'-"!!  greatly  eulurfe'tU  (ori«iimI). 

but  J'roft'ssov  Venill  hiis  exjnessi-d  tiie  opinion  tluit  it  is  eciuivalent  to 
ImlxttiiK,  mention  of  which  follo'vs.    It  nuiy  l)e  stated  liere,  however, 


%^:ii0  ] 


FlO.  129.— rrichudecleslimbatus:  a,  tViiiiiU<;  h,  malt!— lareatly  cnlarstxl  ((irigiiiiil). 

that  the  figure  given  by  Packard  agrees  well  with  Piaget's  figure  of 
climax.  .  It  lias  been  colleeted  from  goats  at  Baltimore  by  Dr.  A. 
Hasaall. 


20fi 


INSECTS   AFFEf'TiNO   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Trivho 


limhiiliiii  (jurvaiH. 

This  spccios  is  ivfcrrtMl  to  tlm  Angora  (lout,  aiul  in  lecogiii/.ed  as  a 
distinct  hiu'cIcs  by  (iiolnO,  Pia;;ut,  and  otiiers.  It  is  the  spi'i^ies  to  wliicli 
I'rof'essor  \''.Mrill  tiiinks  Dr.  I'acliaril's  caiira-  belongs.  Dr.  I'aclianl 
(Iocs  not  slate  uiion  wlii(th  sperics  of  goat  lio  tbund  his  specimens,  l>iit 
it  is  [trobablu  tliat  tiiey  were  fnun  the  common  species,  and  if  so,  ami 
inasmmth  as  his  lignre  agrees  fairly  well  with  climu.r, 
it  wouhl  se«'m  as  likely  to  belong  there. 

In  a  recent  bulletin  from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  In 
(lustry,  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  describes  these  forms  and 
endeavors  to  establish  their  specihc  identity.  The 
principal  points  urged  are  a  proportioinil  difference 
in  si/e  between  nniles  and  females,  a  difference  in 
nmrkings,  and  dift'ereuce  in  size  of  eggs,  but  those  are 
all  variable,  and  the  dittereuces,  as  shown  in  the  ex- 
fki.  r.m. ^Trieiioiieohii    eelleut  ligures  a<'companying  the  report,  are  so  slight 

iiirg.,a(uit.ri)..niiv).    *'''*^*  ^^^  •"■^'  *^"®  "'^''^  impressed  with  the  view  that 
they  are  only  varieties,  and  unless  it  be  shown  that 
they  do  not  interbreed  nor  survive  if  changed  from  one  host  to  the  other 
we  should  be  inclined  to  use  the  two  names  as  synonyms. 

Thk  Lottsk  of  the  Subkp. 

^Trichvdevlea  M2>l"''*'ootl>li<iliix  Nit.y.Bcrh.) 


^gI?5S2gD    s 


^^-^^t^ 


Fio.  \31.—Tnehodeetes  sphcerocephalut:  a.  female;  6,  antoiiiiai  e,  d,  <1orHal  and  ai<Ie nspottt  of  leg— all 

enlarged  (original). 

Redi  Ls  credited  with  the  recognition  of  this  spet'ies,  and  following 
him  Liunseus  described  it  under  the  name  of  Pediculus  ovis,  and  later 


still  it  was 
reference  to 
occurrence, 
would  be  in 
of  the  host. 
It  has  he 
from  (5air.u 
useful  in  tl 
The  11.11" 
head.    Tb( 
Where  i 
destroying 
few  in  11" 
appUwi^^^" 

Tl 


The  or 

under  th 

Trkhodcf 

sioii  thatj 

as  Trichi 

and  wide 

as  tlie  1 

insect   i 

the   8'«i> 

form  un 

taiuly  !^ 

the  fan 

andwei 

by  one 

regard! 

duce  tl 

ever,  l< 

ence  I 

equall 

the  l« 

Linno 

on  te< 

willt 

and  i 

jiaui 


SrnORDER   MALLOPHAOA. 


207 


(^'•-  ''uckar.l 
r'i'iu'ns,  1,1,1 

r  '^"  «<>,  iiiKl 

JAiiiiujii  Id 
jo  forms  and 
l"^'ty.    Tilt! 
|1  (litteroii('<> 
jiftereiice  in 
lit  thoiso  jue 
'  in  the  ax. 
i«  so  .slight 
^  view  tluit 
''•own  that 
to  the  other 


ir. 


"f  leg-all 

lowing 
d  later 


still  it  WHH  deseribed  in  detail  uikUt  the  niiiiie  fjfivj'n  above.  Denny's 
reference  to  it  would  indicate  it  as  ran^  in  lOngland.  It  is  of  rather  nire 
occurreiu'c,  M'hich  may  be  considered  as  fortunate,  for,  if  abundant,  it 
would  be  ratlier  dillicult  to  contend  with  on  account  of  th«'  lout;  wool 
of  the  host. 

It  has  been  fairly  plentiful  at  Ames  on  sheep  widrh  eaine  orijjinally 
from  Oanada,  and  proved  quite  troublesome,  ryrethrum  proved  most 
useful  in  the  long  wool  in  winter. 

The  name  indicates  its  charattteristie  feature,  namely,  the  rounded 
Leiwl.    The  color  agrees  closely  with  the  related  spetiies. 

Where  it  occurs  it  will  be  the  best  plan  to  pay  close  attcution  to 
destroying  them  at  the  tinu<  of  clipping  the  sheej)  even  if  they  are  but 
few  in  number,  as  at  any  other  time  the  labor  of  making  thorough 
applicutions  for  laem  is  greatly  increased. 

The  1Utin(^  Lk'k  ok  ITousks,  Miilks,  Amsks,  v.vc. 

(  Trichoileetm  ei/ui  anct.) 

The  original  reference  by  liiuiueus  to  the  lice  of  horses  and  asses 
under  the  name  of  Pediculus  aiui  most  certaiidy  refers  to  the  common 
Trk'hodectex  infesting  these  aninmls,  but  IMaget  has  reac.  A  the  conclu- 
sion that  this  reference  is  to  the  form  subsequently  desc.ibed  by  (liebel 
as  Trichodevtea  piloaua,  and  that  the  form  described  by  Denny  as  equi, 
and  which  has  since  almost  universally  been  tieated 
as  the  Linnu^an  species,  was  in  reality  a  different 
insect  from  that  described  by  Linnanis  under 
the  same  name.  He  therefore  describes  this 
form  under  the  name  of  parumpilomts.  It  is  cer- 
tainly somewhat  confusing  to  be  obliged  to  drop 
the  familiar  designation  for  so  common  a  species, 
and  were  it  not  that  this  conclusion  has  been  reached 
by  one  who  is  probably  the  highest  living  authority 
regarding  these  insects  we  should  hesitate  to  intro- 
duce the  change.  The  figures  given  by  Piaget,  how- 
ever, leave  no  question  that  there  is  a  decided  differ- 
ence between  jnlosus  and  parumpilosus,  and  it  is 
equally  certain  that  o'.r  common  species  belongs  to 
the  latter  form;  so,  if  there  is  no  question  as  to 
Linnaeus  having  the  form  pilosun  in  hand,  we  certainly  have  no  right 
on  technical  grounds  to  apply  the  term  cqui  to  our  common  form.  We 
will  therefore  introduce  descriptions  and  comparisons  of  the  two  forms 
and  adopt,  for  the  present  at  least,  and  on  the  authority  of  Piaget,  the 
nam  "3  given  in  his  Les  P^dicvdines. 


Fici.  i:i2.  —  Triehoilecteg 
]iHo»u  I — e  II 1  a  r  g  ed 
(after  IMaget). 


208 


INHECTH   APFIXTFNO    DOMKSTIC   ANIMALS. 


-i 


'tVUhodevtvH  jtilimiia  UMn>l. 

ThiH,  iicc()riliii|>-  to  iMii^'ttt,  is  the  t'oriii  ori^niially  dcsi^Miiitrd  by  ],iii. 
iiii'us  :i.s  iiiiii,  iiiid  wliicli,  it'  tliiit  is  correct,  wuh  tliu  biisis  for  u  iiaiin' 
wliicii  has  been  widely  uhc<1  to  (Icsi^iiatc  tlu^  biting'  licoot* tli(niieiiibcr> 
of  the  liorsc  laiiiily.  'I'lic  ori;;iiial  rct'crcncc  dates  baciv  <'-onwitlcrabl,\ 
nion^  tiitiii  a  century,  and  doid>th'ss  tlie  ins«>ct  was  familiar  many  <-en 
tiiries  betbi'«^  that,  as  tiie  horst^  and  ass  have  been  too  tUmiliar  a> 
domestic  aninnds  to  allow  of  the  parasites  common  to  them  eHcapiii;; 
entirely  llu^  notice  of  man. 

According'  to  IMaj^ct  this  occurs  upon  both  the  ass  and  thu  Iuumc, 
while  the  followin^^  species  he  has  found  only  on  the  liorHc. 

^Ve  have  not  be«'ii  fortunate  »'nouj>h  to  secure  examjdes  of  this  form, 
thou;;'h  we  have  tlie  other  in  ^reat  abundance,  so  we  art^  compelled  in 

describing;'  to  depend  upon  tlu^  excellent  descri|>- 
tion  and  lij;iiresof  IMa;;et,  the  latter  beiny;  repro- 
duced hert^  for  comparison.  The  head  in  this 
form  is  shorter  and  less  rounded  in  front,  that 
of  the  male  ))ein;>'  still  less  rounded  than  the 
female,  whih^  the  abdomen  is  more  slentlcr  and 
taperiii};'.  The  transverse  bands  are  also  repre- 
sented as  less  conspi(;uous.  Perhajis  the  most 
striidiij;'  point,  however,  is  the  position  of  the 
antenna-,  which  stand  well  forwai'<l  on  the  head, 
so  that  the  front  border  of  the  head  and  bas^e  uf 
the  antenme  are  nearly  in  liiu'. 

The  habits  of  the  species  and  the  remedies 
applicable  to  it  are  naturally  identical  with  those 
of  the  other  related  species. 


Fio.  inn,  —  Triehmleetet  par. 
uiiiliilum-ii  (MiluiK<'<l  (:tii 
tbor'H  llhiBtnitiiiii). 


Trirho(lectc»  paruiniiiloBiiH  Piufj[et. 


While  it  does  not  Heem  possible  that  all  the 
writers  previous  to  Denny  should  have  over- 
looked this  form,  which  appears  to  be  the  more  <'(»inmon  one,  at  least 
on  the  horse,  it  may  be  true  that  Denny  was  the  lirst  to  pive  it  a  tbor 
ougli  des(ri'iption  and  cand'nl  drawinjj.  lie  speaks  of  it  as  common  on 
the  horse  and  ass,  but  IMaj^et  says  he  has  never  found  it  on  the  ass, 
and  there  is  of  ccmrse  a  possibility  that  Denny  did  not  distinguish 
between  this  and  tln^  preceding  species. 

In  this  Hpe(!ies  the  hea<l  is  decidedly  rounded  in  front,  the  antenna' 
inserted  wm'II  back,  8(»  that  the  head  forms  a  full  senucircle  in  front  of 
the  base  of  the  antenna'.  The  abdomen  is  more  slender  and  tapering 
than  in  smlarls,  but  less  so  than  in  pHotitis,  as  shown  in  I^iaget's  figures. 

The  color  is  much  the  same  as  in  the  allied  species,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  legs  being  a  bright  reddish  brown,  or  chestnut,  and  the  abdomen 
of  a  dusky  yellowish  color,  with  about  eight  transverse  <lusky  bands 
occupying  the  central  or  anterior  portions  of  the  segments  and  extend- 


ing fnm>  ^' 
Tliey  aie  In 
longer  and 
I'iaget  d« 
zi'bra  (/•''/« 
serie.t  of  ey 
the  snudl 
th(^  tarsi  p 
respects  ap 
The  habi 
for  nmiiy  :\ 
colts  or  ho 
the  latter 
to  cause  g 
particulail 
base  of  th 
rub  bare  p 
from  the  ii 
It  is  un 
they  nuisi 
other  spet: 
Kven  if 
ordinarily 
be  policy 
to  associi* 
ance  as  > 
members 


This  s] 

upon  cat 

to  have 

Linna'us 

under  tl 

dently  tl 

name  of 

Notwith 

which  w 

which  i 

(Gcrma 

and  it 

subseqi 

I' 


SUnORDKR  MALLOI'IIAOA. 


20!) 


iiig  fk'oin  tiio  iiiidillt^  lino  a  littlu  iiioro  tliuii  liiilt'wiiy  to  tliu  tiuirtjin. 
Tliuy  aril  Ininlly  mh  cnnspiriioiiH  as  in  mdhiris,  iiiitl  iippai'viitly  ratliur 
loii|(ut'  iiixl  innrr  conspicuous  tlian  In  piloNiiH.^ 

I'iagi't  tU'srribcs  two  Narii'tifs  of  this  species, one  tVoni  i\w  Uuiclieirs 
zchia  {{JiiuiiH  hitrrliilli)  wliicli  lie  calls  var.  nnUatn  on  account  of  a 
Herie.-i  of  eye  lil;*^  ninroloied  spots  on  tlie  alxloinen,  iiiid  tiiu  other  from 
the  snnill  horses  of  .liiva,  var.  tnrxtiln,  wiiicii  has  the  seconil  Joint  of 
tlu^  tarsi  particularly  <U>\<'lope<l,  and  whicli  he  mentions  as  in  Home 
respects  approaching;  /nlosiiH, 

The  hahits  of  this  spe»'ies  ar»^  well  known  and  have  received  mention 
for  many  years.  They  seem  to  accninuhite  more  particularly  upon 
colts  or  horses  in  pasture, but  their  pieseiice  becomes  most  manifest  in 
the  hitter  part  of  the  wintei-,  when  they  may  bec(Hne  S(»  numerous  as 
to  cause  jfreat  initation  to  the  aidmals  infested.  They  oc,cuj)y  more 
particularly  the  i-e<;'ion  of  the  neck,  and  also  accumidate  around  the 
basi'  of  the  tail  and  between  the  le;;s,  anil  the  animals  will  fro(|Uently 
rub  bare  places  in  these  regions  in  their  atteniitts  lo  rid  themselves 
from  the  iiritation. 

It  is  unne(!essary  to  give  ^iny  spcM-ial  notice  regarding  treatment,  aa 
they  must  be  attacked  on   the  sannt  plan  as 
other  species. 

Kveu  if  it  proves  that  this  species  does  not 
ordinarily  infest  the  mule  or  donkey,  it  would 
be  p«)licy  not  t  •  allow  these  aninnils,  if  inlested. 
to  associate  with  horses,  as  we  have  no  assur- 

anco  as  yet  t!nit  they  can  not  thrive  on  any  f^^~^iX!^  'OCii-v  ^ 
members  of  the  equim'  family. 

JilTlNlt    lilOK   OF   (lATTI.K. 


(Tv'tihoihcli s  xi-alariH  TS'it/.Hcli.) 

This  species,  Mhich  is  a  very  abundant  one 
upon  cattle  ami  occurs  the  world  over,  api)ears 
to  have  been  lirst  technically  described  by 
Lininens  (System.  Xatura',  VII,  p.  1017,  5o. !)) 
under  the  name  of  Vedindm  htH'is,  and  evi- 
dently the  same  species  is  referred  to  under  the 
name  of  J'cdimlns  la uri  {Fauna  ISucvini,  11)10). 
Notwithstanding  these  descriptions,  both  of 
which  were  under  .i  dillerent  genus  from  that  in 
which  it  is  now  i)laced,  the  si)ecies  was  again  described  by  Nitzsch 
(Germar's  ]\Iagazine,  III,  L'90)  under  the  name  of  Tricliodrctcs  scahiria, 
and  it  has  been  known  l)y  this  name  in  all  of  the  numerous  writings 
subseiiuent  to  this  description.    It  has  been  treated  by  all  writers 


V II  I. \M.  —  'J'tlcliiiitectftsealnriii~ 
i'nlai';4('il  (iiutlior's  illuMtrit- 
tion). 


>  Tho  hair  lintt  iu  tho  tiguru  is  about  oue-iifth  longer  than  it  Hbould  be. 
4053— No.  o 14 


210 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


upon  tlifi  parasites  of  animals  and  is  one  of  tlio  best  known  species  of 
parasitic  insects.  The  elfects  upon  the  cattle  infested  are  often  cpiitc 
serious  on  account  of  their  jiveat  nnnd)er,  hut  tiiey  are  ajipart'Utly  h'ss 
injurious  than  the  siu^toiial  species  which  infest  cattle.  This  injury 
depends,  of  course,  upon  the  nunibers  occurriiijif  upon  the  indi\  idiial, 
and  somewhat  up(»n  the  irritability  of  the  animal  infested.  This 
species  nuwh  resembles  the  form  occurriiiy  upon  horses,  but  is  some 
what  shorter,  and  the  abdomen  tapers  less  toward  the  extrenuty;  the 
dark  bands  across  the  abdomen  are  also  more  distinct.  They  are  ^'en 
erally  found  in  greatest  abundance  in  the  sprinj;*  of  tlu^  yesir,  at  wliich 
time  adults  and  ejigs  are  discovered  in  yreat  numbers.  Their  develop- 
ment corresponds  v-Mi  the  other  species,  and  tliey  are  subjei^t  to  the 
same  methods  <»f  atca«'k. 

They  are  very  distinct  from  the  su(!torial  species  in  ap])earance,  and 
this  ditference  is  reco<jnized  by  i)ractical  men,  who  si)eak  of  them  as 
the  ''little  red  lice,"  as  contrasted  with  the  "blue  lice,''  and  tln'y  recog 
nize,  too,  the  ditference  in  the  trouble  caused  by  the  two  species. 

The  api)Iication  of  kerosen«>.  enndsion  or  of  tobacco  decoction  at  sea- 
sons when  this  is  practicable  is  etVcctivt',  and  we  have  found  the  proc- 
ess of  fumigation  described  in  the  chai»tcr  on  remedies  to  be  etVective. 
This,  of  course,  is  applicabh".  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  even  in  cold 
weatlier,  Avithout  danger  to  the  animal. 

Family  LK  >'ri[En).F.. 
Loi  sK  OF  I'liK  Dove. 

(  VenojWH  jiiyanteiim  1  )('iiny.) 

This  species  of  hmse  infesting  doves  is  described  by  Denny  (Anop. 
Brit.,  225,  f.  2,  \)\.  21).  It  does  not  appear  to  hav«*  been  commonly  ob- 
served since  that  time.  A  species  is  described  under  the  name  of 
Menopon  latum  (Piaget,  Les  IN'dic.,  -t.lT).  which  is  probably  the  same 
as  Mcnopon  ffigantiiim.  As  the  species  is  evidently  not  a  very  abun- 
dant one,  and  the  habits  an<l  remedies  for  this  species  are  very  similar 
to  those  for  the  Mirnqxtn  p<illi<li(m,  it  is  not  necessary  to  enter  into 
detail  as  to  treatment.  .'  ccording  to  Denny,  it  is  of  a  yeUowish-browu 
color,  shining,  the  head  with  a  small  brown  patch  on  each  side,  the 
prothorax  Avith  a  cruciform  depression  and  the  lateral  margin  rellected. 

The  Common  Hen  liOi  se. 


{Mrnoiwu  jiallidinn  Nitzsch.) 

This  species,  probably  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  lice  infesting 
poultry,  has  been  a  familiar  creature  in  the  writings  of  entomologists, 
and  also  in  all  the  literature  of  poultry  raising. 

It  was  evidently  recognized  by  Eedi  (Exper.,  tab.  IG,  tig,  1),  who 
figured  it  under  the  name  of  Pulex  lapi.    Linnieus  described  it  as 


SUI50HDER   MALLOPIIAGA. 


211 


PcdivuluH  //«7///t^r  (Syst.  Nat.,  lOL'0, 32),  and  it  is  also  iiieiitioiied  by  Partzer 
iiii(U'rtlic  same  iiaine.  Olfers  doy Tibed  it  iiiuler  the  name  of  .V/r/«Hs 
Irij/oiiocepliahis,  and  Nitzs(!h,  i('C(>{jfiiiziiij»'  .ts  true  generic,  relations,  {•ave 
it  tlio  name  i)i  Menopon paUUhitii.  While  Denny,  <liebel,  and  Piajiv!; 
nil  iiinree  in  relerrinj;'  the  il'^iire  by  Kedi  to  this  sj^'ciies, 
liinnnMis  ])la('es  it  under  his  PtdicnhiN  vapoiiiN^  which 
is  (M|uivalent  to  Lifxiinis  rnrldhHix  X. 

Tlie  annoyance  Ihat  this  one  species  causes  poultry 
is  ]>robabIy  e(puil  to  that  oC  all  tht  other  si)ecies  com- 
liincd,  for  it  occurs  in  j^reat  abundiince,  and  almost 
every  low  1  examined  will  be  found  infested.  Then, 
too,  it  passes  rea<lily  to  other  species  of  Itirds,  and 
iiiany  instaiu-es  are  recorded  where  horses  kept  near 
licnroosts  ha\e  been  very  seriously  troubled  by  them. 
Some  ol"  these  a(u;ounts  seem  hardly  credible,  taken  Km.  isn.-.Vc «<-;.»« 
in  connection  with  the  hal»its  of  the  insect. and  we  are       /"<«"'"'"     'Miiucid 

.  (iiltiT  lUiiiin ). 

inclined  to  think  tliat  tlie  worst  cases,  at  least,  may 

have  been  due  to  I  he  presence  of  itch  mites  on  the  jxtultry  and  the 

ndiiration  of  them  to  the  h<»rses, 
^-^''^  Ihouyh  in  such  case  we  shouhl  ex- 

pect the  fowls  themselves  to  show 
more  serious  injury.  It  is,  at  any 
rate,  imjwrtant  to  keep  lousy 
chickens  away  from  horses. 

This  louse  is  pretty  easily  dis- 
tinj'uished  from  other  common 
species  infesting  the  hen  by  its 
light  color  and  its  great  activitj^, 
running  with  gieat  celerity  among 
the  feathers  ami  from  them  upon 
the  hands  of  i)ersons  holding 
fowls.  It  is  from  1  to  Ih  mm.  iu 
length,  rather  slender,  and  of  a 
light  straw-yellow  colcu-, 

Ifemedies  for  this  species  must 
aim  to  reach  the  hiding  places  of 
the  lice  on  the  roosts  and  in  the 
cracks  of  tlie  walls  of  the  hen- 
house as  well  as  to  destroy  those 
(m  the  fowl.  Thorough  fumigation 
and  whitewashing,  with  careful  at- 

Kiri.  VM—^hnopim  Hm'rltitiim—viihirtxM   {oriui-      teutiou  tO  cleauliuess,  will  do  UUlch 

"""  to  keep  them  in  check,     I'yreth- 

rum,  kerosene,  etc.,  may  be  used  <lirect  upon  the  fowls,  and  if  they  are 
liberally  supplied  with  ashes  and  road  dust  they  will  do  much  to  i)ro- 
tect  themselves. 


l(- 


■yi 


,,  'I'm 

'  ''ililrm 

/'Ill  ['I  'nil  Ml'  \ 
^\\^  'HliHjiiiV/y 


212 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Menopon  hiaerialiim  IMajjet;;^.!/.  stratiiiiieum  Nitzscli. 

Uiuler  tlio  above  naiuo  l'iaj;t't(le8(!iilH's  a.  speciesof  louse  taken  from 
tbe  (l(ill(>pJi((.si,s  oiricri,  and  whieh  lie  speaks  of  as  occurrinjii'  also  on 
the  (loiuestie  fowl,  tlie  pheasant,  and  other  birds,     lie  says: 

Sur  i\n  (lallo/ihdnis  (luiploiamiis)  cuiiiii  j'ai  rctninvr-  1(<  iih'iik^  parii.sito  siir  iin 
(lullim  (h)ni('nliritK,  sur  iiii  I'liasidiiun  nilchiciix,  Mir  iin  I'uro  .ijiicifcniH  iiiiiUi  »■(  ffiiu'llc  cii 
asfst'/  yrand  iionibn'  I't  (IcriiiinMiieiit  aiissi  siir  iiiuv  Mfhaijrix  ijaUopavo.  II  sn  i;i|i. 
proclio  I'videiiinient  «]u  d  I  ram  in  cum  (hi  N.,  iiroineiicnt  iriiiin  Mrlidi/rin  (jiiilnjidn,^ 
(loiiinia.ijo  (jiio  la  diajiuosn  iW  (JiL'l)el  (E])i/.,  p.  L'!ll)  Hoit  lioji  vaniM*  iioiir  ridfiitiiicr, 
iiiais  plus  fiicDrc,  dii  I'vdU-iiUit  iiiflc<i)iri<lin  iW  Panzer  (."il.  I'.  L'O).  rciit-i'trc  fst-cf  Ic 
parasitf  dc.  Sdirauk  NO.  1019,  rociicilli  Hiir  Ic  iiiriiic  oiscau. 

It  seems  very  probable  that  the  description  of  i'anziM'.  Nitzseli,  (licbcl, 
and  Piajiot  all  apply  to  the  same  insect, and  if  sucli  is  the  case  it  wonld 
carry  the  recojjnition  of  the  species  back  to  171>.>,  when  it  \»as  described 
by  Panzer  under  the  name  of  I'rtliviihis  inelcofiridiN. 

It  wonld  seem  to  be  confined  moie  iiarticnhuly  to  the  Phasianidic. 
and  of  these  io  infest  paiticulariy  the  peafowls  and  turkey,  thouj;li  its 
occurrence  on  the  hen  is  freipient.  it  would  evidently  i»ass  rciidily 
from  any  of  these  birds  to  others  in  tlie  same  family.  I'^rom  specimens 
received  it  would  seem  tt»  l»e  rather  common  on  chickens  in  the  United 
States. 

The  i'UEASA.NT  Menopon. 


m 


(}fni(ii)oii  fiilro-mdriilaliim   |)cimv;  M.  prodiietiihi  VUigi^t.) 

Denny,  in  his  mono<>'rapit  ])ublished  in  1842,  describes  and  ligures. 
ixinU'v  ihi',  nimm  o(  Menopon  fnl  ro-  iiiHcii  III  I  iim,  a  species  (dhMiscoecnrrinj; 
on  tlie  qiuiiland  pheasant.  Piagct  describes  also  a  species  occurrinj.;' on 
l)lieasants  (I'lidsifunin  inctus  and  /'.  rolcJiirii.s),  which  lie  considers  as 
probably  the  same  as  Denny's,  tliouj;ii  neitlier  tlie  description  uor  the 
tigure  i'uable  liitu  to  determine  certainly. 

Aecordinf>'  to  Denny,  •'  it  is  I'ulvous  yellow  and  pubescent;  head  semi 
lunar,  with  a  pitchy  transverse  spot  on  each  side;  abdomen  clavate, 
with  pale  spots  on  the  lateral  margin." 

Plaget  says  it  is  very  similar  to  M. pnUiilmn.,  though  distinct,  and 
calls  the  color,  ''jauiie  ocre,  fauve  sur  les  cotes  de  Tabdomen." 

Piaget  also  describes  a  variety  [tuajor)  taken  from  the  Lopliophdni.s 
resplcmkuH. 

The  l^EAcooK  Louse. 

(Menuiion  iih(vntomum  Nitzscli.) 

This  species  is  apparently  confined  to  the  i»eafowls,  as  sincie  its  descrip 
tiou  in  1S18  it  has  been  taken  oni    irom  these  birds.     Piaget  states  that 
it  occurs  on  three  di'^erent  species,  I'<iro  spici/mis,  ]\cnsfaiu,s,  and  /'. 
javanit'Ks.     It  lias  not  been  recorded  from  this  country,  but  is  likely  to 
be  found  by  searching  these  birds. 


SUnORDER  MALLOPIIAGA.  213 

Lou«E  OF  THE  Guinea  Uen. 

( Menopon  it irm idtr  ( i . ) 

Giobel  soeins  to  luivf  been  the  first  to  li;ivo  mcntioiuMl  this  species, 
and  we  nuiy  iiift!r  tha*^  it  is  usually  not  abundant.  IMa^et  speaks  of  it 
as  siinihir  to  tiie  Mriiopon  jilittNtoiuinii  X. 

We  have  not  lia<l  opiM»rtunity  to  inak(^  careful  search  for  it,  but  it 
doubtless  occurs  on  guinea  fowls  in  this  country.  It  would  probably 
l)e(lirticult  for  an  or<linary  observer  to  distln{;'uish  between  this  and  the 
coinnion  species  infestinj;'  liens,  and  even  if  noticed  in  abundance  on 
j;uinea  Ibwls  it  would  very  ]ik«dy  escape  mention. 

Ijoi'S]-:  of  Ducks. 


(  Triiioliiii  liiridiim  Nit/sc-li.) 

Redi  seems  to  have  been  the  fiist  to  f>ive  mention  of  this  very  <'om- 
mon  species,  it  beinj^  lifiured  in  tiie  Expcr.,  I'l.  XII,  iis  the  louse  of  the 
teal,  it  is  also  liyured  by  Albin  (i>l.  4(1)  under  the 
sumo  common  nanui  as  quoted  by  J)enny.  Nit/sch 
described  it  in  ISl.S  under  the  name  j;iven  abov«',  ami 
the  sjx'cies  has  been  fortunatii  enou,iL;h  not  to  have 
received  any  other  designation  since,  although  it  has 
been  mentioned  in  most  of  the  woiks  referrinj;'  to  the 
parasites  of  domestic  fowls  or  tlu^  parasites  of  birds. 
It  is  ji  very  common  species  and  occurs  on  a  great 
many  dill'erent  sjx'cies  of  ducks,  so  that  it  is  unm'<^- 
essary  to  try  to  enumerate  he  hosts.  So  far  as  we 
have  seen  or  can  learn  from  record,  however,  it  is  not 
known  to  occur  on  birds  outside  of  the  <luck  family 
{Anatithv). 

its  nearest  ally  is  the  <>(>ove  louse,  to  be  mentioned 
next,  and  il  is  easily  distinj>uislied  from  that  by  the 
ditference  in  si/e  and  the  more  distinct  markings  in 
this  species.  The  markings  aie  shown  in  the  aecom- 
l>anying  figure,  their  distribution  on  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  being  clearly  indi(  ated.  The  abdomen 
in  the  spe(!imeu  tigure  is  a  trille  inirrower  and  the  sides  a  little  more 
parallel  than  in  some  specimtuis  observed.     Jt  is  4  to  o  mm.  in  leugth. 

Louse  or  Tin-:  (!oosk  and  Swan. 

{TriiiDtoii  conHpiifCHlitiii,  Nit/.sdh.) 

This  .S])eeies  was  »>vidently  recognized  at  an  early  date,  and  is  said 
to  be  ineutioned  by  kSulzer  under  the  imme  of  Pedivulus  anseris.    Nitzsch 


VviAVu.  —  Tiiiiolnnluri- 
duiii  t'iilar};iil  (iiii- 
IIkpi's  illuslratioii). 


214 


INSECTS  AFPECTINQ   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


(Icscribod  it  in  I.S18  under  tho  name  wliicli  lias  b(M'n  universally  adojtlcil 
since,  and  it  has  rcteived  iVeciuent  mention  since  that  time.  It  is  vci  y 
similar  to  the  Trlnoion  Iiirifhim,  l)nt  may  {•enerally  be  easily  separated 
by  the  more  dilVuse  col<»rin}f  and  its  larj^er  size,  beiiij;'  (J  mm.  (.'i  lims 
aceordiiiff  to  Denny)  in  length.  The  two  species  are  not  known  in 
infest  the  same  kinds  of  birds.  Tliis  louse  oc<'urs  on  a  number  ^r 
spec»'3S  of  geese  and  swans,  and  on  om^  gnll;  accordinj;' to  Denny,  on 
the  common  tloniestie  goose,  on  the  l.niiis  chhuh^  and  Ciffjiinshcirichii;  on 
('l/<linis  (>l(n\  iU'ronVu\}>;  to  Ilurmcister;  on  T.  m?^s•/c».s•  and  « /or,  ace<ml in- 
to IMaget;  and  on  Aii.scr  rnjicollis,  a<'cording  to  (Irube. 

While  the  Triiioion  hiridiioi  we  liave  found  to  be  rather  common  in 
America,  the  conspiircdtiini  has  not  been  met  with,  but  tlu'.  oi»portunitie> 
for  examining  geese  have  been  lindted. 

liOlT.SI';    OF    'I  UK   (ioosK. 


{Triiiolon  litiirolinii  Mt/scli.) 

This  quiti^  distinct  spetMcs  of  louse  has  been  known  to  (Mitomologists 
since  ISIS,  when  it  was  described  by  Nit/.sch.     Denny,  however,  did 
not  recognize  the  a])i)lication  of  the  des(;rii)tion  to  this  form  and  rede 
scribed  it  under  tiie  luime  of  Trinofmi  s(jii(iliihnii.     Later  writers,  how 
_  ever,  have  adopted  the  earlier  name, 

and  there  will  ]>iobably  be  no  fur 
ther  confusion  regarding  it. 

It  is  (piite  easily  distinguished 
from  the  other  species  of  TriiH)ton. 
Ix'ing  considerably  shorti'r,  smaller, 
and  of  a  nearly  white  color. 

It  occurs,  according  to  Denny,  on 
Auficr  alhi/ronN,  \]n\  domestic  goose, 
arid  on  Anas  clinx'tita.  It  is  also 
referred  to  tiie  Smew,  ;nd  Piaget 
states  that  it  has  been  taken  fiom 
IhndrovjifiuK  arhorcd  ami  Aiiser  iilhi- 
frons, 

TlIK    IMlJKON    liOr.SK. 

(l'i)lji(i(Tiihilhiiii  loiiiliidiiilinil  Nit/sell.) 


Kid.  KiS. —  Tiiiinliin  litiiniliim^v\\\i\r>i 
(autliDi's  illiiHlnitiiiiil. 


Nitzs(^h  desciibed  this  form,  whicli 
o<-curson  ])igeons,  in  ISIS,  but  it  was 
again  described  by  Denny  in  184L', 
who  gave  it  the  name  of  fiirhiiKitnni.  (Jiebel  retained  both  these  names, 
evidently  considering  that  they  referred  to  distinct  species,  but  IMaget 
has  ]»laced  them  together. 

The  species  would  not  seem  to  be  so  abundant  as  some  of  the  other 


SUBORDER  MALLOPHAGA. 


215 


of  the  other 


species  of  pigeon  lice,  iuul  it  lias  not  been  found  as  yet  on  pigeons  that 
we  have  had  an  opjxntnnity  to  examine. 

It  does  not  ai)pear  to  have  been  found  on  any  other  birds,  but  has 
been  taken  from  the  common  domestic  pigeon  and  also  the  turbot. 

The  Swan  TiOusE. 

(Colpoccphdliim  iiiinntiini  K'lulow.) 

Tlndow  seems  to  have  been  tiie  fu'st  to  recognize  this  s])ecies,  though 
its  occurreiire  upon  tlie  swan  {dytiHus  untsuiiis)  malccs  it  rather  strange 
that  it  sliouhl  liave  escai)ed  observation  so  long.  It 
is  a  very  small  species,  as  would  be  interred  t'vom  the 
name,  and  this  may  account  in  part  for  its  not  luiving 
been  earlier  n<»ticed. 

It  has  not  been  recorded  from  this  country,  but 
may  be  looked  for  ujjon  our  species  of  swans,  as  the 
lice  infesting  these  birds  are  generally  widely  distrib- 
uted. 

LOTISE   OF   THE   (JUINKA    I'lG. 

(dyroiniH  iiracU'm  Nitzsch.) 

The  guinea  pig  is  ])erhai)s  a  rather  unimportant 
factor  among  the  domesticated  animals,  hut  it  sup- 
ports its  duo  (piota  of  parasites  nevertheless,  and  they 
require  a  brief  mention,  at  least.  They  are  quite  in- 
teresting in  strn(!tnre,  differing  largely  from  any  of 
the  species  considered  hitherto. 

The  one  to  first  receive  notice,  and  probably  the 
one  here  given,  was  referred  to  by  Schraidi  under  the 

name  of  roiicitlus  porcclli, 
but  Nitzsch,  in  1S18,  <le- 
scribed  it  as  (h/ropus  gra- 
cilis,  a  name  which  has 
been  used  by  all  subsequent  writers. 

It  is  referred  to  generally  by  writers  on  the 
subject,  and  would  seem  to  be  a  fairly  com- 
mon species  where  guinea  i)igs  are  kept.  It 
has  not  been  met  with  in  this  country  so  far 
as  records  show,  but  may  l)e  looked  for  with 
great  probability  of  success  in  any  place 
where  guinea  pigs  are  kept  in  numbers. 

Denny  characterizes  it  as  "elongate,  pale, 
fulvous-yellow,  finely  pubescent;  head  and 
thorax  darker,  segments  of  the  abdomen 
with  transverse  striated  fas(3ia  at  the  sutures; 
tarsi  and  ungues  \<  i y  short  and  minute."  Collected  at  Baltimore  by 
Dr.  A.  Hassall. 


Fia.  139.  — ffi/yopwff 
gracilis— i^nlii  rged 
(after  ncuny). 


Flo.    '\M.—Gyr<>pu.i    ovallii 
lur^ixl  (al'tt-T  Douiiy). 


216 


INSECTS  AFFECTING    DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 
Gyropus  ovalia  Nitzsch. 


This  is  a  form  closely  related  to  the  precediiifj  species,  and  observed 
aud  described  by  Nitzsch  at  the  same  time.  It  ditlers  from  that  species 
ill  the  jmu'h  sliorter  and  broader  body,  and  is,  according  to  Denny, 
"pale  yellow  white;  head  and  thorax  bright  ferruginous,  the  forme)- 
transverse;  temporal  lobes  produced;  abdomen  large,  nearly  orbicuhir; 
legs  thick,  the  two  posterior  pairs  curved ;  ungues  long,  curved,  aud 
strong."    ('ollected  at  Baltimore  by  Dr.  A.  Ilassall. 

The  scanty  hair  of  the  guinea  pig  makes  tlie  application  of  washes 
for  the  destruction  of  the  lice  a  very  simple  matter,  so  that  wherever 
it  is  a  matter  of  inii»ortauco  there  need  be  no  dilliculty  in  ridding  the 
animals  of  the  parasites. 


APPENDIX  TO  IMALLOPIIAGA. 

List  of  the  species  of  Mallophaga  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  fauna  of 
the  United  States,  with  descriptions  of  new  species. 

Fainily  PIIILOPTKKlJJyl^:. 


Docophorus  platystonius  N. 

I'.unueister,  Iliimlbucli,  Vol.  II,  p.  42fi,  hj..  1,'!;  Denny,  p.  108,  PI.  IV,  flg.  7;  Giebel,  Epiz.,  p.  69, 
Taf.  IX,  lig.  5;  Tingct,  ]i.  17,  I'l.  I,  Ki^.  J. 

From  sharp  shinned  hawk  {Acvijntcr  relo.v),  Phode  Island  (II.  C- 
Bumpus),  lititeo  .sivatmonii,l{i\\ix{  ?)(H.O. collection,) .  Aquilaimperialis 
(Burnett  collection). 

Docophorus  cursor  N. 

Uurnieistei-,  Jliindbmli,  Vol.  II,p.426,  up.  14;  Donny,  p.  101,  I'l.  II,  Fig.  I;  Gicbel,  p. 75,  Taf.  X, 

fl^s.  5  ami  ti;   ria^ft,  )).  24,  IM.  I,  lif,'.  r>. 

From  Asio  irUsoniainiH,  Ames,  Iowa.     Lincoln,  Nebr.  (Bruner). 

Docophorus  ceblebrachys  \. 

Denny,  ]>.  92,  I'l.  I,  fig.  ;t ;  Nitzsch  MSS.,  Vol.  IV,  ji.  197  (liled  by  Denny),  anil  Zcit.s.  fiir  Niitur., 
1861,  Vol.  XVII,  528;  C.iebol,  ji.  77,  Taf.  XI,  liii.  13:  I'iagct,  p.  29,  I'l.  1,  fi,i;.8. 

Fr<mi  snowy  owl,  Iowa  (II.  ().  collection;  Cassiuo  collection),  Arctic 
Am.  (Stejneger  collection  and  ^AIcKay  collection).  Also  specimens  in 
Nat.  Mus.,  Ace.  No.  10827,  and  in  Piley  collection.  It  occurs  very 
abundantly  on  this  bird,  but  so  far  there  is  no  record  of  its  occurrence 
on  any  other  sjiecies. 

Docophorus  superciliosus  N. 

Hunnci»tcr,  llanilbucli,  Vol.  II,  ji.  427,  sp.  22;  Denny,  p.  09,  i'l.  HI,  fig.  9;  Giebol,  p. 94,  Tuf.X, 
(ig.  3;  ring.'t,  p.  ;i9,  I'l.  Ill,  lig.  1.        x 

From  hairy  woodpecker  [DrynhattiH  villosus)  (Cassiuo  collection). 
Docophorus  communis  N. 

Kitzscli,  Germar's  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill,  ]>.  920  (290)  (vitlc  Giebol);  linnncialor,  IlaTidbucli,  Vol.  II, 
p.  425,  Hp.  9;  Denny,  p.  70,  I'l.  V,  fig.  10;  Giobel,  i>.  85,  Tuf.  XI,  fig.  11!;  I'iaget,  p.  54,  I'l.  IV, 
flg.  5. 

From  Lanius  boreuliH,  Ames,  Iowa.    Shore  lark  Cassiuo  collection). 


t:  :i 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


217 


rielipl,  Epiz.,  p.  69, 


Docophonis  compar  Piaget. 

riaget,  p.  61,  I'l.  VII,  lig.  1. 

From  Loxia  e.-ininor,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Docophorus  bassaiiae  Deuiiy. 

MoiioK.  Anop.  Brit.,  p.  110,  PI.  VI,  flg.  3,  PI.  VII,  fig.  3. 

Host  uiiknown,  probably  the  ganiiett  (liurnett  collection). 

Docophorus  flsBiformis  Denny. 

Miiiiofi.  Anop.  lirit.,  p.  84,  IM.  I,  li(;.  2. 

On  "black-billed  sandi)ii)er"  (lUirnctt  collection). 

Docophorus  testudinariuB  Denny.     {Vig.  1,  I'l.  II.) 
npiiiiy,  p.  im,  I'l.  I,  ti«.  0;  I'iiip't,  p.  8:!,  I'l.  VI,  Ji^-.  fi. 

From  curlew  ^^Nnmeninn  lonairostris,^^  Ames,  Iowa.  S])ecimens  from 
this  bird  aj^ree  so  closely  with  the  liyuresand  descriptions  of  the  above 
species  occurring  on  the  related  Xiinteniiis  (irtintitns  of  lOnrope  that  I  see 
no  occasion  to  give  it  a  separate  description.  On  Burtraiuia  loiujkamla. 
(Burnett  collection.) 

Docophorus  bisignatus  N. 

Insecta  Kpiz.,  p.  106,  PI.  IX,  lis.  9;  Piaget,  Li'.s  I't'dic,  p.  92. 

On  Ibis  alba;  collection  of  C.  li.  Cook. 

Docophorus  spheiiophorus  Xitzsch. 
D.  phatttUm  l)cini,\ ,  p.  100,  PI.  IV,  lig,  0. 

A  specimen  of  this  well-maiked  species  in  the  Cassino  collection  is 
without  indication  of  host  or  locality,  but  it  is  doiibtle.'^s  American, 
probably  from  spoonbill. 

Docophorus  pertusus  Kit/sdi. 

Eecorded  by  Kellogg,  from  coot  (Fiiliea  nmerlctout)  at  INIonterey, 
Cal.,  and  Lawrence,  Kans.j  also  from  ruddy  duck  {EviamcAura  rubUla) 
at  Monterey,  Cal. 

Docophorus  lari  F.abr. 

Pediculiia  laH  Otto  Fal>ririns,  Fauna  (xroonlaiulira,  p.  219. 

Docophorus  la lilh'miy,  p.  89,  I'l.  V,  lig.  9;  I'liigct.  Lvn  I'C'.lic,  p.  Ill,  I'l.  IX,  fijt.?. 

From  herring  gull  (Cassino  collection)  and  Lnrnn  iihilaiUJphia  (Bur- 
nett (collection).  Also  recorded  by  Ivellogg  from  several  species  of 
gulls  in  Califor!,ia. 

Docophorus  colymbinus  1  )enny. 

Monog.  Anop.  lirit.,  p.  80,  PI.  VIII,  lig.  8, 

On  Vrinator  himme  (liurnett  (collection). 
Docophorus  icterodes  Nitzsch. 

Nitzsch,  Gorniar'sMag.,  V.il.  Ill,  ].. '^911 ;  Ilonny.  p-.  102,  PI.  V,  Pig,  11;  Ciohil,  Vol.  Ill,  pi.  10. 
fig.  8;  Piaget,  p.  114,  PI.  X,  Pig,  1  ;  ()sl)oni,  Hull.  7,  l)i\ .  Kiit ,,  1'.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  ji.  :il. 

A  very  common  species  on  many  kinds  of  ducks.  Si)e(dmens  have 
been  noted  in  the  Cassino,  iJurnett,  and  Stejneger  collections,  and  also 
taken  at  Ames,  Iowa.  The  Burnett  specimen  shows  the  clyixms  more 
quadrate  than  in  othei'  specimens,  especially  many  specimens  taken  at 
Ames  in  which  the  clypeus  is  cpiite  decidedly  rounded  at  lateral  inar- 
gin.    Recorded  also  by  Kellogg. 

Docophorus  cygiii  Denny. 

Denny,  Monog.  Anop.  Brit.,  p.  9.'');  (iieliel,  Ejiiz. ;  Piaget,  Lew  Pedie.,  p.  115,  tig,;!,  PI.  X. 

From  swan  {Olor  buvcinator {i) ),  Ames,  Iowa.    Very  abundant. 


'.!18 


INSKCTS   AFFECTINO   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Docopliorus  rostratiis  Nit/.s<  h. 

I>iii'(iiili(inin  riixli-alKn:    r.iiriiii'i»l(  r,  JliindUiicli,  VdI.  T  I,  ji.  421;  Itiiiiiy.  )i.  n7,  I'l.  I  f,  lly.  I ;  (iii'liil. 
p.  7ir  I'l,  X,  I'il;,  4     ri;i-rt.  p  'JT.  I'l.  T  liji.  7. 

A  specimen  of  tliis  wellinaiked  species  JVom  the  b;ini  owl  (Strir 
jyratincolii)  in  the  colU'ctioii  of  Prof.  Liiwreiice,  Unuu'i'.  Tliere  is  im 
(lilTereiice  ol"  note  between  this  iind  the  ICnro])ean  foi  ni  as  descvihed. 
tii(»ujih  it  is  iK'iliaps  a  little  nioie  slender  and  elon;i;ate  than  tlu^  li.uiircs 
woiihl  indicate.  I'lven  tliis  is  jjossiltly  due  to  extension  ot  abdonien  I'roni 
l)ressui'e  of  cover  ;;Iass  in  nn)untin;n'. 

Docophorus  melanocephaliis  Iliinn. 

In  Hurnett  <'oIlectioii.  (Jicat  Cayenne  tern.  I'eeorded  by  Kelloj;<;-. 
New  Malloiduijia.  p.  !•!),  on  royal  tern  (Stcnio  nia.riiiKt).  Monterey,  Cal. 

Docophonis  buteonis  l'a('l<. 

I'iuU.inl,  Am.  Xitnnilist    Vi.l    I  \.  p.  !(;,  I'l   f.  II::.:!. 

Pacdvurd's  description  ol  this  species  seems  not  to  have  been  a(!eessi- 
ble  to  IMaji'et,  or  lie  was  unable  to  verify  it.  as  he  passes  it  with  a  mere 
mention.     (  Les  Pcdic.  ]>.  L'l!.) 

I  have  specimens  from  Hiiho  liiivufiis,  the  hawk  from  wliiidi  i'ackard 
des<'ribed  the  s))ecies,  sent  me  by  Dr.  ('.  .M.  Weed,  of  Hanover,  N.  II., 
which  a jiree  entirely  with  Packard's  descrii»tion.  an«l  they  appear  to  me 
to  be  snlliciently  distinct  iVoin  other  spi'cies  to  be  retained.  Packard's 
description  is  as  follows: 

Tlu)  Hi^'ciis  of  I  »()i'i)i)li(»riis  ii^nir(!il  on  I'l.  1,  lijj;  ;>.  api>ravs  to  W  iiiiil<;scri1)<!(l,  ami 
may  l)is  called  I).  IniltDiiix.  It  lives  luMicatli  the  t'oallicrs  iil"  the  reil-shoiiltlertMl 
jiiiwk.  It  is  honey  vi'llow.  and  the  aluhmieii  is  whiti-h  with  fiia  i,i;iilar  (diitiiiiiiis 
plates  oil  eaih  serine  iit,  the  two  on  the  seiinient  next  to  the  last  f'ornim  ;■  a  eontinnoiis 
l)antl.  Tlu)  head  is  lonjier  than  hroad,  with  the  tralu'ciihe  (or  iiiovahle  horny  ]tro('ens 
Just  ill  front  of  till)  antenna')  as  Ion;;-  as  thi'  two  hasal  Joints  of  the,  aiit<>niia',  and 
exteiidiii;^  to  the  middle  ot  the  second  joint.  The  hasal  Joint  of  the,  autenine  is  rather 
thick,  iind  the  si      inl  Joint  is  as  loiif?  as  the  two  terminal  oik  s. 

Both  desciipii(»n  iind  lij;nre  are  wiintinn' in  reference  to  chiirjicters 
which  would  most  certiiinly  distiiif'uish  tlu^  species,  and  I  may  add  that 
the  species  is  sepiiiiited  from  plati/stonnis  by  (ho  deeper  iiKiision  of 
the  clyi»eus,  and  the  more  circular  outline  of  the  clear  lateral  dilation. 
The  jjeiiital  jiatclies  uro,  appi'oximate  and  the  i)roxinnil  iiiiUfiins  of  the 
])atches  denticulated  ;  the  outer  ]»ortion  of  the  i)atches  faint. 

A  specimen  in  the  IJurnett  collection  from  Ti/rtntnim  (dm  is  refej-red 

here. 

Docophorus  halieti  n.  s)). 

Head  a  little  wifler  than  hinj;,  (dyi>ciis  tajiorin'^'  Imt  ■with  <lihit<'d  ai)ieal  ])ortion 
eniarjiinate  in  front.  'I'lie  tranH]),'irent(lil,itioii  hut  little  in  ad vaneocd" antenna  1  hands, 
hilt  cnrviiiff  outward  ho  as  to  show  as  a  clear  jiart  atsidi?s;  cmarf;ination  shallow  and 
reai'hinii;  inner  jiortion.  Trahei'iihe  .siinjile,  hliintly  yiointed,  antenna'  Hlender,  eye 
])r(miineiit,  elyi)eiis  and  temjioral  liorders  with  few  short  hairs,  ahdomen  ovate  in 
female,  round  in  male,  sparsidy  hairy  ahove  and  helow,  thickest  on  disk  ahove;  all 
hairs  rather  short,  (ienital  lio<d<s,  male  sharply  curved,  lietween  them  several 
prominent  teeth,  (ienital  sjiot  male,  larjfe,  distinct,  the  anterior  lateral  oval  ])ortiou 
wide  apart  connected  to  central  jiortion  hy  intlattul  band;  central  ])ortioii  hroad, 
widenin<f  at  middle,  incised  hy  lateral  bonier  behind,  the  wider  jiart  with  two 
hair  insertiims  on  [losterior  half,  extending  to  tip  uf  last  segment.    Genital  spot 


BUBOROER  MA.LLOPHAOA. 


219 


fciiialt',  <Mirv»'(l,  the  iiimr  convex  inar>^lu  approximate,  the  outer  concave  i)ortion 
incloHin^  near  (lie  Cront  an  oval  Hpot,  Ap])i'oa(^heH  xnlermnHuii  I'ia<;t^t,  which  is 
ilcscrihcd  lioni  lltil'iiihiH  rooi/ir.  Itilillcis  i'roni  (hat  Hpccies  in  liavinj;  the  clyj)0U8 
iii()recniai';;inate  forthc  transparent  jxtrtion,  tiiedensu  jmrtion  narrowcrai  tip.  'I'hi; 
i^enital  IiooUh  are  dceiih'illy  hooked,  the  genital  jtateli  of  male  heavier  and  the 
]iostei'ior  portion  broader.  I'he  ^^enital  Hjiots  of  fenuile  npproacii  (do.sely  to  pattern 
nl"  pldtjiHtomiis. 

I"'roni  l»iil<l   ciiji'lo  (Ilaliains   h'Kcocephdliin)  colh-ctcd    l»y   Dr.  ('.  M. 
Weed,  ill  I'loridn. 

DocophoruB  bubonis  n.  n|i. 

(ieiieral  appearance  of  /'.  (rhlelirachjis,  from  wliich  it  dilVt^rs  dJHtinctly  in  i'orm  of 
lii-ad  and  jjenital  hooks,  and  in  eyes  lieini;  very  oliscnre.  Head  oval,  narrowinjj 
Ironi  eyes  to  occiput,  hroaih^st.  at  base  of  tralxM'ula',  contractinjr  sliari)ly  to  front: 
eyes  very  obscure  or  wantin;;',  scarcely  any  convexity  indicaliii;;  thcur  |insition,  and 
no  trace  of  pi;;iiieut  iieneatli.  Occiput  slightly  curved,  temporal  lobes  narrow,  Imijj, 
contracted  posteriorly  ;  nu'dian  s]>ace  lietween  (xu-ipital  liauds  narrow  beiiiiid  ;  anten- 
nie  situated  slijjhtly  in  front  of  middle.  I'rabecu];e  siuali  and  rij;id,  its  in  cihle- 
hraclijis.  A  very  hhort  hair  at  eacii  side  of  transparent  portion  (d'  front,  a  longer 
hair  iit  middle  of  external  i  lypeiis  band,  iind  two  hairs  on  maririii  of  temporal  lol)e. 
I'rotliorax  siiort,  nn-tathorax  broader  than  basal  segment  of  abdomen.  Abdomen 
widest  l>eiijnd  middle  at  fourth  and  lifth  se^nuMit.  Li^ht  vtdlow  bands,  extending 
nu)rii  tliiiii  lialf  way  t(>  middle  disk,  hairy,  seventh  sejimcut  with  dorsal  margin. 
Male  genital  hooks  jjroininent,  long,  heavy,  sharjdy  cur\  ed  at  toj). 

Two  siK'ciiiuMi.s,  iiiiile  iiiul  fi'iiiiilc,  ill  Cassiiio  ('olU'ctioii,  from  Buho 
rirtjixidiiHs,  Pcniisylviuiia.  This  is  ii  wt'lllimrkt'd  species,  altlioufjli 
sliowiiij^-  decided  iiilinities  to  (rhhhravliys.  Tlie  form  of  head  in  narrow- 
ness and  lenjitli  beliind  tlie  aiitennie  will  distin<i'nisl»  it  from  almost  any 
desiuihed  species,  the  redaction  of  the  eyes  is  very  marked,  and  the 
form  of  the  jicnital  hooks  j>ive  it  wellestablished  characters.  Tn  form 
of  head  and  rij^idity  of  trabecuhe  it  approaches  2sirmus,  but  the  charac- 
ter of  the  clypcns  tind  the  ^jeneral  fcu'nj  of 
body,  as  well  its  its  evident  relationship  to 
echl('})n(vlii/s,  would  prevent  its  reference  to 
that  fienns. 

Docophorus   syrini   Packard  —  <!ited   in  IMaget,  p. 
;{l-f!urlt. 

I  have  not  met  with  (his  de.scrijjtion,  nor 
with  any  form  which  would  seem  to  reju'e- 
sent  it. 

Docophorus  quiscali  n.  s]). 

Clyjieus  broad,  lateral  angles  rounded,  with  front 
slightly  incurved,  in  some  cases  almost  truncate, 
nearly  as  broa<l  at  tip  as  at  base  of  trabecnlie, 
transparent  foi  about  (uie-fonrlh  <listance  iVom  ti]) 
to  trab(MMilie.  Trabecuhe  large,  curved,  and  with 
rather  acute  tip;  margin  of  cly])eus  and  head  with 
scattering  hairs;  metathorax  with  a  complete  band 
l)o8teriorly  set  with  hairs;  abdominal  segments  with 
bands  (extending  about  one-third  across  the  posterior  border  of  these  hands,  with 
clear  spots  from  which  arise  long,  rather  slender  hairs.  The  eighth  segment  with  the 
brown  bund  extended  entirely  across.    Beneath  a  large  brown  jiatch  occupying  the 


l''i().  141  — /)()(!o/)/iocu,s'  ijuincali — en- 
larged (Dfigiiial). 


220 


IN8RCTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


\% 


sixtli,  suvoiilli,  iiiwl  toiii'liiii^  t1i<<  eighth  st<)j[iiiri)t,  rc^iiliirly  rouiulctl  in  front,  rHiiglilv 
cxeiaril  lii^liinil:  brown  N]iiitN  loeatctl  near  tlm  innr^iii  on  t'iicli  Hi'Knient  liiick  to  tlii 
ei^litli;  tlioHi>  on  tlio  Hixth  Mc^niout  Conn  tliu  outor  jmrtion  of  IIki  };unital  iiatcli 
LiMii>tli,  -  mm. 

(it'iioral  apiuMiniiioe  of  roiinititnis,  of  which  it  iiiifjht  \h\  cronsidorcd  n 
varit'ly,  but  it  is  <niit('  distinct  and  constant  in  loiin  of  clyiuMis  nm! 
{jcnital  |)atch,an«l  sccnis  to(»ccnronly  on  <^)iiiscahis,  its  nearest  ally  lieinu 
a  s|)«'ci«'s  occuii'inj;  on  A<j(hi'n(s  jtlia nirnis. 

Froni  crow  bhickbird,  colh'cted  at  Ames,  b»wa. 

Tliis  is  a  very  coiumon  species  on  this  liost,  and  I  have  not»'d  it  in 
various  collections. 

Docophonis  agelaii  n.  s|i. 

.Similar  to  (/i(i.sc((/i,  Imt  wlijuhtly  narrower.  Tlit*  clyix'us  trunrato  or  sli^ililly 
runntlcd,  tlio  Hides  sloping;  trabumla'  <'iir\(Ml  on  tVoiit  margin,  Htrai};lil  lichinii;  lli> 
apt^x  Noniuwiiat  aciimiiiati';  liaiuls  on  tlio  alidomcn  broad,  ninili  inciNed  at  insertions 
ot  till'  iiairs;  liand  on  llio  <'i<i'htli  H(>gnieiif  ciintrai'lin;;  in  Ihr  middle,  almost  broken. 
Heneutli,  the  jfenital  ]iatcli  larjie,  stronffly  curved  in  front,  di-eply  and  irreniilarlj 
inciHed  li(>liiiid  :  lateral  sjiots  small,  rather  elun^jated,  obliipii',  (^iiite  close  to  i/iiiHctiH. 
aud  both  iniuhl  bo  considered  varieties  of  cummtinw,  but  seem  well  cstublislied. 
Docophonis  sialii  n.  sp. 

Clypeus  ta]ieriim,  lateral  aimles  rounded,  front  convex,  or  very  slivrhtly  incurved 
at  extreme  apex ;  no  tians])arriit  jtortion  in  front  of  the  diitinous  bars;  tralicciilie 
strongly  curved  iu  front,  Blightly  curved  behind,  acuminate  at  tiji. 

On  ISi<ili<(  shilis,  Merriain  Coll.  lielonys  t(»  roniiiiiiiiis  yroup,  but 
separated  by  head  cliaracters. 

Doc  phorus  corvi  n.  sp. 

Whitish,  with  black  and  fuscous  bands  and  stripes. 

Length  of  body,  L'..">  iiiiii.;  head,  0  "5  mm,;  abdomen,  1.17  mm.  Width  of  head, 
0.70  mm. ;  abdomen,  O.'.tS  mm. 

Head  scarcely  longer  than  wide,  truncate  in  front  ;cly])eus  broad;  clypoal  signature 
acuminate  and  elongate  ])osterii!rIy ;  iioBUrior  part  black;  anterior  ]iortion  with  a 

broad  t'uscous  margin;  aiitennal  bands  deep  fiiseous; 
trabecuhe  strong,  convex  in  front,  slightly  concave 
iiehiiid,  blackish  band  at  liase  extending  along  posterior 
border;  antc:in;c  rat  her. slender,  basal  Joint  largest,  with 
a  black  band  extending  nearly  around,  deepest  in  front; 
second  joint  slender,  long,  mostly  idack,  with  a  deep 
incision  of  the  lilack  portion  toward  the  tip,  Joints  Ij, 
I,  aud  .">  nearly  eijual,  black,  distal  Joint  scarcely  as 
dark  as  the  othere;  eyes  prominent;  temjioral  lobes 
clear,  with  black  borJer,  in  which  are  three  clear 
^l>ilCi■.>,  irom  which  hairs  arise;  occipit.il  bands  very 
black;  occi]iiit  slightly  .""iinous.  I'rotlioiax  ii.-irrow, 
with  broad,  black  margin;  nietathorax  nearly  twice  as 
wide  i>s  prothorax,  lateral  angles  rounded,  dee]tly  mar- 
gined, with  black  «^xtending  medially  aud  nearly  un;*^- 
ing;  each  side  set  with  about  eight  hair.s  arising  from 
round,  clear  jiustules.  Legs  banded  and  striped  with 
black;  abdomen  oval,  with  broad  fuscous  m.irginal 
bands  extending  well  upon  the  disk ;  the  ])ostorior 
margin  set  with  Lairs  which  arise  from  circular  pustules  near  the  margin  and 
from  notches  in  the  band  on  the  disk;  large,  clear,  circular  spots  marking  posi- 
tion of  spiracles;  eighth  se  anient  with  a  broad  band  extending  clear  across;  ninth 
segment  with  two  triangular  patches  approximate  anteriorly;  Literal  angles  with 


Fu).   142.  —  Doeophoi-us    corvi- 
eiilargud  (origiiiul). 


HIJBORDKH  MALLOPHAGA. 


221 


«"<  I'iick  tofi,.. 
«<'mtiil  inarli 

•'oiisidorcrl  ii 

<''yii('ii.s  nil, I 


ii'»t('(I  it  ill 


•'   or  Hii-iitly 

'    '••■hilMl;    lll'r 

i  ;il  iiiNt-riioiis 

llllONl,  lilnkcii. 

ml  irivyiilnpi^ 
tiil'lislu'd. 

rliti.v  inciirvcd 
!■•><;   tnihciiil.c 

yi'«»ui>,  l)iit 


I'o.il  Hi^iKiiiiro 

Oltloil   will,  ji 

Iwp  Ciiscoiis; 
li'ly   I'oiicavi! 

•  iiiir  j„),s(erior 
Iiii«;est,  with 

pi'Ht  ill  ridiit; 
witli  ii  deep 
''!',  Joiiifslj, 

'  •'<"'•••  icely  ii8 

•  i]ior;il  ;„1„.H 
threci  clear 
JiaiidH  vtiry 

nix  narrow, 
ily  twice  as 
dcojily  iiiar- 
in'arly  iin;«^- 
ri.siii^r  ironi 
tripc'd  with 
«  iiiar>riiial 
1'  l)ostorior 
'aigin  and 
rking  posi- 
"<)8h;  ninth 
uglea  with 


two  (ir  thrco  Ion-;,  xloriihir  liairH;  ^nhi,  with  n  fimcoiiH  oatch  )iroiliU'(><t  im  front; 
Nti'rinim  with  ii  mm.iII  I'iihcoiis  patch  poiiitcil  aiilrriorly ;  ^mmiIiuI  hands  rouiidr<l  in 
front,  Willi  t  \vi>  rii'cuhir,  ihar  spots  hi'liiiul  tlio  I'roiit  honh  r  <'\t<  idin^  to  \u  .if  tb<! 
iiiaruiii  on  the  hImIi  sc'^iiicnt,  posteriorly  proiliiccd ;  a  ratlicr  n;i  -row,  roiijjh-eilLted 
inoccss  on  tho  «(>\  ('III  h  se'^inciit,  a  series  of  MiiUinar^inal  spots  o  sennuMits  il  toit, 
tliosi'  on  tiie  rii^lilh  II lid  iiiiil  li  iiiri'K:i lit;'  into  a  single  t  riradiali-  spot. 

("oiiiiintii  (III  ('<>rnis  (tnurhuiinis.  AliU's,  Iowa,  This  is  |»r<»l»ai»ly  Piick- 
aiti's  /,i]iinrits  corri,  wiiicii  w as  cvitltMitiy  (It'scrilx'tl  Irdiii  an  iiiiiiiatiiie 
spcciint'ii, 

DocophoruH  ininuto-trabeculatiiBn,  sp. 

Head  pointi'd,  slron;;ly  taiicriir^  lieloic  anlt'iina';  clxpciis  narrow,  sliniil  ly  iinivex 
ill  Iront;  aiilcrnir  )iortioii  transparent:  clyiical  mark  roiindcd  hihiiid,  no  hairs; 
tniliccnla'  very  Htiiall,  ;;iviiiL;  apiicaranco  ol'a  Nirmiis  to  Hide  of  head;  eye  not  pronii- 
iicnt;  antenna'  short,  rather  strong,  Joints  eiiinil,  two  hairs  on  margin;  temporal 
lolies  full;  oceipital  bands  not  eonsjiiciKMis;  all  hands  on  head  Joint,  occiput 
Htrai<;lit  ;  prolhoias  ahmit  half  the  width  of  head,  colored  .it  sides,  central  strijio 
li;;lit;  metathorax  enrved  liehind,  coloreil  at  sides,  ceiitr:il  stripes  continiionH, 
with  |)rotLora\  clear;  colored  portion  incised  Inr  insert  ioiit  of  hairs  of  posterior 
iiorder;  liiteral  hiinds  of  ahdoinen  \t'ry  short,  except  on  lir.si  se;;nHMit,  where  they 
(extend  inward  as  far  as  colonul  portion  of  thorax,  litimis  less  ]iromincnt  on  ]ioh- 
terior  sei;iiieiits;  eighth  without  ((duration;  two  faint  spots  on  terminal;  ninth 
sey;ment,  ulMhniieii,  oval,  nearly  round ;  a  row  of  fonr  hairs  each  on  seifinents  15,  I,  .5, 
andii,  marginal  htiiis  on  each  seirnicnt  luick  of  liftli ;  lei's  cidorcd  yellow  ;  tilda'  larjjer 
tliiui  femora;  color  lij;lit  yellow  lor  colored  portions,  mostly  wiiitish,  possihiy  not 
fully  mature,  lint  has  ap]icarance  uf  adult. 

Oil  fiilini  tdiin'ininx. 

Dillcrs  ill  t'orm  (»f  clyiK'iis  and  alxloiiK^ii  front  any  .s]»ocios  known  to 
nie  as  o(;(!iin'iii,n'  on  related  liiids.  Collected  fioin  a  stiin'ed  biid  in  the 
lunseum  of  the  Iowa  Ajiriciiltnral  Collefje.  Inline  niimtteness  of  the 
trabeeiila'  this  species  iiiioht  he  taken  for  a  Niriniis,  but  in  the  form  of 
the  head  tinii  abdomen,  and  in  yeueral  jti>i)eariinee  it  is  decidedly  a 
Docophoiiis. 

Oocophorus  fusco-ventralis  n.  sp. 

(^nite  nnil'orml.N  chestniit  hrown,  rather  slender. 

1.en<rth,  1. I'll  mm.;  lead,  0.17  mm. ;  ahdoinen,  0.()1  nini.  Width  id'hc.-id.  0. 10  iiimi.  ; 
ab(himen.  0.  !7  mm. 

Head  lonj;er  than  wide;  clyiieiiH,  hroad,  truncate,  thin  in  front,  and  with  a  ventriil 
notch  at.  tip;  dypciil  sij^nature  stron;f,  a  lonjf,  strong,  dark-lirown  spin()  passing 
backward  to  a  ]ioiiit  niidwtiy  lietwecn  antenna';  sides  of  (dypetis  ii  little  concave; 
traheciihe  strong,  forwiird  margin  curved  (slnipe  of  cummiiitis] ;  antenute  slender, 
light  hrown;  temporal  lohes  rounded;  occipitiil  hands  running  out Wiird  to  hases  of 
antenna' ;  occijiiit  netirly  straight ;  jiiiithorax  small,  siih-s  straight,  widening  a  little 
heliiud,  posterior  border  slightly  convex;  metathorax  hroadi^,  widening  rtipidly, 
distinctly  tingled  behind,  hind  liorder  with  a  row  of  htiirs;  iibdoinen  tibovo  brown, 
liitertil  biinds  reaching  in^tirly  to  center,  letiving  a  narrow,  whitish,  nHMiibranotis stripe 
from  base  to  eighth  segment ;  eighth  H(!ginent  entirely  corniMis  and  hrown,  margin 
with  blackish  line,  a  row  of  strong,  gohleii  Iniirs  on  posterior  border  of  each  seg- 
ment to  eighth;  beneath  nnifornily  dtirk  brown,  obliterating  genital  bands;  legs 
sui-  11,  (juite  nniforin  with  body  in  color. 

On  wood  ])ewee  {Contopns  r/rcH.s)  Cornell  I'niverHity  collection:  akso 
in  the  Biunett  eoli  'ctiou. 


222 


INBKCTrt   AFFE(rriNO    DOMKHTK"    ANIMALS. 


2 1^ 


ApproiK'lies  communis  typo  in  moiiio  n^Mpccts,  Itiit  (lillui'H,  I   tliiiiK, 
troiii  any  Viiricty  of  communis  in  upproxiiniition  of  hiiinlN  on  iihiloinni 

and  uniform  hrown  color  of  vcntiiil  sui- 
fiicc  of  alxlonu'ii  iiinl  si/tt  of  lt>;;.s. 

DooopboruB  cocoygi  ii.  n|i. 

Ilt'iiil  Imi';;o,  ill  iiiiilo  iirai'lN   lis  liir^f  hh  alulo 
iiii-ii,  bright.  l'i'i'ni;;iiiniiH;  iiImIoiidii  \vliitiH)i,  f\- 
)'t<|)t  ill  cciitri'  mill  rtii'iii'iiiis  iMirtions,  whirh  i\tv 
liiii'K,    aliiioNt     liliicki.sli,    tuiil    ^ivu    aliiloiiiuii   u 
liiiii^li-lilac'.  iiiMt. 

I.Cllirtll,  '_',,'    llllll. 

Ilciiil  lar;;c,  triangular;  i'ly|i<MiH  liroad,  eiiiar- 
^iiiat<<  ill  t'roiit  lictwi'i'ii  prdtjiicnl  ('liiliiiiiiiH  roiU 
and  'vitli  tranxpan-nt  fxpiinsion  laterally,  In  ar- 
in^  lliroe  lon^r  liiiirH  nicli  Hide,  a  ilt^pi't'SNol  rxca- 
\aliiiii  aliovc,  hilt  with  siiiiiatiirt'  inrniiMpiciioiis; 
triiltfiiil.r  rathor  Hiiiall,  bluntly  ciirvod  toward 
iip<>\  in  Iriiiit,  pnlnt  acutely  uii;;lcd;  aiitt'iina' 
Hlcndfr;  i'vch  not  I'ouspicnuiiH;  tciiiporal  loboH 
rrjj;ularly  niiindcd;  ]iin<l  border  of  bead  nearly 
Htiaijibt.  very  Hli;;litly  eoiicave;  prothurav  <iimd- 
riite,  slij;litly  wideiiin^j  behind  ;  nietiitli<n';i\  wid- 
ened beliiinl,  iKiHteriiir  border  rejiiilar'.y  eiirved. 
A  traiiHverNe  band  iiidiind  the  middle  I'aiiit  in 
front,  diHtinet  lieliind,  and  ^vith  its  liiiid  liorder 
incised  Ity  eironlar  Hpott),  t'roiii  which  ori^'inute 
a  HoricH  of  liairH. 
Abdomen  Hhort,  broad,  ncarc<'ly  wider  than  head,  montly  covered  with  dark  fascia', 
but  the  membraiioiis  portions  whitish.  Female  be- 
neath, with  brown  fasciic  or  circular  spots  formin^j  ii 
series  around  border,  a  pair  on  sixth  sef^iuent  extend- 
ing farthest  into  disk,  and  on  ui<;hth  aet^ni' nt  nearly 
nicetiii<;  on  mudian  line  with  denticulated  Itordcr. 
Male  with  a  broad  median  ventral  strip»)  riumin;;  from 
disk  to  margin  of  termiual  Hegmcnt,  and  with  liroad 
lateral  fascia  lui  the  tliseal  se<;mentH. 


Flo.  H;i.— /)(ir(i/iA(ini»  ciirc.i/.'d"-  cnlurHid 
(iirj):iiiiil|. 


On  yellow-billed  rnckoo,  Lincoln,  Nehr.,  col- 
lected by  Liiwiencc  Hrnncr.  Differs  fi'ont  />. 
latifrons  in  Iniving  nan-owed  «'lypeuH  and  in 
markings  of  ventral  surface  of  abdomen. 

Docophorus  speotyti  n.  sp. 

Head  longer  than  broad,  or  in  female  almost  as  wide 
as  long,  tapering  with  a  little  concavity  to  front,  mar- 
gin of  clypeus  in  front  truncate  or  slightly  convex  of 
medium  width;  signature  long,  acute,  but  not  deeply 
colored  ;  trabecnbe  short,  acutely  pointed,  very  slightly 
swollen  at  base;  antenna-  slender,  joints  1  and  l!  equal, 
each  nearly  twice  as  long  ms  3,  4,  or  5,  the  latter  equal 
in  length;  temporal  lobes  narrow. 

Body  rather  slender;  jjrothorax  (|uadrate;  meso-mota- 
thorax  wider  than  basal  segment  of  abdomen.  Abdomen  narrow  in  male,  almost 
parallel;  in  female  widening  to  liftli  segment,  clothed  with  long  hairs  and  with 
dorsal  fascia>,  rather  short  in  leiuale,  longer  in  male;  color,  light  brown. 

Length,  male,  1.70  mm. ;  female,  2  mm. 


wm 


I'"i((.  144 .  —  Docophnnig  tpeotyti— 
enlargvtl  (ori^iuitl). 


SUHOKDKR   MALLOPIIAOA. 


223 


On  hm'w\\Ui}H>\\\(Siiei)t!itoruni(iiliirin  hifjmiiva) ;  IVcmi  I'rof.  liiiwronw 
lititiM'i',  liiiK'oln,  N(>l)i-.,  I  iimic,  1  t'cuuilc,  iiiid  IVom  <'.  F.  Baker,  Fort 
ColliiiM,  Colo.,  L!  iiiiiU's,  L'  tiuiialus. 

OocophortiH  oalvuR  Killo^^. 

N.H   M,illc,|,li;i-;l,  1.,  711    11    III,  ll;;   I. 

(hi  Ur'ia  tioilr  nilil'itniirti,  Moiit«'r«'y,  Cal.  (K«'lloyg). 
DoouphoruH  fuligliioBUH  Kello^K. 

New  MiillH|,li,.y.i    |i.  H(),  I'l.  Ill,  liy.  .'. 

(Ml  CliiirtitlriKN  simufanild,  linwrvurv,  Kaiis.  ( Kt^lloj-'g). 
DooophoruB  graviceps  Kt'lln^^. 

N<  w   MallupliiiL'ii,  |i.M'J.  n    111.11);.  ;i. 

Oil  Fnlictt  nnhricann,  Monterey,  (!al.  (Kelloj,'*,'). 

DocoplioiiiB  ncutipectiiB  Ktilo};);. 
Ni'W  .Mall<i|>liMKii.li  HI.  I'l   III  »i^   I 

Oil  (k't'ofhhu'a  moiiiKwrtitti,  Monterey,  ('al.  (Kellofjj^f). 
DooophoriiB  quadraticopB  K(-llo){)r. 

N.u    M,ill(i|i|iiit;ii    |(.  H.^i.  I'l.  Ill,  li(,'.  ■'. 

On  /•"iilini  'tmiricanu,  Monterey,  Cul.  (Ivellogg). 
DocophoiiiB  monteieyi  Kdln;;^, 

New  Miilloiiliiina.  |..  f7.  ri   lll.li;;.  t!. 

On  Si/iitlililioi'luiitiiiliiis  (t)iti<iitiis,  Hrnvhjik'lKttiiphuH  iiKirmoralXHy  and 
PtjfrliorlianipliUH  ah  uticnn,  Monterey,  ('al.  (Kelloyy;). 

DocophoruB  occidentalia  Ki-llo^^. 

New  Mallopliii;;!!,  i..H!l,  I'l   III, lit;, 7. 

On  ruliiiars,  Fiilniants,  Monterey,  Cal.  (l\ello^{?). 
DocophoruB  kaiiBeusis  Kelld^;;. 

New  Mallii|ilia;ii.  p.!)l,  I'l.  I  fl,  1i^',  H. 

On  eared  {jrebe,  CoIjjiuOhn  iiijirirollin  c((li/ornivi(s,  Lawrenee,  Kaiis. 
(Kellojiff). 
DocophoruB  atricolor  Kcllo^jr. 

NcwMalliiphiiKa.  p.  !»;t,  I'l.  III.  lif;.  !t. 

On  innneU'ts,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogji;). 

DocophoruB  iiisolitua  Kclli)g<;. 

>,'o\v  Mal!opliii;:a,  y  !tl,  IM.  I  V.  ll;;.  r.. 

On   Aleutian    nmrrelet,    I'tyrhonintpltiifi    aintiirus,    Monterey,   Cal. 

(Kelln^^jr). 

Nirmns  discocephalua  N. 
On  HaVaius  kucocephalns  (Burnett  eolleetion). 

NirmuB  euzonius  NitzHih. 
On  (jlypdi'fnN  barhatns  (Hurnett  collection). 

Nirmua  fuscus  Nit/Hcli. 

M,miis/iitciiH^H/MU  MSS.,  Driin.v,  p.  IIH,  I'l.  IX,  li^.S:  (liplicl,  p.  1'-';!,  I'l.  VITI,  fig.2. 

From  Butvo  swainsom,  Ames,  Iowa,  Avcipiter  relax  (Merriam). 
Nirmus  brachythorax  Giubcl. 

Gifbel,  p.  i:!4  ;  I'iaKct,  p.  ISO,  I'l.  X II,  tig.  8, 

From  AmpeliH  cedrorum,  Ames,  Iowa. 

NirmuB  submarginellus  N, 

Nitzsch,  Zeit«ilir.  Ciirg.  NnturwlsBonsoh.,  1800, Vol.  XXVIII, p.  308;  Glol)el,p.l48!  I'ingot, p.  155. 
Kirmwi  mennralynr.  Coiiido,  lUillt'tin  dti  Moscoii,  Vol.  IV,  p.  424. 

From  lyre-bird,  Menura  super ba,  ( Museum  specimen  f )  Mich.  ( C.  B.  Cook 
collection). 


224 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


NirmuB  fenestratus  N. 

On  CovcyzHx  crifthrophtlialmus  (IJurnctt  collection). 

Nirmiis  cyclothoiax  Nit/.sc^h. 

Biinmister,  IlaiMllmili,  Vol.11,  p.  •l'J9,  lij,'.  10;  Denny,  ]>.  150,  ]'|.  XI,  liji.O;  (iiebol,  p.  1;t7,  TI.  VI, 
lifT.  0;  riiiuot,]).  102. 

From  Eiifi'lish  sparrow,  PihsNcr  (lome.sticiis  (Lmirent  collection),  iiiid 
Amnthis  lin<iri<i  (?)  (C  15.  Cook  collection). 
Nirmus  candidiis  Nitzscli. 

On  Milnneopvs  varoliuua  (Burnett  collection). 

Nirmus  ornatissimus  Gieliel. 

r.ielK'l,  I).  144;  I'iasit,!).  l«;i. 

From  AffclaniN pltaiiiceuN  (Ciussino  collection). 

This  hiindsome  species  cjin  (piite  certainly  be  referred  to  Giebel's 
species,  though  his  description  is  not  very  full. 

Nirmus  ornatissimus,  viir.  xaiithocephali,  n.  \  ar. 

Ill  the  iiuile  tlio  ventnil  inediaii  iiatcli  is  cxtciKlcd  to  the  tip  from  the  sixth  scg- 
iiu'iit,  there  heinji  cK'iir  liitera!  spaces  on  sefjiueiit  (i,  uiiil  a  hirjj;e,  ch^ar  median  spaee 
on  8ejj;iiients  7  and  8,  and  lines  ot'  dusky  rnuning  from  this  patch  to  nicargiu  of  8og- 
uienth  posteriorly  on  fi  and  7  and  a  small  si)ot  on  S  at  sides. 

On  yeHow-headed  bhickbird  (Xtintliocephohis  .*Y(w'/«>ce2>/<«/w«),  col- 
lected at  Fairfax,  Iowa  (II.  O.  collectum). 

Nirmus  pileus,  N. 

Xitzsch,  <ierniiir's  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill,  )>.  291  ;  Zcitsclir.  I'iir  k-  NiiturwiNBiMisch.,  1806.  Vol.  XXVIII, 
)).  ;t73;  (liebcli).  HW;  I'la^r,.!,  |,.  ihl>.  IM.  XV.ti);.  0. 

From  stult'ed  specimens  of  avoeet,  in  museum  of  Iowa  Ajfricultural 
College.  A  well-marked  species,  our  si>ecimen  agreeing  perfectly  with 
description  in  European  works. 

Nirmus  citrinus  Nitzseh. 

yininit  fitrliuig  Xitzscli,  Zeit.sih.  t'iii'  (ifBaiiiint.  Natiirwissriisch.,  1880,  Viil.  XXVIII,  ]>.  ;I78. 

Xirnnixttliuv  Denny,  ji.  1117,  I'l.  I.\,  Kij;.  I. 

Xininm  cilnniix  (iiflicl,  \..  177;  I'iafict,  p.  IflO,  I'l.  XVI.  lln.  8. 

From  Aliens  alle  (Cassino  collection),  Simorhifuclms pijffnucns,  8.  cHuiu- 
tellus,  S.  punilhis,  and  Sifnthlihorlinmphns  (Stejneger  <!ollectioii). 

Nirmus  liiieolatus  Nit/sch. 

(18:i9)  \ii  iiiiin  liiieiilntv.i  }i\ly.>ic\\.     llniiiH'i.><t<T,  Handliiuli,  Vol.  II,  p.  4:28.    (XodeMcription.) 
(18,51)  Xiniiiiii  iiiitatiis  (irube.  v.  Middt'iiilorll's  Sibir.  I'eisc  477,  Tat'.  1,  liy;.  4  (viilo  iiiebid). 
(1860)  Xiiiinm  liiiecliitun  Xitzacli.     /eits.  liir  HKii.  Naliirwis.,  Vol.  XXVIII,  p.  370;  (iiebcl,  177, 
Vol.  IV,  pp.  5,  0,  7,  8;  Piajiet,  199,  I'l.  XVI,  fij;.  3. 

From  herring  gull,  in  collection  of  S.  E.  Cassino;  Uaker  collection, 
Elkhart,  Ind. ;  also  recorded  by  Kellogg,  Now  ?.!allophaga.  So  far  as 
I  can  discover,  there  is  no  description  of  this  ajjecies  prior  to  that  (»f 
Grube's  in  1851,  the  name  alone  appearing  in  Burmeister. 

Nirmus  signatus  Piaget. 

I,es  IVilic,  p.  180,  V\.  XV,  fi;;.  8. 

From  avoeet,  collected  from  stuti'ed  bird  in  museum  of  Iowa  Agri- 
cultural College. 

This  spe(!ies  has  so  much  the  aspect  of  a  Lipeurus  that  I  fiiil  to  see 
on  what  basis  IMaget  places  it  in  Nirmus.  It  is  readily  characterized 
by  the  prolonged  point  to  clypeal  signature. 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


225 


'<!  to  (Jiebel's 


iHfio.  Vol.  xxviir, 


XXVIir,  j,.;i78. 


Nirmus  gracilis  N. 

Xirmim  ijracilig  N'itzgrh. 

Nirmiis  eloiii/ntiis  Denny,  j).  140,  PI,  VII, fig, 4, 

Mniiiin  (jrncUin  l'iaj;i!t,  ji.  157, 1'l.  Xlll,  Ijg.  10, 

Sniiill,  light  brown. 

The  licinl  and  body  both  l.incoolate  in  shape.  Head  abruptly  lanceolate,  the  tip 
narrow  and  rorcipatc^d;  dypeal  Hutiin*  (airly  distinct,  a  transparent  anterior  border 
j)rojertin{5  Hliglitly  in  i'ront  of  Iho  forcejis  likci  side  pieces  and  involute,  furrowed 
beneath,  and  a  narrow  slit  ])assing  backward  from  this  furrow  to  the  mandibles; 
tr.abcculu'  in('oiis])icuous;  antenna'  short,  first  joint  but  little  larger  than  the  others; 
temporal  lobes  curved  on  the  lateral  margin  ;  jiosterior  angles  abruptly  rounded  with 
a  single  hair;  occipital  \ery  slightly  concave;  prothorax  constricted  behind;  nusta- 
thorax  much  wider  behind  than  tlio  base  of  ab(b)nien,  with  a  fringe  of  long  hairs; 
abdominal  segments  .about  ecjual  in  length,  light  brown,  with  a  central  lighter  8trii)e 
and  sutural  margins  and  a  lighter  submarginal  space,  giving  a  series  of  four  (juad- 
rate  round  margins  to  each  8(>gment;  posterior  margins  of  the  segments  without 
hairs  except  a  single  one  at  the  lateral  angles  of  segments  2  to  5,  two  on  segments 
(!  to  7,  and  several  scattering  hairs  on  terminal  segment. 

Described  from  one  speciuien  taken  from  the  ]mrple  martin  [Progne 
si(bi.s),  Ames,  Iowa,  in  company  with  numerous  specimens  of  Meuopou 
and  Docophoius. 

The  lanceolate  form  of  the  head  and  the  body  and  narrow  torcipated 
tip  of  the  elypeus  are  the  most  distinctive  characters  of  the  s]tecies. 

While  evidently  to  be  referred  to  the  above  species,  the  descrii)tion 
will  indicate  the  details  of  character  iu  our  form. 

Nirmus  furvus  Nitzsch. 
Ninnim /iinuis  Nilzsili. 
Nirmus  obtcvris  Driiiiy,  ]).  147,  PI,  X,  f.  6. 
Nirrniis/invu.i  (liel.il,  p.  10,"!,  PI,  V,  t.  2,  3. 
KirMim  obiciinis  l'tU'}»\,  ]>.  10. 
Xiimnsfurriia  Piii.i;i'l,  I.cm  POilic,  \>.  169,  PI.  XIV,  f.  8. 

lirown,  with  a  distinct  dark  border.  Head  elongate;  clypens  tapering,  with  a  dis- 
tinct suture,  circulai'  in  front  and  with  a  wide  clear  nuirgiu,  a  short  hair  on  each 
side;  autonnal  band  heavy,  internal  band  narrower,  ajiproacliing  tlie  anteuual  band 
in  i'ront  of  trabecular,  a  median  light  lino  reaching  the  mandibles  from  tho  clypeal 
suture;  trabecuhe  sharj),  conic,  traus])arent;  antenna' with  second  .joint  as  long  as 
the  third  and  fourth;  temporal  lobes  slightly  widening  behind,  posterior  angles 
regularly  curved;  occiput  slightly  incurved;  prothorax  margined  with  dark  brown, 
wifloning  behind;  metathorax  twice  as  long  as  prothorax,  broadly  margined  with 
brown,  widening  to  behind  the  middle,  where  there  ajtpears  to  be  a  pretty  distinct 
suture,  as  if  the  mcsothorax  and  metathorax  we,  o  not  fused,  with  two  prominent 
hairs  on  each  lateral  angle;  legs  brown;  femora  thick,  paler  on  under  side;  abdo- 
men with  a  broad,  dark-brown  or  blackish  margin,  light  brown  in  the  disk,  with  a 
light  line  on  each  segment  from  2  to  (>;  the  posterior  end  of  tliis  lino  merging  into  a 
dark  circular  spot  open  in  front;  segments  1  and  2  with  two  hairs  each  arising  from 
clear  dots  each  side  of  t\u)  central  dark  spot;  segments  H,  4,  5,  and  G  with  hairs 
arising  from  light  dots  on  ])osterior  margin,  two  bordering  the  bhick  central  spot, 
the  others  midway  from  the8<>  spots  to  the  margin;  seventh  segment  with  hairs  near 
the  posterior  angle;  eighth  with  two  lateral  hairs  each  side;  segments  2  to  7  with 
short  hairs  on  the  outer  angle. 

Described  from  one  female  specimen,  taken  from  Phalaro^us  tricolor^ 
iu  the  museum  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College. 
4653— No.  o lo 


226 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


The  species  is  specially  marked  by  tlic  presence  of  the  central  line 
on  the  abdominal  segments  l*  to  C,  wliicli,  merging  into  the  dark  spots, 
resemble  a  series  ol'  locks.  The  general  agreement  with  descriptions 
of fin'vm  is  very  close  and  it  is  referred  to  this  species. 

Nirmus  rotundatus  n.  sp. 

Xary  lnoiul  iind  coiisiiicuonsly  markctl  AvitU  black  and  dark  hrowu  ;  typo  of  lati- 
J'asciaii.  Head  cordate,  rcfiularly  curved  in  front,  very  Hlij;hMy  conic,  the  tip 
barely  truncate,  tlui  antenna'  and  internal  bands  broad  and  prominent  and  inclosing; 
a  broad  lateral  clear  space;  also  a  broad,  clear  furrow  I'roni  tip  to  mandibles, 
broadening  in  front  of  mandibles  to  form  a  wide,  clear  arc;  trabeenbe  inconspicu- 
ons,  antenna'  short,  first  two  .joints  thicker  than  otluTS,  all  but  i'lrst  annnbite  with 
black,  last  three  nearly  etiual;  ocidput  slightly  inctirved,  a  long  hair  at  posterior 
angle  of  temporal  lobe;  i»rothorax  widening  behind,  dusky  at  sides;  metathorax 
widening  much  behind,  a  blackish  band  running  across  a  little  behind  the  center  of 
posterior  margin,  obtusely  angled,  set  with  bristles;  legs  large,  femora  at  base 
above  and  tibia'  on  dorsal  side  heavily  marked  with  black  and  dark  brown; 
abdomen  ovate,  vei'y  wide,  widest  slightly  in  front  of  middle,  with  broad  transverse 
bands  above  and  below,  those  above  broken  on  disk  except  on  eighth  segment; 
large,  <'lear  spaces  surrounding  spiracles;  genital  ban<l  arched  on  eighth  segment 
and  with  slender,  dusky  strip(!s  running  forward  and  slightly  outward  on  seventh 
segment;  ninth  segment  with  short  band  or  double  spot. 

This  species  is  of  the  general  type  of  variHs,  bnt  nnich  broader.  In 
this  respect  it  is  siiuihir  to  latifasciatus  I'iaget,  described  from  Xulla 
manfoht,  but  the  clear  spaces  of  the  anterior  jtart  of  the  head  are 
broader,  the  abdomen  wider,  the  lateral  bands  extending  farther 
toward  the  center,  and  circles  around  the  spiracles  larger,  tlie  head 
much  more  decidedly  rounded  in  front,  the  clear  spaces  of  dypeus  and 
margin  larger,  and  other  characters  indicating  it  to  be  a  well-established 
form. 

Described  from  one  specimen  collected  from  crow  {('Orrusamencanns)f 
at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Nirmus  picturatus  n.  sp. 

Head  elongate  <'ordate,  one  hair  visible  each  side,  margined  with  black,  apex  clear, 
margin  wi<lening  to  base  of  antenna-,  and  from  this  jxjint  directed  inward  one-third 
width  of  heatl  and  then  liack  to  side  of  head;  temporal  lolies  narrowly  margined, 
occipital  bands  not  blackened,  occijuit  not  margined;  alltenua^  with  Joints  snb- 
e(|ual,  annulate;  jirothorax  or  humeri  in  front  and  margin  behind  black;  meta- 
thorax with  broad,  black  band  widened  at  sides  to  form  subnuirgin;  logs  strong, 
femora  al  base  and  tij)  and  tibiae  at  tip  broaiUy  annulate  with  black  or  dark  brown; 
abdomen  with  lir()a<l,  black  margin  on  segmtmts  1  to  7,  broad  ventral  median  bands 
on  segnn;nts  1  to  .'i,  faint  on  1  uudL',  not  sei)arated  by  mcMlian  clear  space,  but  with  a 
transverse  liglit  band  it  little  behind  the  middle  of  csich  dusky  band ;  on  segments 
6  and  7  a  continuous  black  ])atch,  narrowing  to  ]>osterior  ])art  of  seventh,  and  contin- 
neil  as  a  narrow  strijie  to  Join  the  arc  on  the  <dghth  segment  in  female  and  extended 
to  tip  of  body  in  male ;  a  lew  scattering  hairs  at  the  t  ip  of  the  body,  with  some  light 
portions  laterally  on  seventh  segment;  seventh  and  eighth  segments  with  dusky  arc 
open  in  front,  and  eighth  with  a  medial  dusky  si)ot and  a  marginal  faint  dusky  sjiot; 
ninth  unnuirked,  but  indented  at  tip.  The  dorsal  and  ventral  spots  are  not  easily 
distinguished  on  account  of  thinness  and  transparency  of  body. 

Taken  from  SturneJla  mafinn,  Ames,  Iowa.     Very  closely  related  to 

ornatmimns,  but   dift'ers    distinctly  from    species  on  Agelaius  and 


SUBORDER    MALLOPIIAGA. 


227 


tameriranns)f 


Xantlioceplialus  in  being  a  little  larger,  the  dypeus  more  romided  inter- 
nally, and  in  the  absence  of  oc(!ii)ital  bands,  and  in  the  median  bands 
of  abdomen  not  shai'ply  defintid. 

Nirmus  pallidus  ii.  Hp. 

Almost  ■\vliito  thronglioiit.  lle.id  bluntly  conic  in  front  of  antonna-,  as  long  as 
wide;  clypeuH  conciive,  ii  rather  deep  ventral  furrow  runuin,^  from  tip  to  mandibles; 
mandibles  eliestnul,  a  sinyli',  hair  at  posterior  angle  of  temi)oral  lobes,  widening 
behind;  occiput  I'onvex,  slightly  cmarginate  in  center;  antenna' with  basal  joint 
larger  than  others,  but  short;  s(^eond  Joint  longest,  fifth  joint  alnmst  as  long  as  second, 
third  and  fourth  ecpial;  i)rothorax  rathernarrow;  metathorax  broadened  Avith  lateral 
angles  but  little  behind  ccntei-  and  bearing  sc'veral  stitf  hairs;  ]>osterior  border  sub- 
angulate,  a  few  hairs  toward  the  outer  margin:  legs  uncolored,  claws  tinged  with 
brown;  abdomen  elliptic,  uncolored,  sparsely  hairy  at  si<l»is  i>osteriorly. 

Taken  from  rose-breasted  grosbeak  {Jlahla  huloviciana),  Ames,  Iowa. 
All  specimens,  fonr  in  number,  show  the  jtallid  character  of  immature 
individuals,  but  as  the  largest  shows  no  more  coloring  than  smallest, 
and  all  appear  to  have  chitinous  framework  thonmghly  developed,  it 
seems  proper  to  consider  them  fairly  mature,  at  least.  1  can  not  con- 
nect them  with  any  described  species,  and  believe  the  above  diagnosis 
will  serve  to  distinguish  them  even  if  additiomil  material  should  bring 
to  light  more  mature  specimens. 

Nirmus  secoudarius  n.  sp. 

Type  circiimfaHciati.  Head  longer  than  wide,  rounded  in  front  and  slightly  conic; 
anteiinal  band  strong,  thickened  at  marii'in  ;  trabecular  conic;  antenna-  rather  long, 
first  joint  strong,  second  joint  slender  as  long  as  third  and  fourtii  togtsther;  eyes 
l)romiiient;  temporal  lolies  narrowing  behind,  two  hairs,  one  at  middle  of  lateral 
margin  the  other  at  ]iosterior  angle;  occiput  slightly  sinuous;  thorax  narrow;  pro- 
thorax  slightly  widened  behind,  a  strong  bristle  at  i)osterior  margin;  metathorax 
contracted  for  one-third  its  length,  widening  behinil;  posterior  margin  regularly 
curved  with  stiff  hairs  set  in  ])air8;  legs  strong,  anterior  femora  with  a  i)roniineut 
{callosity  at  tip  above;  abdomen  widest  behind  the  middle,  marginal  bands  strong, 
l»rojecting  deeply  into  i)recediiig  segment,  and  recurved  in  segments  1  to  T)  and  very 
slightly  in  segment  0;  genital  spot  running  from  sixth  segment  to  the  tip  and 
widening  posteriorly.  Color  uiiiforiiily  li,!;ht  lirown,  more  prominent  on  margin  of 
head;  thorax  and  abdomen  se])arated  by  clear  lines  on  the  sutures  aud  by  a  median 
light  line  longitudinally  in  the  front  portion  of  the  disk. 
On  Comis  amerieanuN,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Nirmus  orpheus  n.  sp. 

Head  large,  rounded  in  front,  with  continuous  marginal  band;  autonna' slightly 
darker  toward  apex,  eyes  <listinct;  temporal  lolies  wilii  Idackish  margin  shading 
gradually  toward  the  disk,  with  two  hairs;  occiput  sligiitly  concave;  ])rothora.i 
short,  transverse;  metathorax  more  than  twice  as  long  as  i)rothorax,  enlarging 
l)osteriorly ;  a  hair  at  lateral  angles;  bigs  fuscous,  somewhat  more  dusky  on  the 
dorsal  border  of  femur  and  tibia';  tii»  (tf  fiiinora  siibannulate;  abdomen  enlarging 
](osteriorly,  margin  without  det'ix'r  bands,  median  bands  broad  se])arated  by  wide, 
clear  space  on  the  sutures,  those  on  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  segments  merging 
into  a  median  stripe. 

Length.  l.fiO  mm.;  head,  0.5  mm.;  abdomen,  0.!>  mm.  Width,  head,  O.'M  mm.; 
abdomen,  0.!")  mm. 

Described  from  two  niiih-  specdmens,  both  of  which  appear  to  be 
scarcely  mature. 


228 


INSECTS    AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


I 

J- 

I  ,)(■■;. 


Oil  (hilmsvopti's  niroliiicitnis.     IJiirnett  collection. 

Approiiclics  the  Xirmiis  (iiiinilaiits,  occiiriiiif''  on  Ceopltlaiis  pUmtus, 
bnt  lacks  the  annulations  of  tlie  antenna-.  The  l»lack  margin  to  the 
abdomen  and  the  median  hands  are  dill'erently  arranj?ed. 

Nirmus  tyraiinus  n.  sp. 

Yellowish  lirowii,  witli  duiker  iiiiiriiin  to  iiietiiflioriix  mid  abdoiiieii. 

Ileiid  coiiii',  tiipeiiiii^  Kliai'ply  in  I'roiil,  hut  with  riilhcr  hroiid  tiiiiieuto  rly])eiis; 
anteniiie  inserted  midway,  socoiid  joint,  ahoiit  as  Ion;:;  ,is  tliir(l,  I'ourth,  and  lil'lli 
ti)};ether;  eyeH  prominent;  occiput  eniarujinate ;  tlioiax  short;  nictalliorax  Imt 
liltle  longer  than  jnnthorax ;  Icj^s  lout;,  middle  and  ]ios(cri(ir  coxa'  ehin^ale; 
abdomen  narrow,  enlarninj;  jtostei'iorly,  miite  uniformly  yellowish  brown,  with 
four  hairs  arising;  iVoui  minute,  clear  spots  near  the  jiostciior  nnir^in  of  sejijmeiits  ;!, 
4,  .">,  (i,  antl  7.  Also  on  the  s;ime  s.-^nuMits  are  hairs  arisingjust  within  thi'  niai<;inal 
bund  and  one  or  two  hairs  at  the  lateral  an<j;les;  spiracles  hx'Uted  in  clear  Kpots  Just 
within  th(<  niar;;inal  liand:  einhth  si';;mcnt  a  transverse  band,  incliidin<;  two  clear 
spots  from  which  hairs  arisi-;  ninth  sej^inent  very  small. 

l.enjffli,  2.('>  nnn.  to  L'.S  mm.;  head,  0.7  mm.;  abdomen,  I.tts  mm.  Width,  liead, 
0..")1  mm. ;  ahdomeii,  O.tii!  mm. 

Described  from  two  specimens  (on  7'<//v««««.s)  from  the  lUirnett  col- 
lection, both  I'emah's. 

Nirmus  cordatus  il'l.  II,  fif^.  a). 

Head  cordate;  ahdonien  ON'ate.  t.aiKTint;  ]iretty  shar]dy  caiidally.  Color  fulvous. 
Jlcad  rcifularly  ronmled  in  front;  elypeal  siniiatnre  faint  ;  antenmc  iusiTtcd  in  front 
of  the  middle,  rather  thick  ;  eye.s  lari^e,  ]irominent  ;  occiput  einarj;inattt,  with  black- 
ish bonier;  tciujioral  lobes  with  two  hairs;  ]U()thorax  short,  a  short  hair  on  (he 
anj>le;  mctathorax  obtusely  iinuled  on  the  abdomen,  two  hairs  at  tlwOateral  auj^le; 
logs  Htroiij;,  briii'lit  fuhous  without  bands;  abdomen  ovate,  v.ith  transverse  brown 
bands  separated  by  clear  sjiaces  at  the  sutures,  most  distinct  on  the  disk,  ii  few  short 
liairs  at  the  anjiles  of  the  jiosterior  segments. 

Length,  2.1 1  nun.:  head,  o.iiti  nnn. ;  abdomen,  1.41  mm.  Width,  In^ad,  (l.7:>  nnn. ; 
abdomen,  I). (II  mm. 

On  l/imosa  iKVUidsticn,  Ilnrnett  collection. 

Described  from  a  single  female  specimen  and  an  immatnre  indi\  idnal. 
The  species,  however,  seems  to  be  a  well-marked  one,  and  it  .seems 
proper  to  give  it  ;i  descrijition. 

Nirmus  marginatus  n.  si>.  tl'l.  II,  tig.  h). 

Head  and  body  with  a  blackish  nuiryin,  gala  with  an  inverted  shield-sbajied 
fuscous  sjiot. 

He,.(l  longer  than  wide;  e]y])ens  broad,  rounded  with  a  wide  <'ontinnons  band; 
antenna-  with  rather  deep  insertions  ;  second  joint  about  twice  as  long  as  the  others, 
joints  ;i  to  .")  with  dusky  ainiulations;  occiput  transverse,  straight;  jtrothorax 
short,  rather  deeply  inserted  in  the  head;  nu'tatlioriix  twice  tln^  length  of  pro- 
tborax  ;  jxisterior  nuirgin  straight ;  lateral  margin  with  blackish  spot:<  antt-riorly  and 
a  larger  fuscous  jiati'h  ]>osteriorly,  with  a  jirolongation  inward  to  near  (ho  center; 
femora  with  a  blackish  dorsal  sjiot  extending  into  a  jiartial  annula;  tibia'  with 
ajdcal  external  spot  and  an  internal  black  strijie;  abdominal  segmiuits  1  to  7  with 
a  black  border  and  more  or  less  distinct  median  tr.'insvers(!  fuscous  bands;  eiuhth 
segment  with  a  narrow  fuscous  band  prodnee<l  in  front  iind  with  two  clear  ]>nstnles 
from  which  arise  long  slender  hairs. 

Length,  2  nnn. ;  head,  0.")6  mm.     Wiilth,  head.  0.40  mm. ;  abduiuun,  0.48  una. 

On  CenphlwuH  pUeaUis,  Burnett  collection. 


SUBORDER    MALLOPHAGA. 


229 


laiis  pi  lea  I  lis. 
larjjiii  to  tlic 


tllicuto  clyin'us; 
)lll'lli,  anil  lifti, 
iiirtalhoiax  liiit 
coxa-  t'lonjjatu; 
sli  brown,  with 
(if  scijniciits  ;i, 
ill  lli(^  iiiarirjiial 
■lear  s])()ts  Jiisi 
Jidiiij;  two  clear 

Width,  hfad, 

i>uril('tt  col- 


Color  fulvous. 
iStTtnl  ill  IVoiit 
ate,  with  hlack- 
Iiort  hair  on  (he 
Hi  lateral  aii<;l(!; 
•aimvorst)  brown 
ilisk,  a  few  short 

head,  (l.T.'i  ?iini.; 


re  iiidividiiiil. 
iiJid  it  seems 


1  Hhield-shaped 

iitimioiis  band; 
U'  as  the  otlusrs, 
?ht;  protliorax 
h'liiith  of  ]iro- 
•■i  anteriorly  and 
ear  the  center; 
hi;  tibia-  with 
nts  1  to  7  with 
I  bands;  eiyhth 
)  clear  jnistules 

0.48  mm. 


NirmuB  abruptus  n.  sp.     (PI.  II,  li}^.  c) 

Ilciid  parabaloid,  almost  ecmical  in  front,  with  a  distinct  ventral  furrow  in  front 
of  mandibles,  outer  iii:ir<j;in  'ileojily  iiifuscated,  beeoiiiiiij^  darker  to  the  base  of  the 
antiMina';  anteniial  pits  siirroniided  by  a  broad,  dark  border,  curved  in  front, 
straij;lit  behind,  meryinjj  into  a  Homewhat  acute  angle  inwardly ;  antenna-  obscurely 
annulate  with  I'uscomh,  deepest  on  fourth  and  tifth  Joints,  lifth, joint  nearly  as  b>ng 
as  third  and  fourth  toi;ether;  toiuporal  lobes  margined  with  a  narrow  black  stripe, 
a  single  hair  at  thii  outer  angle;  occiput  straight;  protliorax  small;  metatiiorax 
about  as  broad  as  head,  with  dw]t  stripes  set  into  margin  ;iiid  merging  into  a  trans- 
verse strijie ;  ])OHterior  margin  set  with  a  low  of  stilf  hairs:  legs  robust;  femur  and 
tibia-  annulatii  atdistal  ends  with  fuscous  and  showing  dori^'i-.lly  and  \(-ntrally  deeper 
blackish  spots;  abdoim-n.  witli  segments  1  to  7  with  rather  liroad  blackish  margin 
within  which  the  disk  is  light,  clear,  slightly  ;ellowisli  and  with  a  central  low  of 
transverse  bands  on  ventral  surface,  those  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments  merged 
together  and  connecting  with  the  transverse  strijie  on  t  Ik- eighth  segnu-nt,  the  lateral 
])ortions  of  which  an^  curved  forwin-il ;  tevminal  segment  slightly  notched,  a  single 
series  of  hairs  on  the  posterior  iiiargi:.  ')f  segments  .">  toS  and  single  hairs  at  the  lateral 
angles  on  segmt-nts  ',\  to  7. 

Length,  l.Oilmm. ;  head  0.;>!»  mm.;  abdomen,  l.dS  mm.  Wiiltli,  head  0..'{.">  mm.; 
abdomen,  O.;")!  mm. 

On  Coliinin  rirf/iniamis,  IlunietteoUectioii.  1  )escril)e(l  from  one  mature 
n(livi(ln;il,  the  slide,  also  contaiiiinj;'  an  immature  one,  wliieli  ])iesents 
th«^  same  eliaiiicteiisties  excei.  in  the  intensity  of  the  dark  markings. 
This  species  is  of  the  jj'eneral  aspect  of  orndfis.simus,  ditt'ering'  in  the 
intensity  of  tlie  iilxhiminal  niiirj^in  and  some  ot  the  1  ead  markin<;s,  and 
as  it  occurs  on  so  distinct  a  iiroii])  of  birds  it  seems  worthy  (»f  8ei)arate 
di'seription. 

Nirmus  parallelus  n.  sp.     (I'l.  II,  tig.  <f.) 

T.ong  and  sh-nder,  recalling  the  form  of  l.ifriiriin  IkivkIiis.  Head  long,  slightly 
coni<';  clyjieus  wide,  slightly  coinex;  aiitenmc  dusky  at  tip;  forehi-a<l  with  a  clear 
spai'e  in  front  of  mandibles  and  a  siibi|uadrate  clear  space  between  the  internal 
bands,  but  the  anterioi'  portion  of  cly])eus  dusky;  orbital  and  temporal  lobes 
strongly  margined  with  black;  protliorax  i|uadrate,  slightly  narrowed  in  front; 
mtUathorax  lobcd  at  the  sicb-s;  mesosternum,  with  central  fuscons  ])ateli,  cniarginate 
in  front,  trunciite  behind,  connected  at  sides  with  ]iatches  extending  in  from  border; 
abdomen  elongale,  sides  jiarallel,  margins  black  ;  disk,  with  median  brown  patches, 
•-marginate  laterally,  and  separated  at  the  sutures  by  transverse  clear  band;  middle 
and  posterior  iibia-,  with  a  dark  si>ot  nearly  encircling  the  tip,  male  similar  to  the 
f<-iiiale;  terminal  segment  of  abd(mien  rounded  and  dusky:  genital  hooks  heavy, 
incurved. 

9  Length,  L' mm. ;  head,  O.-lL' mm. :  width,  head,  (>.L',">  mm. ;  abdomen,  0.1^7  mm. 

,^   Length,  1.71  mm.;  width,  at)doiiien,  1.71  mm. 

On  .lujialitis  roci/crn,  Jiurnett  collection.  (Description  writteii  in 
May,  ISiVl.) 

This  s|>ecics  is  lemarkiibly  like  the  Lipeuri  in  api)earance  in  the 
slender  body  and  p.uallel-sided  abdomen  and  the  character  of  the  k'gs, 
but  there  is  no  trace  of  a  process  npon  the  third  Joint  of  the  aiiteuuie 
or  of  the  notch  in  terminal  sejiinent  of  male. 

Kellogf^'s  description  of  Xiriinis  hoephlhiH  from  a  female  specimen 
from  same  host  agrees  (piite  closely  in  most  res])ects,  bnt  differs  in  i^ro- 
portioTis  of  head.     The  types  for  my  description  being  now  in  the  Boston 


230 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


w 


Society  of  Xsitural  History,  a  detailed  coini.iirison  is  impossible.  Com- 
l)sirisous  of  a  jjreiiter  scries  of  specimens  will  very  likely  ]»rove  their 
identity,  in  which  case  Kcllojig's  name  will  luive  jiriority.  Kelloj-y's 
sujjjjestion  that  this  rei>resents  Packard's  L'qtenrns  (/racilis  seems 
([uitt^  well  lonnded. 

Nirmus  picestaiiB  Kullt><;<;, 

N.-w  Miilli.pli.iKa.  p.  im,  IM.  V,  (iyn  1  uihI  2. 

On  royal  tern,  Stmia  Dia.rimd,  jSlonterey,  Cal,  ( Kelloj^j;). 
Nirmus  hebes  Kollogg. 

N'.w  Miilli.i>1i:i-ii.  11.  inl.  n  V,  iIl'.  :i. 

On  royal  tern,  StcriKi  maxiniK,  ^Nlontiiniy,  <"al.  (  Kt'Iloj^j;). 

Nirmus  farallonii  Kollof;;;. 

\ow  Mall(ii>1i;i(;ii.  \\.  lir.,  IM.  V.  li^'  t 

On  J*hal(ict'o<'ora.r  (liloplius  <r//>o(;/7m7H.v.  .Monterey,  Cal.  (i\elloyg). 
Nirmus  orariiis  Keil  )^g. 

New  Miilloiiliunii.i).  nil.  IM.  V,  liL'  r.. 

On  Charath'ius  domhiicus,  Lawrence,  Kans.  (Kellojjjj). 

Nirmus  gigauticola  Ki-llogg. 

Xcw  AIiilloiiliaKii.  )i.  1115.  IM.  V,  llg.  li. 

On   Dlomvdea  aUxilriis,  Monterey,  Cal.  (  Kclloj^jn). 

Nirmus  boephilus  Kellogg. 

N.'W  MiiUdpliajia,  p.  107,  IM.  V,  «■;.  T. 

On  .T^gialitis  rocifrra,  Lawrenc*',  Kans.  ( Kelloj^j;). 

Oucopborus  minutus  Nit/.Mch. 

Xinnvt  h(i')ih/i<.s' ( lii'licl,  ji.  I'd,  IM.  V.  li);.  7. 
(hicoplionii  miimlti.t  IMajjot,  ]).  21.'>,  IM.  XVIII.  Mi;.  2. 

On  Fulica  amcricaua  Ames,  Iowa. 

Qouiocotes  rectangulatus  Mt^^scli. 

(ioniocoirt  rcclnnirulntiia  Nitzacli,  rn'Miiar»  Mag.,  Viil.  Ill,  p.  204;  (liiibcl,  Epiz.,  ji.  IS!). 

I  have  not  seen  s])eeimens  of  this  s|)e('ies,  but  mention  it  here  since 
it  is  so  certain  to  occur  here  as  well  as  in  Europe. 

Qouiocotes  hologaster  Nit/.sch. 

IHeiini.i(iallinifVi'  (iecr.  Vol.  VII,  I'l,  IV,  ti;;.  1.1. 

Ooniocntf.i  liiiUiijiDilir  Kitzsch,  (lentiRi's  Maj;  ,  Vol.  Ill,  )i  2!U;  (iit'Iirl,  Kpiz.,  p.  184;  (lUrK,  A'ol. 

Vlir,  IM.  IV,  tij;.  1  ;   riuKct,   t.o.s  Vrdif.,  ji.  2:!1,  IM,  XI\',  fl(;.  C;  Osliorii.  litill.  7,  Piv.  Eiil., 

Hi'pt.  A;;r..p.  :t'J. 

This  is  not  the  (/.  hologastrr  of  Denny  and  of  Enjjlish  and  American 
writt'rs  generally,  and  I  know  of  no  positive  record  for  America. 

Gouiocotes  abdominalis  Tiaget. 

Ooiii«e(itt:ili('li>iiast(  }■  Dcniiv.  ji.  ir>;i,  IM,  XII,  11;;.  4. 
^  Oonioeiite.i  ahiliiinliiitlis  i'iaf^et.  ]i.2'M^,  I'l.  XX.  li^.-;  Osborii.  Hull   7.  Div.  Kiit.,  Pi'pt.  Agr.,  p.  ,'!2. 

The  species  is  usually  known  as  hologastrr  in  Enj;lish  and  American 

writings. 

Goniocotes  compar  Nitzsch. 

Opniiars  Map.,  Vol.  lU,  p,  294;  Henny,  p.  l.'>2,  IM.  XIIT,  fig.  2;  (iurK,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  117,  IM. 
IV,  lig.  2;  r.iebel,  p.  18.1,  IM.  XII,  fig.s.  10  and  11,  IM.  XX,  fig.  8;  IMag.t,  p.  2:i4,  IM.  XIX, 
iig.  10:  (Lsborii,  Hull.  7,  Div.  Knt.,  Dept.  Agr.  p.  31),  lig.  19. 

From  Columha  liria,  specimens  in  Burnett  collection. 
Ooniodes  dispar  Nit:',Bcb. 

Gernmr's  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  294 ;  Denny,  p.  159,  IM.  XII,  lig.  5;  Giubol,  Wpiz.,  p.  liKt,  PI.  XH,  figs. 
12, 13. 


SUBORDER   MALLOPIIAGA. 


231 


assibh).  Com- 
ly  prove  tlicii 
ty.  KoUoyn's 
/raciliti   seems 


(Kt'Iloyg). 


iz..  II.  ]S5. 


■t  liero  since 


>.  184;  niirll,  A'ol. 
Hull.  7,  Div.  Kill., 

1(1  Aiuerican 

leriea. 


I><'I)f.  Agr.,  p.  '.12. 

(I  Auierican 


viir,  p.  117, 1'l. 
1>.  2:;4,  T'l.  XIX, 


it:t,  n.  xn,  flgs. 


A  specimen  from  the  quail  in  tlu^  dassiiuxrolleetion  is  referred  to  this 
species.  1  liave  not  heen  able  to  <Titieally  compare  it  with  (>.  orti/yis 
of  I'iafifet. 

Goiiiodes  cupido  Gioliul. 

Zt'ltHrli.  f.  K*'**- ^"'"''^*i'*>*'"«<'''-.  IHIIfl,  Vol.  XXVIII,  ]).  ;tH7;  IJiidow,  Zdilscli,  f.  ^'OH.  Ts'iitiirwiH- 
HciiHih.,  1H7(I,  Vol.  XXXV,  |i..(H'J;   I'hifjrl,  T,cs  I'MU-.,  )i.  H.lil,  I'l.XX,  lit:.:!. 

I^'ioni  'ri/mpainirliHs  (ntwriranvs,  (!.  1).  Cook  collection. 
Goniodes  nieniamaiiUB  riirkuril. 

.\iiiiuiil  KciMirl.  r.  S.  CcdI.  jiiiil  dco^'.  Siii-vcy,  lK7a,  ]).  7111 :  IMii'.'cl,  I.cm  IVMli<\,  ].. 'J.'.'i  (rilcili. 

I  know  of  no  record  of  tliis  species  later  tlian  the  original  dcscrii)tion. 
Goniodes  dainicoriiis  Nit/.Hcli. 

/i'its<li.  I',  yrf.,  Niitiiiwissctiscli.,  IHlili,  V<il.  XVII,  ji.  119;  (iiflicl,  Kpiz.,  p.  lliV;  I'iii;.;()t,  p.  li.lS, 
ri.  X  \,  (!■;.  H;  ()nlnirii,  r.iill.  7,  IMv.  Kiit.,  Dipt,.  Anv.,  ]>.  :i."),  li^'.  L':!. 

Specimens  from  tlie  ])igeon  in  tlie  (Jassino  <;ollection. 

Goniodes  stylifer  Nit/si  li. 

I'l'dlftiliig  iiK'litvirin  ScliniiiU,  p.  .M)!;  (iimiodes  styli/e  r  ^Mzwh,  (Ifniiiii 'h  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill,  ]i.294; 
Dniiiy,  p.irifi,  I'l.  Ml.lig.i;;  (iiclid.  Kpi/..,  ji.  liOO,  IM.  XIII,  lig.  1;  (Siirlt,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  4:;i, 
I'l.  IV,  liKs.7,«i  I'iiiKi't,  p.'JIil,  \'\.  XXII,  (ig.  1  :  OhIhifu.  Hull.  7.  Div.  Eiit.,  Diiit.  Apr.,  p. 
:m,  11^.  24. 

Specimens  from  the  turkey  {Mvlcat/ris  (fallojinro),  collected  by  Dr. 
A.  llassall,  llaltimore,  Md. 

Goniodes  ortygia  1'iaj.cet. 

Les  IVclic,  p.  2H'_',  ri.  XX  II I    (in.  fi. 

On  Colitnis  rir;ii)iia)inii,  (vide  I'iaget.) 

Goniodes  falcicornis  Nit/Hcli. 

l'itli.r  pai'iiiih  Ucili,  p.  14. 

J'rdiciilii.s  jnd'iiiiis   I.iimr,  \'ol.  II,  J).   lOlit.nfif);    Filuli,    Ins.,   ]..  VIIT,  tab.  4;  17114  Fall.,  S.vHt. 

Kilt.  71.  27   p.Hd!)-   I'iili.,SpiM'.  Ins.  (i.  II,  ]i.  artl ;  F»l».,  Manl.  Iiih.  I,  II,  p.:i7();  S.liraiik,  Inn. 

Aust.;  I'anzer.  II.  51,  lig.  1!). 
Nlriinii:  tiiiiiiioiKiciiiIidlus  ( )lft'rs,  p.  9. 

Giiiiiinli'.i/iilvienniiii  Xil/.scli,  (icriiiar  .s  JIng  ,  A'ol.  III.  ]i.  203. 
Wicinim pavniiii!  Kiiliy  \-.  Siionciv  Int.  I'^nt  ,  Vol.  II,  I'l.  V,  lig. :!. 
Om)imlf:i/aU-ic(iriii»  Dcntiy  ji.  15.")  PI.  XII,fij;s.  1  anil  2;  (lieliil,  Kpiz..  !>.  108,  IM.  XII,  fig.s,  14  nml 

15;   piiraiiU  Drnning.  rnic.  IJ;iy.  Sor.  Kilinl).,  1871,  p.  VII;    I'iagot,   Les  I'l'ilic,  p.  275,  I'l. 

X  XI I r.  fig.  1  :  OMliorn,  Hull.  7,  Div.  Ent.,  Di'pt,  A^'i .,  j).  36,  llg.  25. 

Common  on  the  pea  fowl. 
Goniodes  niepliitidis  r.'ickard. 

lii'lil.  V.  S.  (Ji'iil.  Survi'y,  l.'»72.  p.  7:i'J. 

Xot  seen.  Tt  seems  finite  unlikely  that  a  Goniodes  should  occur  on  a 
mammal  except  as  a  stragjilcr,  and  I  shouhl  incline  to  believe  that  the 
species  is  one  of  the  fornix*  occurring  on  the  gallinaceous  birds,  and  has 
possibly  migrated  to  the  skunk  from  its  normal  host  when  the  latter 
Avas  devoured. 

Lipeurus  hetercgraphus  Mtzsrli. 

Cnnliiriilin  Intnii'tlt  r;u'liaril.  .\mi'ri<aii  ^'aliiriillHl,  Vol.  TV,  p.  !I4;  Oslmni,  liull.  7,  Div.  Knt., 
l)i!pt.  Agr.,  ]i.  ;i4,  llg.  21. 

In  liiirnett  collection  I  tind  a  spe(;ics  which  agrees  witli  Packard's 
description  and  ligiire,  ami  which  must,  I  think,  be  his  hiinictti,  but  it 
is  not  a  (loniocotes,  as  I  haAC  specimens  of  lioth  sexes,  of  Avhat  is  evi- 
dently the  same  species,  Avhich  prove  it  to  be  a  Lipeurus. 


232 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Hody  niiirgiiKMl  distinctly  with  blink.  lloii<l  oloiigatc,  cordatt);  iuitonuin  sot  in 
rather  ik^'iily;  oycH  consnicuons;  autonnal  cavity  aixl  toiiiiioral  lobes  with  black 
bonier  oxtciiiliiif^  inward  to  ninnilildcs,  also  a  ]ironiinciit  orbital  band;  occiimt  sin 
iioiih;  iirotliorax  Huban^ular,  lateral  anfflcs  a  little  behind  middle,  with  a  siii;;ic 
pronunent  hair;  iiietathorax  short,  ]>osterior  border  straiKhl,  lateral  angles  with 
three  hairs,  margin  very  black  ;  legs  rather  s]en<ler;  abdomen  with  black  margin,  ami 
more  or  less  distinct  median  liainls,  which  ar(^  separated  in  nu'dian  line  and  most 
distinct  at  thi«  anterior  and  ))osterior  borders. 

On  doino.stit'  fowl.  IJiiruett  coIU'C-tioii,  aiHl  Ames,  lowii,  Spociiiu'ii.s 
from  Prol'cs.sor  r.niiK'raic  troiii  a  yoniiin duel.,  aiul  it  sociiis  jn'obahlc  that 
the  species  may  (xu'iir  on  dilVeieiit  doniestie  I'owls  wlieic  oppoitimity 
offers  for  its  transfer  from  oiu^  to  aiiotlier. 

I'aekard's  fiytire  (lij>'.  lltJ.  ante)  is  fairly  jiood,  tlioiigli  it  hutksin  detail 
for  the  certain  recojiiiition  of  the  species. 

LipeuruB  baculua  N'itzsch. 

I'tiU:!'  ci)hniih(V  uiiijuris  lirili,  K\i>.  jil.  2  (vide  Dciiiiv);   r.iiiisc  iif  I'iyiMiii.  Alliiii,  Aran.  ))1.4;i. 

I'lilii'nlir^  Cdliiiiilxv  I.iniM'iis. 

I'viiiiuliin  fiiliiiiihii;Vtit>\]'r\\\i>\.  II.  ii.  7,  p.  "lit'.i;  Scliniiik,  |i.  1 14,  ii.  4, 'riili.  V.,  lit;.  3;  l''iil)riciii» 
Syst.  Kill..  11.31,  S|MM'.  IT,|i,  482. 

\iniiiii-  fiH/oniitf!:  OH'crs  '.Ml. 

J.i}i('iirt(s  hiifiilii.i,  N'itzscli,  (icrnini's  Mil;:.  \  ol.  1 11.  p.  'J'.K) ;  l.yoiiPl,  p.  27;!,  I'l.  X  III.  lli;.  10;  ISur 
rai'isliT.  lIiiiulliU(li.Vc>l.n,p,4:!4.S:  Denny,  p.  172,  PI.  XlV.lis. :!;  C.urlt,  Vol.  VIII,  p.  424,  I'l 
VII  r,  Ii",'.  »:  (ililiil.  r,piz.,p.  21,'">,  Till'.  Xvi,  lig.  S.  s<l,!»,  lal'.  X.X.II;;.  ;i;  (iiniiKl,  IluUctin  (tola 
Soc.  Enl..  is.'i'.i;  riiificl  I.iB  I'tilic.,;iu;i.  I'l.  XXV.lljr, -J.  OslH.ni,  Hiill.7,  Div.  Eut,  Dcpt.  Agr., 
p.  38. 

Very  common  on  i)ij;eoiis  ami  evidently  very  "eneral  in  distribution. 
Cassino  collection,  11.  O,  colleeti«)n;  llsissali  collection,  and  C  Ii.  ('ook 
C(dle(!tion. 

Lipeurus  hiridus  Xitzsch  (?). 

Elongate,  nearly  )tarallel,  general  color  dusky  brown. 

Head  tai)cring  in  front  <d'aiitenn:i' ;  elyiteal  suture  indistinct,  sides  of'head  broadly 
margined;  a  large  brown  siiot  extending  forward  iVoni  theoccipnt,  pointed  anteriorly; 
antenna-  of  male  with  a  very  larger  liasal  joint,  a  much-curved  third  Joint  with  the 
fourth  joint  set  upon  the  outside  of  the  curve;  thorax  (juadrate,  broadly  margined 
with  brown;  nietathorax  trajiezoidal,  with  four  hairs  near  the  postcuior  margin; 
legslargo  and  strong;  coxa' of  second  .-md  third  pair  enlarged;  abdomen  widestabout 
the  middle,  in  the  male  light  dusky  bauds  running  from  side  to  side,  occu))ying  full 
length  of  the  segments  at  margins;  segments  I, ,"».  (i.  and  7  with  long  hairs  at  lateral 
angles,  spiracles  snrnmnded  by  a  small,  clear  circle. 

I  tind  it  impossible  to  satisl'y  myself  of  the  identity  of  my  S])ecirae 
from  the  American  coot  with  the  liiridii.s  of  Enroiiean  authors  The 
description  given  by  Piaget  and  the  figure  (by  Nitzsch)  in  (liebci  are 
neither  of  them  in  accord  with  my  specimens,  and  while  Denny's  tigur 
might  be  made  to  fit,  his  description  indi(!ates  blacker  margin  than  in 
my  spe(dmens,  and  moreover,  he  does  not  seem  to  have  been  certain  of 
his  species,  assuming  it  to  be  hiritluH  from  occurrence  on  the  same  bird. 
Therefore,  Avhile  retaining  the  name  with  s(mie  doubt,  I  think  it  well 
to  .state  the  diagnostic  features,  and  if  additional  material  or  compar- 
ison with  European  s])eeimens  prove  it  to  be  distinct,  it  will  be  time 
enough  to  give  it  a  separate  description  and  luime. 


8UIJ0RDER   MALLOPIIAOA. 


233 


Iii(;kH  in  dotail 


Eurymetopus  brevit  Diifonr. 

(I83."i)  I'liUopteriiK  hnviK  Itiil'imr,  AiiiiuIi'm  dc  la  Sor.  Kiil,,  X'ol.  IV,  p.  (174,  I'l.  XXXI.flf,'.  3.  (vido 

TIagi'l,  I-t'H  r6illc,). 
(18:19)   /,i'/<i'i,ri/*  fcniH.v  (^nn-i/.v  (if  Nll/Ntli  MSS.)  ItiiiimiHtfi'   IIiiihIImiiIi.  Vol    II,  1:13. 
J.iptvrut  launm,  Nitzwcli,  Zn'tHclir.  f.  m^s.  NiilurwiH.stMi.scli,,  (18ti(l),  \iil.  XW'Ill,  ]i.  1180  (vidti 

lilclxd). 
(18fil)   IhiriiphoioiilfHhnviHViS^VuiW.  (^Iiiiiil  .lour.  Micro,  Sc,  im!4,  N'ol.  I\'.  |>.  18,  I'l.  I. 
lAiiiunm  liiurKH  IMii^i't.  I-'<'h  IVdic  ,  p.  :i:i'J,  I'l    XXXI,  tij;   3 

Eiirytni'lKinmiiiuriig  Nit/Hcli, 'riisclHMilieri;,  l)ir  MiillopliM^i'ii  {IH8J),  p.  lH:i,  I'l    V,  li(;H.  8,Hii. 
Lipevrii)!  InurvsiMmrw,  I'nic.  Nat.  MiiHt>iiiii,  Vol,  XII,  p. 

It  sj^eins  to  lue  iiecessiiry  to  rcstonr  the  iiaino ot  I )ut,)iir  for  tliis  species, 
as  his  description  was  publislied  four  years  before  u'ly  by  Nitzsch,  and 
in  tlie  lirst  indication  of  tlie  Nitzscii  description  (lluiincister,  Ilandbuch 
II.  ]).  4.'5.'{)  Dnfonr's  name  is{;iven,and  it  is  simply  stated  in  parentlu'sis 
that  it  is  the  iaiwuNoi  Nitzsch's  MSS,  On  what  ^roiimi  (Hebel  shonld 
have  resmre(!te<l  tlie  name  ttinniN,  or  why  Puifi'et  shoiiM  follow  him  in 
it,  I  fail  to  see,  as  both  w«'re  familiar  with  Dnfonr's  description. 

Piaget  considers  the  L.  ju'dc^-i/nrniis  of  Dnfoiir  an  example  ol'  titurns 
not  fully  developed  (in  way  of  development).  ' 

Lipeurus  bifasciatiis  Tiauot. 

LcH  I'Mlculiiics,  p,  :i42,  ri    XXVIIl,  lii;.  1. 

From  I'chcdnns  cri/tlirorhynchos,  Davenport,  Nebr. ;  collection  of  Prof. 
Lawren(!e  IJruner. 

LipeuniB  forficulatus  N. 

Zcitsclir.  fill'  gcH.  Xatmwiss(Miwcli.  ((lioliol  Kd.),  IHfifi,  p.  '^>Ht■.  (ijiilic^l,  Iii,m«cta  Kpizoa,  |).  'j;!8. 

From  pelican,  Ames,  Iowa.  I{e(!orded  by  Kellogg'  tVoin  I'dnuntits 
nilifornicus  (Monterey,  (-al.),  and  PelemuHH  erythrorlij/nclniii  (Lawrence, 
Kans.). 

Lipeurus  temporalis  Niti^Hcli. 
Recorded  by  Kellogg,  from  Mergansfr  serratnr  (Monterey,  Cal.). 

Lipeurus  testaceus  I'schh. 

Recorded  by  Kellogg,  from  Vufiiuns  opisthomeJos  (Monterey,  Cal.). 

Lipeurus  toxoceros  N'it/.Hcli. 

Recorded  by  Kellogg  from  Plialarrocoror  tlHoplmn  (tlhocUUitun  (Mon- 
terey, Cal.). 

Lipeurus  longicornis  Pinget. 
Albiii,  pi,  4it(')  (vidol'iaf;«'t). 

( ?)  Lipi-uriis  fc;.ii.ii)«i,v  llonny,  p.  181.  Tnl>.  XTII,  ti;:,  H. 
LijifiiriisUiiirjifdniis  ria^cl,  Lcs  redic,  p.  :i:i4.  I'l   XXVII.  lii:  :!, 

This  species  occurred  in  great  numbeis  ni)on  a  cormorant  {I'hdiacro- 
forux  (Ulophns),  taken  at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Lipeurus  squalidus  Nit/ncli. 

VedicuUig  aiiatis  Fal).,  SvMt.  Knt.,  p.  345. 

lAjieunmefiiialidtii'SiViMh,  Goniiai'sMaf;.,  V(d.  Ill,  p.  29'J;  npiiiiv,]).  170,  I'l.  XVI,  lig.  5;  (inibp 

Vol.  II,  p.  480;  (iiobfl,  p.  241,  PI.  XVI,  ti{..  1;  I'iaget,  p.  344,  1*1.  XXX,  liy.  ">;  Osborii,  Bull- 

7,  niv.  Ent.,  Dept.  AiiT.,p.  39,  fif;.  27. 

Common  to  many  kinds  of  ducks,  si)ecimens  in  Cassino  collection  from 
Merffanser  serrafor.  Stejneger  Collection  from  I^nivonvtta  stelleri. 
(H.  O.  collection,  N.  M.  coUectiou.) 


234 


INSECTS    AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


LipeuniB  variabilis  ^'it^Ht  h. 

7'i'i/iV(((iuf  caiiviiin,  IJniic,  S  hI.  Niit.,  Vol.  II,  p.  lOL'n,  ttfj.  33;  Faun.  Suoc,  lOflO. 

Liin'iinis  rari(i'<iiinXilzs<'li,  "lonmir'H  Mkk-  \'"''  I'l.  p-Hl'^;  iH'iiiiv.  |i,  1(14,  I'l.  XV,  i\g.  0;  (iirlM  1 
Kpi/..,  i>  21!t,  IM.  XVI,  i\y,  3;  ( iiirlt,  V.il.  VIII,  p.  4-J'J,  J'l.  Vlll,  llj;.  10;  riajjef,  !,!■»  IVdi,  , 
1>.  304,  IM.  XXIX,  l\n.  4;  «»»borii,  Hull.  7.  Div.  Kiit,  Uept.  Agr.,  p.  41   tig.  20. 

A  cominon  species  on  domestic  fowls. 

Llpeiirus  polytrapezitis  Nitzscii. 

I'f<liri(liis  iiifletiiii-iilit  l.iiiiir.  S.vHt.  Nnl.,  Vol.  II,  p  1020,  fig.  31.  Faun,  Suoc,  10,'>8. 
/.(/(('in-KA' y/(W,i;^ra//(-n(.v  Nit/.scli,  (irriii:ir'n  Mag.,  \'(il.  Ill,  p   2!t3.  Denny,  p   ltl,'i   I'l,  XV,  llg  ,'p 
(iicidl,  p  21H,  ri    XVII,  li-s   1  and'J,  (iurlt,  Vol.  Vlll.p  4j:i   I'l  IV  llg.ll;  I'iii^'i't  p.  :i(i7 
I'l.  XXIX.  Ilg  0;  (tsl.nrn.  Hull   7.  Div.  Km  ,  Dcpt    Agi.    p  41    tig  28. 

The  (iouuiion  liiiMMirus  of  the  turkey  ( ,1/<7m//r».s  (fdllo/ttiro).  I  have 
specimens  "oUected  from  the  wihl  turkey  by  I'rof.  11.  W.  Parker. 

LipeuruB  jejunus  Nitzsdi. 

On  Anner  alhifrons  (jamheli  (Cook  collectiou). 
Lipeiiriis  leucopygus,  \tir.f(ixnalHs. 

On  liotitKfiiN  sj).  (liurnett  collection). 
Lipeurus  pustulatus. 

On  '•^ llalhvUiH  hucocephaluN^^  (Burnett  collectiou). 

Lipeurus  botauri,  ii.  m]>. 

Slender,  slij;litly  iiiiirktil  with  hrownifili.  clypens  rugose.  Head  tapering;  clypeus 
eirt'iil.ir  in  front,  with  .surface  distinc^tly  roughened  with  pftj)iIose  r'lgosities,  two 
hairs  at  the  dypeal  margin  and  two  or  three  others  on  the  margin  of  head  in  front  ol 
anteniiii' and  two  on  teir^poral  lohe;  occijint  slightly  eoncave;  |)rothorax  slightly 
wider  hehind,  tinged  v, ith  browu  at  sides;  metathorax  <|Uadrate,  wider  behind; 
posterior  margin  eoncave;  legs  large,  anterior  femora  incrassate;  abdomen  witli 
faint  brownish  markings  on  each  segment,  most  conspicuous  on  segments  4,5,  and ti; 
angles  of  segments  I^,  I,  .">,  ti.  and  7  with  short  lintrs. 

On  bittern  or  stake  driver,  Botaiirm  lcutif/i)io.su.s. 

Lipeurus  pullatus  Xitzsch. 

(1842)  (.')  /,i'jiii()»,'(»^(Ty//ii/?i'iin;(/r«I)rnny,  M<mog.,p.l80,  PI. XV,  Ilg.  2. 

(18t;C)  r.ipiKiiiii  iniHatits  mt/.avh,  Zditrtdir.  1".  ges,  Xaturwis.<<pnscli.,  Vol,  XXVIII,  p.  387. 

(187'.')  Lipi'idvi  }iiilliitiisiiU\»\.  Kpiz.,  ii.  236. 

(188(1)  1.1/1111  rut  pullatus  riagct,  Lcs  r<'(lic.,p.339,pl.  XXVII,  Ilg.  9. 

On  Sula  hassinia  and  Siihi  ((lb<u  Burnett  collection  (Nos.  91  and  02). 
Specimens  hibcled  from  )SiiIa  alba  lighter  colored  than  those  from  Sida 
hassana,  but  the  latter  agree  iierfectly  with  Tiaget's  excellent  figure. 
It  would  seem  that  Denny's  sfaphj/Hitoides  must  come  here,  but  the 
specimens  do  not  agree  with  his  description  or  figure. 

Lipeurus  infuscatus  n.  sp.    (I'l.  II,  figs.  e.  and/.) 

I.,ight  iuscons,  ii  tran.sverse  clear  space, just  behind  the  clypens. 
Female.— Head  (luite  unilormly  fiiscons  anil  elongate  cordate,  the  anterior  portion 
rounded,  with  a  transverse  clear  space  abontonc-third  distance  between  the  tip  and 
auteunie  extending  to  margins;  .antenna'  nither  long,  second  joint  rather  slightly 
longer  than  the  others,  all  slightly  fuscous;  temjioral  lobes  oval,  narrowing  poste- 
riorly; occiput  slightly  <'oncave;  prothorax  enlarging  slightly  behind,  slightly  darker 
at  the  margin.s,  the  usual  bunds  not  very  distinctly  marked  ;  metathorax  a  little  longer 
than  prothorax,  widening  behind ;  legs  nnicolorons,  the  anterior  ones  with  more  dis- 
tinctly marked  apical  ring  to  the  femur  and  external  marginal  stripe  on  tibia' ; 
abdomen  enlarging  posteriorly,  marginal  biinds  rather  broad,  median  bands  extend- 
ing to  the  clear  spiracular  spaces  separated  from  each  other  by  distinct  sntural 
bands,  a  single  row  of  hairs  near  the  posterior  margin  and  one  or  two  hairs  .at  the 
lateral  angles  of  segments  4  to  8. 


SUBORDER  MALLOPIIAOA. 


235 


tapering;  clypeim 


XVIII,  p.  387. 


Male. — Head  rouniled  in  front,  Hliglitly  conic,  transverse  dear  Bpacobchiiid  clypcns; 
iintonnn'  .stronj;,  tliird  joint  itrodnccd  mi  antfrior  niii  "in,  lorniinK  Hinall  l)nt  ratlior 
nliarp  ]iro('OHH;  al)donK>n  nirnioid;  ir^s  Htron^, 

Head  elonu;»to,  Hlijjlitly  conic,  widest  licliind  antiT.iiii',  front  rounded,  nearly  par- 
aliolic,  tLo  marKiiiN  dense,  a  dear  transverse  l)and  very  distinct  lidiind  dypoiis,  ono- 
tliird  distance  from  ti|i  to  l)as*^  of  atitunnic,  niandiblcM  (  oiis]>iciioiiH  itetween  hasesof 
antennie;  antenn;e  stroiij;,  ])roxinial  Jcunt  enlar<;cd.  tiiird  Joint  slender,  jiroduied 
oil  anterior  niar>j;ln  forming;  narrow  rather  acute  process,  distal  Jidnt  loiij;er  tlian 
fourtli,  cylindric,  I  and  5  direcited  hacUwanl,  Iteinj?  attached  on  caudad  surface  of 
tiiird  Joint;  eyes  black,  teiii|ioral  lolios  rounded  narrowin;;  candad  :  occiput  siiKhtly 
eniarginate;  protliorax  (|uadrate  and  widening  sli;;lilly  ]ioHteriorl\  ;  nietathorax 
widening  from  jirolUorax  to  1  ise  of  abdomen;  anterior  b'gs  only  alioiit  half  as 
large  us  median  i)air,  middle  ai  d  hind  legs  large,  coxie  no)  sp(Hi;illy  elongate  but 
(iiirly  elongate  ill  hind  jtair;  abd(unen  elongate  ovate,  widest  segment  beliiml  the 
middle,  with  transverse  brown  bands,  terminal  segment  scarcely  notched,  genital 
books  slender. 

9  Length,  l.(!8  mm  ;  head,  0.18  niiu. ;  abdomen,  0.98  nun.  Width,  head,  0.3(i  mm. ; 
abdomen,  0. 17  mm. 

^  Length,  l.t>>  mm. ;  head,  0.47  mm. ;  abdomen,  0.02  nmi.  Width,  head,  O.'M  mm. ; 
abdomen,  U.4lt  mm. 

This  species,  which  is  (ptite  rcii<liiy  distinpiished  by  the  transverse 
dear  space  in  tlie  forehead,  is  lepre.sentcd  by  two  leiiuUcs,  one  from 
Philohvla  minor  and  one  from  lUirirdm'ut  loiifiiniiithi  and  two  males  I'rom 
Bartrmnia  hmtjicawla  and  one  from  I'liilohcla  minor,  in  the  Burnett 
collection. 
LlpeuruB  subangusticepa  ri.aget.    (PI.  II,  fig.  g.) 

Li'H  rMiciiliiU'S.  p.  :i08,  I'l.  XXV,  lin.r>. 

Male  closely  rcseiiildes  the  lemale  in  shape,  bnt  is  somewhat  smaller.  The  clypous 
is  slightly  iiiorc!  pointed ;  the  antenmc  have  the  lirst  Joint  very  long,  about  as  long  as 
all  the  rest  together,  st'cond  Joint  as  long  as  the  remaining  Joints;  third  Joint  very 
short  bnt  with  a  distinct  process  on  tlio  anterior  margin;  fourth  and  fifth  Joints 
equal;  termimil  segment  very  slit;htly  notched;  genital  hooks  very  long  and  slender. 

(J  Length,  \i.'M  niiii. ;  head,  0.70  mm. ;  thoiax,  0.56  mm. ;  abdomen,  2  mm.  Width, 
head,  0.30  mm. ;  abdomen,  0.33  mm. 

9  Length,  4  mm. 

Describ»'d  from  one  specimen  in  the  Burnett  collection,  from  ThalJns- 

shlroma  irilsoni,  which  (lontains  also  several  tine  specimens  of  the  female. 

Heretofore  only  the  female  seems  i  o  have  been  discovered,  and  the  above 

descripticm  is  {jiven  to  complete  the  description  of  the  si)ecies.    Some 

sbght  differences  seem  to  exist  when  compared  with  the  descriptions 

of  Denny  and  '  iaget,  but  these  are  only  varietal  at  most. 

Lipeurus  densiis  Kellogg. 

New  MiillDidiaKii,  !>•  1 U,  I'l.  VII,  flgs.  1  and  2. 

On  IHomedea  alhatrus,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogj;^). 

Lipeurus  varius  Kellogg. 

Now  ^T.-ilIoplinKn,  p.  llfi,  I'l.  VII,  tigs.  If  and  4, 

On  Fuhnarits  glaeiaUs  glupisclia  and  rodgcrsii,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kel- 
logg). 
Lipeurus  celer  Kellogg. 

New  Mnllopliagn,  p.  117,  PI.  VII,  flgs.  5  and  0. 

On  Fulmarus  gUicialia  yhtpisoha  and  rodgersii,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kel- 
logg). 


23(; 


INSECTS  AFFECTINO   DOMLSTIC   ANIMALS. 


"I 


i 


LlpeuruB  longipllus  Kollof;^. 

Ni'»  Miill<>|iliiimi,  |>.  Ill),  n.  V  11.  lit;.  7. 

On  Fulica  amvrUnnn,  MonttMt^y,  ('iil.  (Kdlo};};). 

Lipeiiiiis  picturatuB  Kcllo^'^. 

Niw  MiiIIoiiIkiuii.  |>.  r.     I'l.  Vlll.lluh.  I  iiikI  'J. 

Oil  Fnlirii  anu'rintna,  Mcmteiey,  (Jul.  (Kt'llnjf;;). 
LipeimiB  diveiaiiH  Kfllo^^. 

Nt>\\    MllllnpliilKil.  |l    r.'l    I'l    VIII, llys   .iMIIil   I 

On  rii(liniis  <>i>iNtlioiiicliiN,  Moiiti-rey,  Ciil.  (Kellogg). 
LipdiiruB  limltatiis  Kcllo^ir. 

New  Miill<.pliiin;i    |.,I21    I'l    V  1 1 1  (Ins  .''.  unit  H. 

Oil  I'liffiniis  {/risnis,  Monterey,  <'ul.  (Kcllogy). 

LipeuriiB  constrictUB  doling);. 

Now  Miilloiilinuii   iLfJ.'.,  I'l   VIII  ll«H.  Tiiiiil  H. 

On  Oidemia  pcfuitivUUttn  ami  (>.<h(/l<tn(li,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kcllogjj). 

Oiebelia  mirabilis  Kolldi;);. 

Now  MiiU(i|iliiii:ii.  p.  i:iH.  I'l.  Nl  tl<.M  7  nml  H. 

On  Fulfinm  opiHtliom^ilas,  Monterey,  Ciil.  (KelloH:^). 
Oncopl'iruB  advena  Kdlojrjr. 

New  Mallopliimii.  i>.  l;i:i,  i'l.  \  I   llc«  1  nml  "J 

On  Fiilivti  (imtrinuia,  Monterey,  Ctil.  (Kellogj'). 
Ornithobius  cygni  liiiin. 

I'uhx  njiiiii  Ki'dl,  Ksp.  tall.  A,  Opcr.,  full.  'JO. 

LcmsiMil' lliii  .swan.  AUiiii.  .\iiin.   )i.  "D   tali   4H. 

I'idlciiliit  fiiiiiii  IJmi^',  SvMt.  Nat.,  Vol.  II.  ))  I11I8. 

I'iiliriilii.<i  cyiiiii  l'"iib.,  Sy.-tl.  ICiit  ,  p.  HOT   tij;.  1H. 

(hnllliohlu»rii;ini  Penny,  p  18;i.  I'l    NX  III,  tly.  1. 

Liju'Hfus  liiici  jiliiihiK  (iiili<>l.  Kpiz.,  ]).  -"lit. 

ODtithiihinshuci'j'hahis  Viujivi.  I,cs  I'cilii'  ,  n.  377.  I'l.  XXXI.  fi«.  4. 

Oriiill((iliiiiii  hiicijilKiliie  ^}a\n>\u    I'lill   7.  l>iv.  Kiit.,  Dept    Ayr.,  p.  I'J.  II}.'.  flO. 

Collected  in  abniulanc'c  from  a  swan,  probably  Olor  hitrnnator,  at 
Ames,  Iowa. 

It  seems  to  me  necessary,  on  the  groniid  of  |)riority,  to  rotain  tlu^ 
name  given  by  Linna-ns,  and  while  in  my  previous  j)apers  1  have  fol- 
lowed Piaget  in  accepting  (liebers  name,  it  was  simply  to  avoid  con- 
fusion and  in  deference  to  his  authority.  In  the  present  paper,  and 
with  tbe  synonomy  stated  in  full,  it  seems  best  to  restore  the  early  name. 
While  certainly  recognized  by  liedi  and  Albin,  Liiinu'iis  was  the  lirst 
to  ])roperly  describe  it. 

Ornithobius  goniopleurus. 

On  lirauia  canadeiisiN,  Ibiniett  colle<!tioii. 

Trichodectes  latus  Nitzsch. 

h'ii-iniin  (•(litis  !»<'  (Jrcr.  Vol.  VII,  Tali.  IV,  (ifi.  13. 

Vfdiriiliis  «cAi.s»f  Olt'erw.  i>.  84. 

Trieliiidiclis  l('tii.s  Nii/.sili.  (icriiiar's  ^Inj;.,  Vol.III,p.296;  nurmeister,  Vol.  II,  p.  436;  Donny,]). 

18«.  ri.  XVII, lln.  1:  (iurlt.Vul.  IX,  p.  2,  I'l.  I.  tic.  1;  (iielpiJ.  p.  53,  IM.  Ml,  Una.  2  and  3; 

I'iaget,  p.  384,  1*1.  XXXI,  fig. 0;  Osboni.  Hull. 7,  Div.  Eut.,  Dept.  Agr.,  p.  43, Hr.  32. 

A  common  species  upon  the  domestic  dog.  It  has  had  frequent 
mention  in  general  works  upon  parasites.  Spei'imens  in  the  llassall 
collection,  labeled  1884,  may  have  been  taken  in  England. 


BUnoitUEU   MALLOPHAdA. 


237 


r  hiircinHtor,  at 


Trichodectes  Bubrostratua  Xit^Mcli. 

(irriiiin  aMuu  ,  Vol.  Ill  |i  'JIMI,  liii'liil  /litMihr,  Vol.  XVII.  |>HM  I'l.  I.  Hum.  4,  A  iumIA.  (iiiilf.  Vol. 
IX.p.Oi  Ulitlii'l  K|ii/,.  |i.  M  I'l.  Ill,  tltf  S;  I'iuui'l,  !>.  :<HU,  I'l  XXXl.llK.i'i  OmIhiiii.  IIiiII.T 
niv.  I'.iit  ,  Ih'iit.  Aur    11.42  n«  31 

'IMic  <'()iiiiii(>ii  louse  iitloffin;;  donicstic  cuts,  oftcti  ahnii<1iiiit.     I  liav 
>|i('(;iiii('iiH  troiii  the  l''itcli  and  various  other  Aiitericaii  collui'tions. 
Trichodcctes  letusiiH  Nit/sdi, 

I'litiiiilut  iimthhf  .Siliriiiik. 

7Vl(7/»(/l(•^.v  ;i7i;»i/.'(  Nil/.Hcli,  riPriiiar  ■>  Mnn    Vol   1 1  I   p  ■J'.Hl, 
Tnvhi'tln'hi.  (hihitin  NiIzmi  li,  (iciliiiir  .^  .Miii;.,  \  nl.  1 1 1    p.  Jlltl. 
riielioihrhK  ihihiim  Drimy.  p.  1»"  I'l   \  \  1 1.  (iu.  'J. 
7Vi(7("r/.i'/(K  r.7i/»((»  (  IIiiImI   p  r>'i.  I'l.  Ill    llu  4. 
'/'(•ii'/iim/((7i.v /itl»iiV/i'.v  (ii((lirl   p  .'■)"i,  I'l.  11 1    Ha  4. 
'/ViV'/i.m/,'.7..vc.7»»(/*  I'limcl.  p  .IM"   I'l.  \.\.\l    lii;  S. 

Collected  from  a  wea.sel  at  Ames,  Iowa,  .Inly,  iss;{. 

S|)eci<neiis  evidently  heloiij^iiiff  here  and  taken  from  the  mink  Inivo 
been  examined  in  collections  fioin  I'rot'essor  Hniner  and  I'roles.sor 
Comstock.  In  the  Urnner  eolleetion  thero  is  a  very  (Ine  series  of 
Icinah's  whi<h  a^roe  closely  with  di'senptions  and  fiffiires  by  IMajjet, 
but,  unfortunately,  there  appear  to  be  no  mature  males.  A  vsinjile 
mature  male  in  the  (^orn  11  colleciion,  however,  a}ire«'s  with  the  male 
from  the  weasel,  and  I  tlierefore  feel  little  hesitancy  in  referring  all  to 

rctKNKS. 

Trichodectes  craesiis  N'it/Hcli. 

1  have  referred  here,  with  .some  hesitation,  a  specimen  from  the  rac- 
coon {I'rocj/im  lotor)  (Burnett  «'oliectiou.)    The  specimen  was  not  in 
condition  for  absolute  itientilication. 
Trichodectes  climax  Nit/»<('li. 

Trioliiitlfftin  cliiKii.c  Nilz.sfli,  (inriii.ii'.t  Mn«.,  Vol.  Iir,  p. 'JOfi;  (i<>rviiis,  Vol.  til,  ]i.  HIH.  i)l.  48, 
t\i;.  3;  Gitlicl,  /cilHihr.,  Vol.  XVll,  p.  «1,  pi.  I,  ll«.s.  I  uiid  'Ji  (iiiliol,  Kpi/,.,  p.  .'.8,  pi,  XX, 
llK.  '2. 

Triehoili'ctrs  capr/e  (iiirlt.  Vol.  IX,  p.  3,  PI.  I,  tlj;,  2;  I'ackanl'a  ftuiiln.  p.  5li.5. 

Trichmhcti.i  climax  riiiK't.  p.  ;101,  I'l.  XXXIl,  li^.  1;  Curtice,  Aiiiin.  I'lir.  Slipcp,  Hur.  Aniiiiiil 
ImliiMtry,  IVpt.  Am-.,  p.  Iin,  I'l,  VI;  OsImhii.  Hull.  7,  DIv.  K.iit  ,  llopt.  \ni  .  p  44. 

Infe.sts  tlie  common  yoat.    Specimens  in  llassall  collection,  collected 

at  lialtimore  hSDl.    This  and  the  following  one  are  very  similar. 

Trichodectes  linibatus  (icrvais. 

Triflidilivlcii  liiiihatiiii  (ieTviu^,  Aptciii,   \  ol.  Ill,  ji.  313.   I'l.   \'II,  lij;.  1,    CiU'Wcl,   Kpi/,.,  p    F 

I'illKt'l,  l.cs  I'ltlir.,  p,  31t,'>. 
Trieliiidfetcs  I'liiitdx  var.  VKijoi- i'ta^vt,  I A^nVdihc,    Suppl    p  8t')   I'l  IX.  fig.  5 
Tfifliiiihctoi  liiiihdtus  ('urtice,  Aiiini.  Par.  Slii'cp    ISiii    .\uiuinl   Industry.  Oopt.  Agr.    p   49, 
I'l.  VI;  Osborn,  Hull.  7,  Oiv.  Knt  .  Dipt.  Agr,,  n  44 

This  form  so  chi.sely  resembles  the  ctiiniix  that  it  has  been  a  question 
whether  it  is  entitled  to  specilic  rank.  Specimens  in  llassall  collection 
taken  at  Haltimore  in  1891.    (See  ligure,  ante.) 

Trichodectes  sphaerocephalus  NitzHcb. 

Fiijur.tl  Keili.  I'l.  22. 

i'f(/ic»!i(s  i/iiV  Liiiuii, Syst. Nat.  II,  p  1017;  Sclirank, p.  502,  PI  T, figs. 8  and  9. 

Trichudi'Ctisiiiihierucfplialiiii  Nitzm'li  Geiiuar  s  Mag.,  Vol,  III  J'.Ki    Denny,  p.  193,  PI. XVII,  fig. 4; 

;'.;rU,  Vol.  IX,  p.  ,'">;  GielicI,  Kpiz.,  p.  60;  Pi;ig«t,  p.  393,  Pi.  XXXII   llg.  2,  OurticK,  Aulm. 

Par.  Slioep,  Ihir.  Animal  Iiulustry,  Dept.  Agr..  p.  45,  PI.  V  ,  Osborn,  UuU,  7,  Biv.  Eut.,  p.  45. 

A  rather  common  parasite  on  sheep,  though  seldom  in  great  numbers. 
Specimens  in  H.  O.  collection  from  Canada  and  Iowa.  Fas  been  quite 
common  on  sheep  at  Ames,  winter  of  1895-0. 


238 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Trichodectes  scalaris  Nit/scb. 

I't'ilicultit  hovin  Liniir,  Syst.  i-.at.,  II,  p.  1017;  Iduii  I/ilinr.  Kiiim.  Siii-c,  j).  ]!)4fi;  iauri  Vnh.,  Spn  , 

Ins.,  Vol.  II,  ]..  477. 
TricliiiJirtcs  m-alarh  Xit/.soli,  (ieriiiiir'n  Mag.,  Vol.  HI,  p.  'JDti;  Dcip  y,  p.  191,  I'l.  XVII,  iiji;.'J: 

(iieiii'l,  p.  tiJ,  I'l.  Ill,  lig«.  7  iiii.l  9;  Piagrt,  p.  ;!9«,  I'l.  XXXIII,  llg.  2. 

A  very  common  imrsisite  on  domestic  cattU',  and  I  have  seen  speoi- 
mens  in  a  luunber  of  c()lle<,'tion8.  Althongh  there  can  be  little  doubt 
tiiat  Linn.i'us  referred  to  this  form  in  his  descriptions  of  1*.  hovis  and 
r.  tauri,  the  mistaken  geuericj  reference  and  the  indefiniteness  of  his 
description  may  be  reason  to  j-ive  Nitzsch's  name  tlie  ])recedence,  and 
I  have  followed  all  modern,  authors  in  so  referring  it. 


Pia{ 
(■qnl  b 


Kid.  H5.—Trichoileetes  tetoHvt:  a.  teniiiiiiil  HcgmciitM  of  iiiiili';  '<,  Iciimle— fnlnrgoil  (origiuiil). 


Tfevs 


Trichodectes  parumpilosus  Piiigel. 

Trichoileetfs  eipii  Dciiiiy,  p.  191,  I'l.  XVII,  fig.  7. 

Trichodectei paru inpihiims  riiigrt,  ]>.  HOT,  PI.  XXXII,  fig.  ,5. 

Trichodecleii  panniijiUiisti^i  i)n\)ovt\,  Bull.  7,  I)iv.  Kiit.,  Dupf.  Agr.,  p.  48,  fig.  35. 

This  species  is  the  common  one  of  horses  in  this  country,  and  is  the 
one  which  in  En}>li8h  and  American  works  generally,  since  Denny's 
monograph,  has  been  known  as  Trichodectes  cqui. 

Specimens  collected  abundantly  at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  1  have  deter- 
mined it  in  a  number  of  coUectious. 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAOA. 


239 


Hiiii  (iiriKiiml). 


,.A;V'y* 


Trichodectes  pilosus  Giebel. 

I'edUului  C'liii  Linni'%  Sywt.  Nat.  II,  p.  1018;  Gnrlt,  Vol.  IX,  p.  .'5  (vide  Pincot). 
Trichudecteii  piloxus  Glolit'l.  ZoitHchr.  f.  ges.  Naturwissoimcli.,  1801,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  80 ;  niol)ol,£piz., 
p.  59;  riiiKCt,  p.  395,  I'l.  XXVII,  lig.  4;  OMboru,  null.  7,  Div.  Ent.,  Dipt.  Agr.,  p.  45,  (Ik.:I4. 

Pinget  holds  that  this  is  the  form  originally  <les(!ribod  as  PefliculuH 
(qui  by  Linnu'us,  but  retains  the  name  projjosed  by  (iiebel.  He  records 
it  as  occurring  on  both  Equus  cahaliun  and  Eijiim  a.sinu.s.  lam  not 
aware  of  any  re(!ord  of  actual  occurrence  of  this  form  in  this  ccmntry, 
but  it  should  be  found  on  donkeys  and  horses,  and  it  seems  proper  to 
include  it  with  such  statement. 

Trichodectes  setosus  Giobel. 

Collected  from  i)orcupine  {Ercthizon  dorsatuin)  by  Prof.  Lawrence 
Biuner,  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

Trichodectes  geomydis  Osborn. 

lUill.  7,  Div.  Ent.,  Dept.  A;:r.,  p.  .14,  fiR.  42. 

A  very  common  and  abundant  species  on  the  pocket  gopher  {Geomys 
bursariidi),  and  I  have  examined  specimens  in  the 
Cassino  collection  from  'Hiomomys.    Also  from   T. 
hotta;  from  California,  in  Johnson  collection. 

The  original  notice  and  de8crii)tiou  sue  as  follows : 

lielated  to  the  Trichodectes  infesting  the  larger 
mammals  is  a  species  which  has  been  taken  in  im- 
mense numbers  from  the  pocket  gopher  ( OeomyH  bur- 
•sarins),  at  Ames,  Iowa.  It  was  lirst  taken  in  1883, 
and  since  then  hat  been  collected  from  a  great  num- 
ber of  individuals,  and  I  have  also  seen  specimens 
taken  from  the  western  gopher,  Thomomi/s,  in  a  col- 
lection of  parasites  kindly  loaned  me  by  Mr.  S.  E. 
Cassino. 

Body  robust  and  rather  hairy.  Anteimai  very  loiijj;,  the  basal  soginent  enlarged, 
the  head  with  a  deep  seniieircular  incision  in  IVont. 

The  head  is  rather  wider  than  long  and  the  antennai  are  sitnatj^d  somewhat  pos- 
terior to  the  middle  and  usually  directed  backward,  very  largo  and  long,  the  Joints 
nearly  equal  in  length,  but  the  basal  are  much  enlarged  in  the  male.  Head  with  a 
deep  semicircular  incision  on  the  otherwise  semicircular  anterior  border,  the  posterior 
border  slightly  trilobed.  Thorax  short  and  broad ;  suture  distinct;  abdomen  ovate, 
tapering  regularly  and  rapidly  to  the  anal  segment.  Genital  apparatus  of  male 
distinct.  The  hairs  are  distributed  evenly  over  border  of  head  and  sides  of  body; 
four  central  segments  of  .abdomen  with  transverse  rows  of  stronger  hairs  or  weak 
sjiines,  and  the  lateral  posterior  angles  of  all  segments  Imt  the  iirst  with  long 
I)ristle8.    Length,  1  mm. 

The  antenna!  in  male  and  the  deep  frontal  incision  separate  this  from 
any  species  known  to  me,  and  1  think  there  is  no  question  as  to  its 
being  a  distinct  species. 


Fio.  146.  —  Trichodrctet 
(fi'iimydis  —  en  I  a  r  god 
(authur'HilliiHtnitioii). 


have  deter- 


t 


240 


INSECTS    AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Trichodectes  tibialis  Piuget. 

Los  IVdiciilinoH,  p.  3119,  I'l.  XXXH.  flg.  6. 

I  have  referred  to  tliis  species  some  specimens  from  the  bhick-tailed 
deer  (Baker  collection). 


J      * 


'^:C^'^A 


Fin.  147 TrlclinilirtfK  tihiali.f;  a,  fciiiiilo;  i,  ninlo— Piiliirged  (orijiiiial). 

They  do  nut  agree  absolutely  with  Piajjet's  description  or  tijjnre,  hut 
until  a  more  critical  study  can  be  made  or 
additional  material  collected  it  may  rest 
here. 

Trichodectes  parallelus  n.  s|i. 

lleadliirKo,  iihdoineii  rather  narrow,  lii  ml  border 
iiR'sothorfix  and  niotathorax  Kfraijjht. 

Head  large,  clypens  slightly  concavf,  a  low 
short  hairs  on  front  liorder,  anti'nnal  anv,le><  very 
lir.iniinent;  antennii'  long,  reaching  beyond  liiiid 
border  of  head,  lirst  Joint  slightly  enlarged,  sec- 
ond and  third  abont  eijual,  third  slightly  curved; 
temporal  lobes  fjnadrate ;  lateral  anglen  rounded  ; 
occiput  straight;  occipital  bands  ]iiirallel. 

Prothorax  and  nietathorax  eiiual  in  length, 
nietathorax  a  little  wider,  prothorax  with  sides 
curved;  nietathorax  with  sides  straight;  in  both, 
posterior  border  straight. 

Legs  slender,  claws  long,  slender. 

Abdomen  narrow,  entirely  corneous,  segments 
straight  and  equal,  no  dusky  transverse  bands, 
spiracles  conspicuous  on  2  to  7,  bordered  especially     ,,,„    m.-Tnchmlectei  parallelus: 
in  front  with  dark  brown  or  blackish ;  hairs  at  female— enlarged  (original;. 


-s. 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


241 


tlie  bhick-tailed 


tliiml). 

II  or  fijjfiir<!,  Imt 


angles,  short,  a  row  of  lino  ciliate  hairs  near  ])Ostei-ior  border  of  nietatliorax  iii'ul  onvh 
abdominal  segment  except  last;  cl.aspers  or  brushes  small  or  wanting. 
Length,  1.70  nun. 

DescrilxMl  froin  three  specimens  (feiiiiiles)  from  deer,  <H)lle('tioii  (Cornell 
riiiversity,  kiudly  loiined  by  Prof.  J.  11.  (k)mstock.  Comes  nearer  to 
tibialis  Piaget  than  any  other  species,  but  differs  from  that  in  narrow- 
ness of  ab<h)men,  lack  of  transverse  bands  upon  metathorax,  et<\,  and 
while  possibly  it  couhl  be  referred  to  some  of  the  si)e(!ies  from  deer  of 


s     \      I    J 


\ectet   parallelus: 
rged  (originul;. 


Via.  UO. — Triiiidilivlin  castmin.  it,  male;  h,  iiiaU<  teMiiinal  scfiiiicnl  and  giiiilalia;  (,  t'rinali':  il  tcniiiual 

M'giiicMl — ciilai'^i'ii  (iirigiiuili. 

Europe,  it  seems  safer  to  give  it  a  new  descrii)tion  than  to  increase  the 
confusion  regarding  the  European  species  affecting  deer.  Species  of 
deer  is  not  given,  but  pntbably  Virginia  deer  {Cariarus  virgiulaHns)  is 
meant. 

Trlchodectes  castoris,  n.  sp. 

Short,  broad;  head  wider  than  long.    Antenna'  of  male  enlarged. 

Headwidt',  antenna;  deeply  set,  front  border  regularly  convex,  not  hairy,  apex  with 
shallow,  curved  iucision,  with  transparent  space  running  backward. 

Anteunie  long,  proximal  joiut  in  male  enlarged,  distal  Joint  with  sensory  hairs  on 
outer  tip;  temporal  lobes  full,  not  augulate;  occiput  strongly  convex;  abdomen 
4653— No.  6 16 


242 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


i" 


uiembranons  ovate,  with  slender,  curved  hooks  on  eigbtli  sej^ment  in  female  and 
conspiciioiis  genital  apparatus  in  uiale. 
1-eugtli,  male,  0.i)5  mm. ;  feuialc,  1.15  mm. 

From  beaver,  collected  by  Prof.  Lawrence  Bniiier.  This  species  sim- 
ulates both  f/eomj/dis  and  mcphiti<lis,  and  were  it  not  for  the  wide  sepa- 
ration of  the  beaver  and  skunk  I  might  be  tempted  to  consider  them 
the  same.  There  appears,  however,  some  prr^-fy  constant  diflerences. 
The  shallowness  of  the  frontal  hollow  sei»ariif  ■-  it  easily  from  (jeomydis, 
find  the  form  of  head  and  greater  leugtii  of  female  aiitenute  from 
mej)hitidis. 

Trichodectes  mephitidia  n.  sp. 

Short  and  broad,  male  antenna'  largo,  front  slightly  excised. 

Female,  head  wuha*  than  long,  trausversily  il,  front  regularly  cnrved,  slightly 
excised  at  apex,  the  space  directly  behind  the  e  ;.  ion  transparent,  and  the  inte'-iial 
bands  coming  to  a  prominent  right  angle  at  each  mdo  of  liollowed  ]>ortion. 

Temporal  lobes  rounded  posteriorly,  no  angle;  occiput  convex,  a  few  short  L.iirson 


■-^'^■"^x 


tx"*^ 


a 


■■I    i 


b  S 


Fio.  \h^.—Trichiidfch'S  wi'phitidiK:   a,   female-,    h,   tpi'iiiiiial  HcjjiiH'iits,   male;   c,   toriiiiiial  sej^mont, 
iemule;  d  miti'DUiu,  femulo;  c,  autenuii',  male;  /,  .vcniiiK— fiiilargtMl  (iirigiiial). 


posterior  lateral  liorder  of  liead,  none  on  front;  thorax  very  short;  legs  as  usual; 
abdomen  without  transverse  bands  or  chitinous  structures,  except  a  pair  of  curved 
hooks  on  eighth  segment  at  outer  margin;  scattering  hairs,  thickest  on  central 
portion. 

Male  with  frontal  incision  doepur,  some  very  minute  hairs  on  front  edge.  Antenna! 
much  larger  than  in  iemah;,  basal  joint  «Mdarged,  terminal  joint  curved,  short  hairs 
on  outer  part  near  tip;  abdomen  tapering,  membranous,  not  banded,  stiff  hairs  at 
angles  and  on  the  terminal  segment,  liner  hairs  on  disk;  genital  apparatus  conspic- 
uous.    Innnature  specimens  have  the  frontal  incision  more  eouspicuous. 

Length,  female,  1.20  mm. ;  male,  0.9.5  mm. 

Collected  from  polecat  {Spilogale  interrupta),  Tama  County,  Iowa. 
Numerous  8i)ecimeus  from  the  skunk  {Mephith  mephitica)  collected 
by  Lawrence  Bruuer,  Holt  County,  Nebr.j  also  from  Palo  Alto,  Cal, 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


243 


it  in  female  and 


(.loliHsoii  collection).  Tliis  species  is  allied  to  tlie  7'.  retusutt  occurring 
on  weasel,  <'t(!.,  and  also  to  7'.  (jeoinydiH  on  imcket  goplicr,  but  ditlers 
from  the  former  in  form  of  front  of  lieud,  the  absence  of  bands,  size 
of  male  antenmc,  temporal  lobes,  and  other  chara(!ters  whicli  make 
it  easy  of  separation.  Tiie  same  si)ecies,  apparently,  also  collected 
from  the  rinjjtail  cat  {lidnnarm-KH  a.sfutn},  Lake  County,  Cal,  (.lohnsou 
collection). 

Family  T^K  )'ri  IP:I1  )^K. 

Menopon  rusticum  (iicbel. 

(iitbd,  Kpi/..,  ii.H.SH;  I'higcl.  I.cs  IViIic,  p.  14:1,  I'l.  XXX  \'I,  tiy.  '2. 

Occiin-ed  in  large  nuMd)ers  on  a  house  martin  [l'ro<iiic  xiibh),  at  Ames, 
Iowa. 

Meuopoii  pallidum  Nitzscli. 

/'«/('.r  rfl/H  Itcdi, 'I'lili.  XVI, lii;.  1  (viiln  l'ia(;nt). 

rediexdua  ijnlUniv'iAU\i(\  Sy»t.  Niit.  II.  \t.  l()2;i,  priibiihly ;  I'uii/.or,  p.  51.  fi^.  -1   (vidd  I'iagot)  j 

(iCdlVioy,  Vdl.  11.]).  fiiil. 
\irmug  tri;i(iiioccjiliiiliis  OIUmh.  p.  !M). 
Mi-ii(>iwii2)alll(liiiiil)tiuu\.  ]).  'JIT,  IM.  XXI,  lij;..">;  Omit,  Vol.  VII  I,  ji.  4i;h,  Tiif.  IV.Hk.  1-1;  Giobol, 

p.2!ll,ri.  XVII,  «<;.  U.iin.l  PI.  XIX.l'     .  li  mid  .">;  I'iagot,  p.-«V,l,  PI.  XXXVII,  Ji^r.  7,  Osbom, 

IJull.7,  Div.Eiit.,  Dopt.  \'^r. 

A  universal  parasite  of  the  domestic  fowl.     I  have  examined  many 

specimens  in  diflerent  collections,  and  have  seen  and  collected  it  on 

many  occasions  myself. 

Menopon  biseriatutn  l'ia<;et. 

l'iaj;it,  Li'.s  Peilii'.  p.  469,  I'l.  X XXVII,  flg.  2. 

Collected  at  Baltimore,  from  domestic  fowl,  by  Dr.  A.  TIassall.  Also 
in  Cornell  University  collection.  It  appears  to  be  less  common  than 
the  preceding,  though  often  as.  ociated  with  it,  and  jnobably  generally 
mistaken  for  large  specimens  of  that  species. 

Menupoii  titau  Piiiget. 

Lrs  PiMliculliics,  18811,  |i.  ,".0:!,  PI.  XI.  fiji.  7. 

Tetraojilithalmim  elillfiiKln  ( Iros.sc.  Zfit,  f.  w.  Zool.,  188:'),  Vol.  XIII,  p.  ri'.U). 

Menopon  titan  Krllogj;.  New  Mallophaj;".  !>•  16-'- 

llecorded  by  Kellogg  from  VeJicnnns  caii/ornivus.  He  ]M"oposes  three 
varieties  to  represent  the  species. 

Menopon  consanguineura  I'iaget. 

(,')  Mimoiuin  jn-inle  hvu\\,  Pnic.  Acad.  Nat.  Sol.  Pliila.,  187S,  p.  100. 
Meiiojion  coiiKdniftiiiKtun  l'iaf;ft,  I.cs  Pidic,  Sujjpl.,  ]i.  lUi,  PI.  XII,  lig.  7. 

Ociairs  in  great  nunibers  in  buccal  cavity  of  peli<an.  Mas  been  col- 
lected at  Ames,  Iowa,  and  specimens  examined  in  collections  of  Na- 
tional .Museum,  Kansas  rniversity,  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History, 
etc.    A  re<'ord  of  its  occurrence  has  been  given  in  Insect  Life,  V,  p.  28 1. 

Also  recorded  by  Kellogg  as  var.  impar  of  iitan  ( ?)  New  Mallophaga, 
Proc.  Ac.  Sci.  Cal.,  series  2,  Vol.  Vl  (1S90). 

It  seems  to  ino  the  variations  exhibited  in  this  species  maybe  due  to 

its  peculiar  habit  and  the  probability  that  this  habit  is  of  recent  origin. 

Menopon  pallesceus  Nitznch. 

Menojnm jieriHeit  Oeniiy,  ^Ii)ii(»g.,  p. '22.'),  PI.  XXI,  flg.  9. 

Menopon  pallencena  ZtavLr.  fiir  ge».  KaturwisBenacU.,  1860,  Vol.  XXVIII,  p.  391  j  Giebel,  Epiz., 
p.  293. 


244 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


f 


One  male  and  one  larva.  Burnett  collection.  From  '■^Perdijc  ameri 
cana''^  {Colinus  riy(fini<(nusj. 

Nitzsch  described  tlie  sp  'cies  fr«)m  specimens  taken  from  Caccahin  ni/a. 
Denny's  desiTiption  W(mld  seem  to  have  priority.  He  s.ays  common  on 
the  partridjje  {Verdlr  cinerva). 

Menopon  tridens  Xit/.sch, 

Mniopon  tri  tens'  Itiiriiu'istcr,  nauilbiii'li,  Vol.  II,  ]>.  440. 

Lwmolmthnuii  tn'lenn  Nilz.scli,  Ztsc^lir.  f.  (;''«•  ^'iHiirwiHst'ri.srli.,  IHiiti,  Vol.  XXVIII,  p.   ,i!Mi  (viili- 

(iii'lii'l). 
MeiwiKiii  gc'ipiilaconie  I)<>nn.v,MonoK.,  p.  221,  IM.  XXVIII, !!;;.!(. 
Sfetiopoii  t i-!'l.'ii n  i:\rUA.  Kpl/...]..  2'."0,  IM.  X  VI 1,  lij;-. !». 
Miiiopuii  Iriilens  I'iiii;ct,  Lr.s  I'c'di.'.,  p.  47i),  I'l.  XXXIX,  lij;.  1. 

From  coot  {Fiilica  americaiid),  Ames,  Iowa.      Agrees  closely  with 
European  description,  except  that  abdomen  appears  broader  than  tig 
ured.    The  peculiar  structure  running  forward  frotn  occijjnt  beneath 
seems  to  be  characteristic.   Also  in  liurnett  collectiv.'i. 

Recorded  by  Kellogg,  who  suggests  three  varieties  to  include  the 
American  forms,  (New  Mallophaga,  p.  Kio). 

MenopoiA  crassipes  Piagot. 

Li's  IVaii'uliiK's,  ]..  4r.(),  I>1.  XXXV,  fit  7. 

A  specimen  which  I  refer  to  thit:  spec'ies  is  from  the  Jialtimore  oriole, 
{Icterus  galbula)  (Burnett  collection). 

Menopon  carduelis  Doniiy. 

Monog.  Alio]).  lirit..  ji.  228,  1*1.  XX,  fiR.  7. 

On  Spimis  tristis  (Burnett  collection). 
Menopon  fiilvo-fasciatum  Piufrct. 

Lo.s  IVdirulitics,  p.  417,  I'l.  XXXIII,  lis.  ;i. 

Ou  Milvus  s^p.  incog.  (Burnett  collection). 
Menopon  crocatum  Nit/sch. 

Gicbel,  Tii.sectii  i^pizoii,  p.  295;  Piatjot,  Lps  I'l'dic,  p.  47,  I'l.  X  XXIX,  litf.:i. 

On  Phitohehi  minor  iiml  Jjimosa  hwinoxtica  (Burnett  collection). 
Menopon  navigans  Kellogg. 

New  Malloiilindi,,  p.  l,-,(i,  I'l.  XIV,  figs.  4  anil  5. 

On  short-tailed  albatross,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogg). 
Menopon  indistinctum  Kello^^. 

New  Mallopliagn,  )).  157,  I'l.  .\IV,  figs,  li  ami  7. 

From  American  avoiiet  (h'ecun'iroNtni  aiiierictoid),  Ijuwraiwe,  Kans. 
( Kellogg). 
Menopon  numerosum  Kollogg. 

NowMalloiihaga.  p.  l.">9,  I'l.  XV,  fig.  1. 

From  Pacific  fiiliiiiirs  (Fulmaruti  (jUwiaUs  gliqyischn  and  rodgerdi)^ 
Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogg). 

Menopon  infrequens  Kollogg. 

Now  Mallophaga,  p.  Kil,  I'l.  XV,  fig.  5. 

On  Larus  glancesccns,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogg). 
Menopon  loomisii  Kellogg. 

New  Alallojiliaga,  p.  lt>2.  I'l.  XY,  fig.  0. 

On  white- winged  scoter  {Oidemia  deglaudi).  Bay  of  Monterey  (Kel- 
logg). 


SUBORDER   MALLOPHAGA. 


245 


'•'■Perdix  ameri 

1  Caeca  his  ni/ii. 
lys  coiuinon  on 


:xviii,  p.  mm  (viii.- 


)8  closely  with 
oiidcr  than  fig 
icipnt  beneath 

to  include  the 


iltimore  oriole, 


llection). 


wreiice,  Kans. 


and  rod  germ), 


lonterey  (Kel- 


Menopon  ezpansum  n.  sp.   ( PI.  11,  fig.,/). 

AlKlDintm  vory  broad,  ovate.  Head  with  a  sinuous  margin  and  Vfry  deeply  emar- 
ginato  occiput;  orbital  sinus  entirely  covered;  temporal  lobes  with  two  long  bristles 
and  two  or  three  short  hairs;  prothorax  nearly  as  broad  as  head  and  closely  fitting 
into  the  occipital  cavity,  the  lateral  angles  in  cimtact  with  temporal  lol»es;  posterior 
niargiu  semicircular;  metathorax  short,  roiin<le(l  in  front,  with  two  bristles  at  the 
lateral  angles;  legs  robust,  Ibmora  very  large,  irregularly  set  with  short  hairs; 
abdomen  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  uuitbrnily  yellowish  brown,  margins  of  segments 
above  with  a  closely  set  series  of  hairs  whicli  are  longer  at  the  lateral  angles  ])oste- 
riorly,  and  the  entire  ventral  surface  irregularly  set  with  short  hairs  arising  from 
minute  clear  ])U8tules. 

Length,  l.m  nun. ;  hea<l,  0.18  nun. ;  abdomen,  O.HO  mm.  Width,  head,  0.47  mm.; 
abdomen,  0.80  n;m. 

On  DolU'honij.r  oryzi ronts.  Burnett  collection  (No.  07).  Di.stiuguished 
by  the  extreme  width  of  the  abdomen. 

Meuopoii  iuterruptus  n.  sj).    (PI.  II,  fig.  h). 

Light  yellow,  with  conspicuous  dark-brown  bands  and  Idack  lines.  Abdominal 
bands  of  female  broken  and  irregular  near  margin  of  segments ;{ and  5.  Legs  strong, 
lined  with  black. 

Head  semicircular  in  front,  a  few  hairs  on  margin,  antenna'  scarcely  passing  mar- 
gin of  head,  orbital  ]iits  dee]),  fringed  with  hairs  behind;  temporal  lobes  rounded, 
three  hnig  bristles  arising  from  circular  clear  spots,  dark  brown  on  front,  each  side 
connecting  with  orbital  black  spot,  teni]ioral  margin  deeply  infiiscated  occipitally; 
l)rothorax  with  siiarp  lateral  angles  broader  than  long,  posterior  nuirgin  rounded; 
metathorax  broad  and  long,  wich-iiing  rapidly  behind,  ])ost(Tior  nuirgin  rounded, 
produced  over  abdomen,  sides  deeji  lirown;  sternal  markings,  on  prothorax  a 
brown  patch  broiulening  in  front,  acute  behind,  and  with  the  blunt  ])roce88  behind 
the  posterior  lateral  ])ortion  expanding  and  connecting  with  i'liscous  bands  that 
extend  latero-<'ophalad  to  the  margin;  on  nicsothorax  a  central  i)entagunal  patch 
extending  in  fuscous  bands  postero-laterally  anil  laterally;  on  metathorax  a  sub- 
triangular  i)atch  acutely  angled  liehind,  slightly  convex  in  front;  legs  with  enlarged 
femora,  l)lackish  border  externally  on  fcnu)ra  and  tibia',  and  blackish  annuhe  at  the 
cTpical  end  of  tibia';  jiroximal  Joint  of  tarsus  with  an  enlarged  membranous  disk; 
abdomen  with  sides  somewhat  i)arallel  and  heavy  transverse  bands,  which  in  female 
are  interrupted  and  dislocated  npou  the  third  to  tilth  segments,  but  ))articularly 
upon  the  fourth. 

Apparently  a  very  common  s])eciea  n])on  the  American  (!row  (CorvuH 
amerieanus).  A  number  of  specimens  in  the  llurnett  collection.  Also 
collected  at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Meuopon  fusco-margiiiatus  n.  sp. 

Head  with  rather  deep  orbital  sinus,  a  large  fuscous  patch  beneath  with  bands 
running  h  To-cephalad  to  the  orbital  sinus  and  jjosteriorly  along  the  gular  margin; 
prothorax  with  a  mi cer-shaped  sternal  ](late;  abdomen  with  broad  laterfil  fuscous 
margin,  head  rounded  in  front  with  scattering  slender  hairs,  ])aliii  reaching  to  the 
margin  of  the  head;  antenna^  barely  visible,  the  orbital  sinus  beneath  margined 
with  still"  hairs  and  with  a  dark-brown  border;  temporal  lobes  broad,  bearing  three 
huig  bristles,  head  beneath  with  largo  brown  patch  forked  in  front,  the  branches 
extending  to  th(^  orbital  sinus  and  thence  connecting  with  the  brown  8i)ot8  at  lateral 
margin  of  clypeus;  prothorax  broad,  closely  joined  to  he.ad,  posterior  margin 
rounded  beneath  with  an  acuminate  miter-shaped  sternal  ])late  and  dark-brown 
bands;  metathorax  enlarging  behind,  legs  strong,  marked  with  brown,  the  distal 
portions  of  femora  and  tibiae  annulate  with  dark  fuscous;  abdomen  oval,  margin 
broadly  fuscous,  fuscous  bands  crossing  the  disk  but  uniting  into  a  long  brown  patch 
upon  the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  segments;  posterior  margin  of  the  segments 


246 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


m 


with  a  row  of  short  hairs  ino.st  coiiHpionoiis  on  tho  lateral  donso  portion.  Mali 
80inewlititHiiiiiIur  to  tiio  fuiiialM  with  a  brown  patch  on  thu  abdouitni,  iucluding  only 
thu  eighth  and  iiintli  Hej^inciits. 

9  Loiigtb,  1. 73  nun;  head,  0.32  nun;  abdomen,  1.03  mm.  Widtli,  head,  0.50  nnii; 
abdomen,  ().(i3  mm. 

(J  Lengtli,  1.41  mm;  head,  0.3")  mm;  abdomen,  0.70  iimi.  Width,  head,  0.47  mm; 
abdomen,  0..'>1  mm. 

On  "  Tiinlns  minor^''  in  Uurnott  ooUectioii.     This  species  approaclics 
tlie  Mcuopou  iiittrniptnsow.nvi'Hig  on  the  <'Oiinnon  crow,  but  (litters  (lis 
tiiu'tly  ill  the  patch  on  the  under  side  of  tlu'  head,  sternal  i>late,  and 
especially  the  abdomiual  bands,  whidi  are  not  interrupted  as  in  that 
8i)ecies. 

Ancistrona  gigas  Pia<ret. 

Li'S  rrdiiiiliiics.  Sniijil.,  18S5,  p.  117,  I'l.  XII,  (!«.«:   KcIIokk.  Now  Miilloplin(;ft.  p.  l.W. 

This  species  is  retjorded  by  Kellojjg,  as  (joilected  from  the  Pacific 
fulmar,  Fulmanis  yhicialis  rothfcmii  and  {fliq)i,scliaj  Bay  of  Monterey, 
California. 
Colpocephalum  pustulosum  Piag. 

Lc»  Pr'diciilincs  p.  O.W,  IM.  \  1,VI  tij,'.  H. 

On  kingtisher,  Cerylc  iih-i/on  (Burnett  collection). 
Colpocephalum  subpachygaster  Piagot. 

LPS  IVidicnliiios,  p.  517,  I'l.  XLII  I,  fij:.  1!. 

On  Bubo  virginianus  (Burnett  collection.). 
Colpocephalum  flavesceiis  NitzHch. 

NitZH<li,  (Jeniiar  s  Miij;.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  208;  Lyoiiot,  p.  262,  PI.  Xir,flg.2;  Donny,  p.  206,  PI.  XVIII, 
lij;.'.';  (iicl)cl,  p.262  Pi.  XUl,  tig.  10,iiiiii  PI.  XIX,  flga.3,4,aii(I  7;  I'laget,  Lrs  Pi'dic,  p.  ,j1.">, 
Pl.XLlI.ii;:.  10. 

A  common  species  on  various  birds  of  prey.  Collected  from  swallow- 
tailed  kite,  Ames,  Iowa.  Other  authors  have  cited  it  from  a  large 
number  of  rapacious  birds. 

Colpocephalum  longicau(3um  Piagot. 

Lcs  Pt'MlifiiliiKv  ,  p.  f)34,  PI.  XLIV,  lig.6. 

On  carrier  pigeon  (Burnett  (!ollection).  Also  a  specimen  very  similar 
on  Oallus  galluH.    (Burnett  collection). 

Colpocephalum  ochraceum  Nitzsch. 

A  siiecimen  which  agrees  very  closely  with  this  species  is  credited  to 
Tringa  maculata  in  the  Burnett  collection. 

Colpocephalum  assimile  Piaget. 
Lim  P<''dii'iiliiies,  ji.  544. 

Described  from  specimens  taken  from  Orus  americann  in  zoological 
garden  at  Botterdam.  Also  collected  at  Ames,  Iowa  (B.  O.  collection). 
Also  on  whooping  crane,  Lamar,  Colo.  (Gillette). 

Colpocephalum  fuscipes  Piaget. 
I,e»  PiMliculiiies,  p.567,Pl.  XLVlI. 

From  gull,  Larus  sj).  in  the  (^assino  c(>lle(!tion. 

Colpocephalum  unciferum  Kellogg. 

NewMnIloi)liiiga,  p.  140.  PI.  XTI,  ligs.  l,2,nn(l  3. 

On  Pelecamis  calif ornicus,  Monterey,  Cal.  (Kellogg). 


iS. 


SUBORDER  MALLOPUAGA. 


247 


180  portion.    Mali 
UMi,  iudiiding  onl.v 

til,  liuad,  0.50  mm; 

th,  head,  0.47  mm; 

icies  approaclu  s 
,  but  ditibrs  (lis 
Binal  i)lat(',  and 
pted  as  in  tliat 


ipa.  p.  mo. 

<»in  tlie  I^acific 
ly  of  Monterey, 


niiy,  i>.  206,  Tl.  XVIII. 
i{;i't,  Lis  iVdic,  ji.  ul'i, 

(1  from  swallow- 
it  from  a  Iarj>e 


len  very  .similar 


58  is  credited  to 


la  in  zoological 
I.  O.  collection). 


Colpooephalum  unlforme  Kollogg. 

Now  iliillopliiiga,  p.  142, 1'l.  XII,  tl},'.  4. 

On  American  avocet  [liovurvirotttra  americana),  Lawrence,  Kans. 
(Kellogg). 
Colpooephalum  pingue  Kellof^g. 

Now  Mallophaga,  p.  144, 1'l.  XII, !!«.  5. 

On  short-tailed  albatross  {IHomeiUa  <(lbatrii.s)  (Kellogg). 
Copocephalum  timidum  Kullo^'^. 
Now  Mnllophaga,  p.  145,  PI.  XII,  (!«.  0. 

On  golden  plover  {Charaih-hm  dominicKs),  Lawrence,  Kans.  (Kellogg). 

Colpooephalum  latioeps  Kello<rpr. 
New  Mall()i)haj;a,  p.  149, 1'l.  XII,  lig.  8. 

On  Ardea  egretta,  Lawrence,  Kans.  (Kellogg). 
Colpooephalum  funebre  Kellogg. 

Nt'W  Mallupliaga.  p.  147. 

From  Lams  glaucescens,  Monterey,  Oal. 

NitzBchia  pulicaria  Nit/.sch. 

NilZDchia  hurmeislfii  Ufiiny.  p. 2,10,  PI.  XXII, lig.  5. 
Menopon  piilicare  (riclicl,  p.  '.'90. 

Aitztcliia ptilicaht  Placet,  ]>.  r)74,  PI.  XLVIII,  fig.  8;  O.sborn,  Can.,Eut.  (rorord);  Otiborn,  Insect 
Lift!  (period  of  iiKMibatimi). 

Common  on  chimney  swift.    Collected  at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Laemobothiium  atrum  Nitzsch. 

I'ulex  fitlic't;  Uodi,  Kxp.,  Table  IV,  fig.  1. 

LouHG  of  tlio  Coot,  .Mbiii.,  Aran.,  pi.  44. 

Lcemdbdthnurii  utruiii  Nit/.scli,  GiTiiiar'.s  Mug.,  Vol.  TIT, p.  302. 

Ltvmoliolhriuui  niijrum  IJnrnieirtter,  Hnndbucli,  Vol.  II,  ]i.  442. 

Lfcmubothrium  atrum  Dt'un.v,  i».  240 ;  Giolicl,  p.  253,  PI.  XVIII,  flg.  5;  Piaget,  p.  586. 

A  specimen  of  this  well-marked  species  was  in  a  small  collection  of 
Mallophagidic  sent  me  for  determination  from  Mr.  Ph.  Laurent,  of 
Philadelphia. 

Also  recorded  by  Kellogg  (New  ]Mallophaga,  p.  155)  as  collected  from 
the  coot,  Fidica  americana. 

Lsemabothrium  giganteum  Nitzscb. 

(1762)  PedicuUis  eiirci  (ieoffrv,  Hist,  dea  Ins., Vol.  11,  p.  598,  PI.  XX,  flg.  1, 

(1763)  Pedieuliis  maniiiix  Scopoli,  Enl.  Cam.,  pp.  :i82, 1036. 
(1781)  I'ediculug  btiteoni  Fabriciii.s:  l{iciniix  nilttiris  Lntrcille. 

(1818)  Ltemabothrium  inimntium  Nilzscb,  (Jcniiar's  ^lag.,  Vol.  Ill, p. 301. 
Lcemohothrium  gigantium  liurmeister.  Vol.  II,  441;  Duuiiy,  p.  240)  Git'bel,  p.  250;  Piaget,  Leg 
PMic,  p.  581. 

A  specimen  of  this  large  species  is  in  my  collection,  kindly  sent  to 
me  by  Mr.  William  l>eutenmueller.    It  was  marked  from  harpy  eagle. 

Lsemobothrium  hastipes  Nitzscb. 
Friscli,  Vol.  XI,  flg  24;  Redi,  Tab.,  13. 
Pedieulus  tinnunci  lus  Liuii.,  Syst.  Nat.,  II,  1018. 
Nirmus  lianticfpn  Olfors,  p.  87. 

Lcemohothrium  hatticips  Nitzsch,  Gennar'a  Mag.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  302;  Burmeister,  Vol.  II,  p. 442; 
Denny,  p.  240 ;  Ginbel,  p.254;  Piaget,  p.  582. 

Piaget  questions  the  separation  of  this  species  from  giganteum.  Spec- 
imens kindly  presented  to  me  by  Dr.  Merriam  agree  well  with  the 
descriptions,  and  dift'er  sufficiently  from  the  giganteum  in  my  collection 
so  that  it  seems  proper  to  indicate  the  form,  at  least. 


248 


INSECTS   AFFECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Laemobothrium  similis  Kellogg. 

Now  .Miillopliiitfu,  I*.  1&3,  PI  XIV,  Qg»  1  and  2. 

On  CohjmhuH  nUjrivoUis  valij'oruiounj  Lawrence,  Kans.  (Kellogg). 

Triiioton  luridum  Nitzs<>li. 

FiKiircil  ( ')  Hfih   IM.  X  (vido  Pingct)!  Albin.,  Arnn.,  pi.  48. 

Triiiutiin  luridum  }i\V/,Hr\\  (iirmiir's  M«){.   Vol.  lII.p.llOO;  Slti])lion'n  C!at.,  Vul.II, p, 334;  Uiii 

moistor,  Uuiidbuch  Vol  II  p.  441,  Duuuy,  p.  234,  I'l.  XXII,  ll({.'.';  Gi.ibel,  p.  258,  ri.XVIU 

flK-7. 
( 1)  Ttiiiiiton  grneile  Oriilio  MiildondortrH  Koisn,  p.  404. 

(0  Tiinotoii  cniitinircatumrtniM    Vol.  VIII    p.438;  I'l.  IV,  (Id.  1.1;  I'l.TI.flK.O. 
TriiKitnn  luridiiiii  I'iBiiet,  |>  ;')81    I'l  XLIV,  ll«. 3;  OhIioiii,  Hull. 7,  I)iv.  Kiit.,  l)«pt.  Ajir. 

This  is  a  very  coininon  species  on  various  kinds  of  ducks.  1  have 
met  with  it  a  number  of  times  myself,  and  have  noted  it  in  rollections  of 
the  National  Miiseuni,  t  lie  Cassino  collection,  from  the  Meryiis  nerrator, 
Bruner  collection,  KeUogg  collection,  ct<;. 

Kellogg  records  it  from  Sp((tHl<(  cli/peata,  Mcrf/atificr  serrator,  Anaacaro- 

Hiieiinis,   l>ajila  acuta,  Anas  bosvhas,  and  Anas  amcricana  (Lawrence, 

Kans.),  and  ErinmatHra  rubida  (Monterey,  Cal.). 

Trinoton  lituratiim  Nit/Hch. 

Germiir'H  .Mas..  Km.  181 H.  Vol.  HI,  p.  300;  Hiiriin>istor   Ilandlmrh,  Vol.  If,  p. 441;  Oiobnl.  Inapcta 
Kplz.,  1874.  p. '.'.■><»;   I'i;ii:i!t.  Les  I'udlc,  1880,  p.  .W',  OMimrn,  Hull.  7,  Div.  Kiit ,  I)«pt.  Agr.,  p..')2. 
TrinotiiH  sii\nilii}iim  Deuuy,  Alouog.  Auup.  lirit..  1842,  p.  235,  I'l,  X^III.  ilg.  3;  (liobel,  Iiisocta 
Epi/,..  1874,  p.  2,11). 

A  specimen  in  the  Cassino  collection  referred  to  this  si)ecies  is  cred- 
ited to  the  blue-winged  teal.  It  has  generally  been  credited  to  the 
goose.  Kellogg  records  it  from  JJaJila  acuta  and  Merganser  serrator, 
Lawrence,  Kans. 

Trinoton  minor,  n.  sp. 

Light  brown,  with  f'nscons  markings,  mncb  smallor  than  other  nioinbers  of  tbo 
genus.  Head  snbtriangular,  with  obtuse  clypoiis  iind  temporal  h)be8  rounded  in 
front;  autennal  pits  covered  by  rounded  swelling;  eyes  divided,  prominent;  head 
below  the  eyes  heavily  fringed  with  short  hairs;  toiiiporal  lobes  with  four  long 
bristles,  a  bhickisli  pateli  in  front  of  the  orbital  swelling,  and  a  reddish-ltrown 
patch  just  within  and  behind  the  eyes;  oeeipnt  with  a  blackish  margin  and  two 
diffuse  brownish  bands  running  forward  to  join  the  blackish  patches  in  front;  pro- 
thorax  with  lateral  angles  produced  anteriorly,  narrowed  behind,  a  fuscous  submar- 
ginal  band  laterally ;  mesotliorax  short,  with  an  angular  process  in  front ;  metathorax 
longer,  margin  curved;  legs  lobu.st:  coxa'  large;  tarsal  pallettes  fully  developed; 
first  and  third  pairs  of  legs  wanting  in  specimen;  abdomen  rather  narrow,  tai)ering 
posteriorly;  lateral  angles  set  with  long  bristles;  eighth  segment  set  at  posterior 
margin  with  two  bristles  at  each  side,  which  are  longer  and  stronger  than  the  others. 

Length,  2.67  mm. ;  head,  0.59  mm, ;  thorax,  O.'Jl  mm. ;  abdomen,  1.14  mm.  Width, 
0,84  nun. ;  abdomen,  0.87  mm. 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  in  the  Burnett  collection,  No.  102. 

" Butter-bill  coot,"  ( Oidemia). 

Pbysostomum  frenatum  Nitzsch. 

Burineister,  Handb4iidi,  Vol.  II,  p.  442;  Giebel,  p.  25(1,  PI.  XVITT,  fig.  6;  Plaget,  p.  COO. 

From  golden-crowned  kinglet,  Laurent  collection.  Very  similar 
forms  from  Passerella  iliaca  Cassino  collection,  and  Fipilo  erytroph- 
thalmus,  from  Dr.  Merriam. 

Physotomutn  lineatum  n.  sp. 

Light  brown  nnicolorous,  except  for  brown  lino  parallel  to  sides  of  thorax  and 
abdomen.     Small  for  the  genus. 

Head  subconic,  sides  very  slightly  concave,  front  rounded  with  a  few  very  short 


iS. 


Bill    ?.  rnw  STifs,  D'V   of  Entpmnli'gy    U   S   Dipt   o'  Agncuitii 


Plate 


I.  (Kellogg). 


It.,  Vol.  II,  p,  334;  r.nr 
sbol,  p.-JSa,  ri.  XVIII 


It.,  Dt'pl.  Afjr. 

(lucks.  I  have 
ill  collections  of 
MeryuH  nerratot\ 

rntor,Ana8caro- 
■ana  (Lawreuce, 


p.  441 ;  Oiclipl,  Insccta 

.  Kilt ,  Di'pt.  Agr.,  p.  .la. 

tig.  3;  (iiobol,  luaorta 

species  is  cred- 
credited  to  the 
i'ganser  serrator, 


icr  nionibers  of  tho 
1  lobes  rotauletl  in 
il,  ])r<>niinout;  liotid 
H'M  with  four  long 
a  reddish-brown 
4h  margin  nud  two 
telies  in  iront;  pro- 
,  a  fuscons  snbmar- 
1  front;  metathorax 
B8  fully  developed; 
er  narrow,  ta])ering 
ent  set  at  posterior 
ger  than  the  others. 
,  1.14  mm.    Width, 

lection,  No.  102. 


PlngPt,  p.  006. 

Very  similar 
Fipilo  erytro2)h- 


iulea  of  thorax  and 
th  a  few  very  short 


Species  of  Mallophaga. 

Fipnii'Ort.iWcHiK.s  cordriiiin  ii.  sp.;  b,  Niniiiis  )ii(iiyiii<ihis  ii.  .sp.;  c,  yinmiD  ahriipfu.i  n.  sp.;  f^  Xininia 
panilliliin  n.  sp. ;  <■  fciimli',  /  iimlc.  Lifi'iinis  iiifiisnttnn  n.  sp.;  f/.  r.iiM'unin  .iiiliaiiiiustirciiK  DiMiiiy; 
/I,  Mvniinini  inli'i-i  1(1)1  IIS  ii.  sp.;  /.  l>oii>iilwnis  tvatudinarius  Denny;  J,  MenopoH'e.nntnsum  u.  sp. 
(From  pliotOKrnpbs  Dy  the  author.) 


hnJr 
Biiiii 
wi<h 
\.i 
form 
and 
(ill 

I) 
bin 
loiii 

I 
in  t 
Qyx 


S 
act 
Oyr 


C 


BUHOHDER    MALLOPIIAfJA. 


24b' 


hairs,  pallettofi  Btnall,  bonoath  with  a  <'<>ntral  clt'TutPil  rhlw!  iMmti»rii>r  c(l)je  iibovo 
HinuoUH,  <liHtiii(;tly  coiiciivi)  tttirh  Hide  of  occiput,  liiltiiil  aii^leH  jirodiictiil;  prothorax 
wideniiiK  a  littlu  Itchiiul,  p<mt»rior  luaigin  conciivo. 

l.flgH  rather  l<>nK<  himl  oiii^s  reacliitiK  ixiirly  to  viiil  of  uIxIoiiumi  ;  alxloiiii'U  ol'  iihiihI 
form  for  ((ciiiih,  Ni<lt<8  aliKlitly  areiiatc  Uiit  nearly  iiarallcl,  of  tlio  Haiiii>  color  uh  lirad 
ainl  thorax.  A  very  narrow  brown  line  ]iarallcl  to  Hiduit  ol  thorax  anil  iilidonien 
(in  lino  of  Hpirachm). 

Described  troiii  three  speciiiU'iis  tVoin  the  ruhy-throattMl  liuiiitniiij^ 
bm\  {Tntrhi  I  UH  cohihriH  Linn.)  in  Cornell  University  eolleetion.  kindly 
loaned  by  Prof.  .1.  II.  Conistoek. 

It  is  quite  (lifl'erent  from  auy  other  species  of  the  genns  known  to  me 
in  the  nniform  color. 
OyropuB  ovaliB  Nit/.sch. 

Qyroinii  ovdliii  }iit/Mv\i,  (ici'iiinrM  Miii;.,  \'iil.  Ill,]),  :i<)4;  liuririi'iNtor,  Iliinilliucli.  Vol  II.  p.  443; 
Denny,  {i.  24r>.  I'l.  XXIV,  lU;.  I ;  (ili'liil.  Kplz.;  IMiikiI.  ]>■  •'*»)  I'l.  I,,  li^.  Ti:  OHliorn.  Hull.  7, 
niv.  Ent.,  Di'pt.  Aur. 

Specimens  received  from  Dr.  A.  Ilivssull,  of  lisiitiinore.     Evidently 

a  common  parasite  of  the  (luinea  pi^,  its  only  host. 

OyropuB  gracilis  Nitzscli. 

reiliculiu  jioredli  Schiank,  Ins.  Aii.st.,  ji.  'ino,  I'l.  I,  tl«.  1. 

Gyruput  ijranliH  Xitzscli,  (ii'imiir  H  Majj  ,  Vol.  HI,  p.  ;iii4;  nnrmolnfor.  Vol.  II,  p.  443;  Honny, 
p.  •J4ti,  \'\   XXIV,  lln.  •-";  I'iiiKcl,  p.  fill,  I'l.  1.,  11k.  (1;  OhIioiii,  Hull.  7,   I»lv.  Knl..  Di^pl.  A^r. 

Common,  aloiifj  with  precediny,  upon  the  (Jniiiea  pig.  Numerous 
specimens  collected  by  Dr.  llassall,  IJaltimore,  Md. 


not 
man 
inse 
tica 
inch 
W 
men 
will 
toiy 
cout 


Tl 

mse( 

sepa 

and 

eigli 

are 

tim€ 

bitii 

usni 

skill 

tiou 


Ii 

spe* 
si  tit 
anc 
A 
irfi 
por 
an 
Val 


CnAPTEli  VT. 


ARACHNIDA. 

While  ill  tlie  inoro  restricted  Heiise  the  iiniinals  of  this  division  are 
not  insects,  they  are  coninionly  hxiked  upon  in  that  light,  and  since 
many  of  the  parasitic  forms  have  habits  similar  to  those  of  the  tnie 
insects,  and  can  in  many  instances  be  treated  by  very  similar  or  iden- 
tical measures,  often  at  the  same  time,  there  is  the  best  of  reason  for 
including  a  «liscussion  of  them  in  a  work  having  the  scope  of  this  jiaper. 

While  the  group  as  a  whole  inchides  the  spiders,  scorpions,  harvest 
men,  etc.,  the  parasitic  forms  are  included  m  the  order  Acarina,  and  it 
will  be  unnecessary  to  enlarge  on  what  has  been  said  in  the  introduc- 
tory chapter  relative  to  the  characteristics  of  the  group  as  a  whole,  but 
confine  what  is  said  to  the  order  Acarina. 

Onlor  ACARINA. 

» 

These  are  commonly  known  as  mites,  ticks,  scan  insects,  mange 
inse(!ts,  etc.,  and  are  in  general  distinguished  by  having  no  prominent 
separation  between  the  difl'erent  regions  of  the  body,  the  head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen,  forming  one  closely  connected  structure.  They  have 
eight  legs,  except  in  the  early  stages,  when  there  are  but  six;  the  eyes 
are  often  small  or  obsolete,  the  si)iracle8  reduced  to  one  pair,  some- 
times apparently  wanting;  the  mouth  parts  are  fitted  for  piercing, 
biting,  or  in  some  cases  for  combined  biting  and  suction,  there  being 
usually  a  pair  of  slender,  sharp  mandibles  capable  of  penetrating  the 
skin  of  the  host  animals.  Much  variation  of  habit  exists,  and  ranges 
from  free  forms  to  strictly  parasitic  iorms. 

Harvest  Mites;  Chiggebs. 

In  the  ramily  Trombidiida',  which  includes  normally  ]dant-feeding 
species,  we  find  a  few  species  which  have  adopted  a  jdiase  of  para- 
sitism which,  though  apparently  abnormal,  results  in  extreme  annoy- 
ance to  the  animals  afi'ected. 

Apparently  the  most  abundant  species  in  this  country  is  the  Leptus 
irrifanx  of  Uiley,  which  is  illustrated  herewith.  Tliis  occurs  in  a  large 
portion  of  the  United  States  and  occasions  during  the  summer  months 
an  emu'mous  amount  of  suffering.  It  ranges  north  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  iuto  central  Iowa,  at  least,  appearing  there  by  the  latter  part  of 

251 


252 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


June  or  fore  part  of  .hily,  but  becoming  especially  annoying  dnritm 
August.  In  the  latitude  of  Washington  it  is  very  abundant  early  m 
June,  and  farther  south  its  season  extends  till,  v'  southern  Mexi(<), 
what  is  apparently  the  same  species  is  abundant  and  equally  annoyiiii>- 
in  January. 

The  form  in  which  this  pest  is  <>1  iv(m1  is  invariably  the  larval  or 
sixleggcd  form.  It  is  nearly  circular  in  oiMiiie,  the  legs  extending 
well  bcyon<l  the  margins  of  the  body,  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  so 
minute  that  it  is  only  with  the  closest  scrutiny  that  it  can  be  detected. 

It  is  brushed  from  tlie  leaves  of  various  plants  on  to  the  hands  or 
clothing  of  people  and  to  the  bodies  of  other  animals,  and  the  mito 
then  proceeds  to  burrow  into  the  skin,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that, 
so  far  as  all  evidence  shows,  this  i)roceeding  is  absolutely  fatal  to  it 
and  prevents  any  possibility  of  its  maturnig  or  producing  eggs. 


at  th 

(XpO! 

wate 
parts 

In 
alcoh 

\V 
Ibun* 
ccnte 
nary 
allow 
an  1 


ti^ 


Fig.  i5l.  —Iji'ptiiii  imtiiiDi  ti)  tlio  right,  anil  aiiniicaiin  to  tli«>  Irl't  (from  Kilcy) 

Just  who'  form  this  creature  <levelops  into  if  unmolested  and  allowed 
to  pursue  the  even  tenor  of  its  w.'iy  upon  a  vegetarian  tliet  seems  never 
to  have  been  determined.  It  is  assumed,  however,  that  it  changes  into 
one  of  the  species  of  Trombidium. 

A  related  form,  L.  amcricana,  is  figured  also  by  Riley. 

In  Europe  a  similar  pest,  known  as  fjeptim  aiituinnnliH,  is  said  to  bo 
a  great  annoyance  to  man  and  domestic  animals,  especially  dogs  and 
chickens. 

REMEDIES. 

There  is  great  difference  in  the  susceptibility  shown  by  different  per- 
sons to  the  attacks  of  this  mite,  some  not  seeming  to  be  affected  seri 
ously  by  them,  while  others  must  submit  to  extreme  torture  every  time 
they  happen  to  become  attacked  by  them,  even  if  but  lew  in  number. 

As  the  mites  are  invariably  secured  by  working  among  raspberries, 
currants,  or  other  shrubbery  which  harbors  them,  or  by  walking  in 
grass  or  low  herbage  where  they  occur,  sometimes  even  by  sitting  or 
lying  for  a  short  time  upon  grass  or  clover,  it  is  evident  that  the  best 
precaution  for  susceptible  persons  is  to  avoid  all  .such  exposure.  Where 
such  avoidance  is  impracticable,  the  clothing  may  be  made  to  fit  closely 


ARACHNIDA. 


253 


at  the  wrists  and  ankles,  and  then  as  soon  as  possible  after  having  been 
('XI)osed  to  the  mites  make  an  entire  change  of  ch)thnig,  bathe  in  hot 
water,  and  if  any  indications  of  mites  are  present  wash  the  attected 
parts  with  diluted  carbolic  acid,  one  part  acid  to  50  or  100  parts  water. 

In  the  Tropics  nun  or  whisky  is  recommended  as  a  wash,  and  diluted 
alcohol  can  be  used  with  good  results. 

With  a  little  pains  it  is  possible  to  locate  the  mites,  as  they  may  be 
lounjl  before  they  have  iioiupletely  buried  themselves  in  the  skin  in  the 
center  of  the  little  red  swelling  that  haa  been  raised  by  their  prelimi- 
nary irritation,  and  if  they  are  removed  at  this  stage  instead  of  being 
allowed  to  bury  themselves  in  the  skin  the  subse«iuent  mtlammatiou 
an  1  itching  will  be  largely  prevented. 

Family  GAM  AST!)  .1^1 

The  family  Gainasidie  contains  a  largo  number  of  small  mitea,  most 
of  them  being  free,  or  semiparasitic  in  habit. 

A  large  number  occur  as  parasites  on  various  species  of  insects,  but 
the  two  i.peciAs  to  be  mentioned  here  occur  on  birds  and  are  some- 
times very  troublesome. 

TiiK  r.iKi)  Tick. 

(PermniijiHsiiH  nriiini  Dwg.) 

This  is  a  very  familiar  form  t(>  keepers  of  cage  birds,  and  is  known 
in  many  i)laces  as  the  red  mite,  it  occurs  on  a  gieat  variety  of  birds, 
and  has  sometimes  been  considered  to  embrace  the  chicken  tick,  men- 
tion of  which  follows,  but  that  is  now  generally  conceded  to  rei)iesent 
a  distinct  form.  The  mites  are  easily  seen  with  the  naked  eye  and 
appear  as  animated  red  specks  running  over  the  bodies  of  birds,  or  on 
the  perches,  bars  of  cages,  etc.  The  eggs  -ire  laid  in  cra<;ks  or  corners 
of  the  cage,  where  may  be  found  also  the  molted  skins  and  often 
nnmerons  young  and  old  mites. 

The  attacks  on  tlu^  birds  are  made,  jn'obably,  for  the  most  part  at 
night,  but  the  mites  are  usually  well  lilled  with  blood,  which  gives 
theui  their  red  c(>l<)r. 

The  use  of  perishes  that  are  solid,  smooth,  and  free  from  cracks,  and 
the  freciuent  dip])ing  of  these  in  hot  water,  and  the  thorough  cleansing 
of  the  entire  cage,  using  boiling  water  if  there  are  inaccessible  cracks, 
will  serve  to  destroy  the  pests. 


The  Poultry  Tick. 

(DeminnyssKS  fjallina'  DoGeer.) 

One  of  the  most  persisteiit  and  injurious  of  the  pests  of  the  hennery 
is  the  little  chicken  mite,  which  gathers  o\\  the  fowls,  especially  at 
night,  and  sut^ks  their  blood.    It  is  a  well-known  form,  and  has  been 


254 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


m' 


described  for  many  years,  thongh  in  many  works  it  is  confused  witli 
the  i)receding  siieties  or  considered  simply  a  variety  of  tliat  form,  lis 
distribution  seems  to  extend  pretty  generally  over  the  world  wheir 
domestic  fowls  are  kei»t. 

The  full-grown  mites  are  about  1  mm.  lonj;,  of  a  liffht  sray  or  whitisli 
color,  with  daik  patches  showing  through  the  skin,  but  when  full  ted 
have  a  distinct  red  color.  They  swarm  in  cracks  and  corners  of  the 
henhouse,  and  often,  when  numereus,  over  all  surrounding  objects,  and 
at  such  time  are  liable  to  become  a  great  pest  to  man  and  such  other 
animals  as  they  may  get  access  to. 

It  is  possible  that  the  presence  of  fllth  mny  favor  their  increase,  as 
it  would  seem  possible  for  them  to  use  fluid  matter  as  food  aside  from 


Tia,  152,— Dermanyesua  ijallince :  o,  adult;  6,  tar.siiH;  c,  mouth-iMirta ;  </ aud  c,  yuuug— all  uulurged 

(original). 


the  blood  of  their  ordinary  hosts.    A  writer  in  the  Poultry  World,  evi- 
dently a  practical  poultry  keeper,  says: 

The  mites  will  breed  in  the  droppings.  Rotten  nest  eggs  arc  good  sources.  TLcy 
swarm  in  nivriads  where  an  egg  has  been  broken  in  the  nest.  Tue  heat  from  the 
body  of  the  hon  or,  the  nest  hatches  them  by  the  millioiiH.  Kvery  crack  and  crevice 
contains  them.  They  come  out  ou  the  roost  at  night,  like  bed-bugs,  and  prey  on  the 
birds. 

The  dust  bath  is  considered  of  use  in  checking  this  pest,  but  wh^rc 
there  is  a  general  infestation,  1  believe  the  best  plan  will  be  found  to 
clear  the  house,  then  spray  well  with  kerosene  or  kerosene  emulsion, 
taking  pains  to  reach  the  cracks;  thoroughly  drench  the  roosts  with 
hot  water  or  kerosene,  benzine,  or  gasoline,  whitewash  the  house,  or 
dust  with  cai belated  lime,  and  then  daub  the  ends  of  the  roosts,  where 
they  come  in  contact  with  aupjtorts,  with  coal  tar,  so  the  mites  will 
have  to  cross  it  to  reach  the  fowls. 


ILS. 

is  confused  witli 

)f  that  form.    Its 

the  world  wher( 

it  srayorwliifisli 
but  when  full  t'vA 
id  corners  of  the 
ding  objects,  and 
and  such  other 

heir  increase,  as 
s  food  aside  from 


youug— all  oulargod 


Itry  World,  evi- 


r>t\  soiircoB.  They 
Tiie  beat  from  tlie 
cmck  aiul  crevice 
;8,  aud  prey  on  tlie 


lest,  but  wliwre 
i^ill  be  found  to 
isene  emulsion, 
;he  roosts  with 
I  the  house,  or 
e  roosts,  where 
the  mites  will 


Bui,  5,  now  series,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 


ARGASIN/C. 

Fio.  y  -Ripirhoprhim  spinomini.  <lorsal  view  ;  Irr,  vfiitral  view  ;  1?)-!/.  details  of  sniiio. 
Fid.  'i.  —  (iriii/lioili>ni.i  iiiiierirKiiii.i,  ddi'snl  view  ;  s.V(,  vi'iitral  view  ;  •Mi-'ii  (U'tiiils  of  same. 
Kui  a—  l)r/<(.s  nmfr/VrfjiK.s,  dorsal  view:  Hn,  ventral  view  ;  ;^^,  side  view  of  ventral  portion;  3c,  larva, 
dorsal  view  ;  M,  larva,  veutral  view  ;  3i'-3fc,  details  of  same-all  lii(,'ldy  magnified  (.from  Marx). 


Plate  II 


ARACHNIDA. 


F.iiuilv    1X<  )I>I1)/K. 


255 


Fiff.3 


IMC. 

liiine. 

il  iiortioii ;  3i',  larva, 

U'l'oin  3Iarx). 


This  family  includes  the  ticks  ]m)i)er,  and  tin;  species  are  some  of 
fheni  larjiB,  and  esj)ecialiy  when  gorj;ed  witli  blood,  and  the  females  with 
oygs  are  quite  bulky.  !n  sonu^  cases  they  reach  a  lenj-th  of  nearly  half 
an  inch.  The  common  dog  ticks  will  serve  as  a  good  illustration  of  the 
-;rOHl>. 

They  are  onlj'  semiparasitic,  most  species  attaining  some  growth 
l)efore  attaching  themselves  to  animals,  and  in  many  cases  they  move 
to  and  from  their  hosts  at  will. 

The  .species  of  Argas,  formerly  included  with  the  Gamasids,  are  now 
included  in  this  group  as  a  subfamily. 

KXl'LANATIOX  OF  I'LATE  III. 


V\^.  1.  RhynchopriiuH  Hpiiiosiim,  dorsal 
view, 
la.  Ventral  view. 

\h.  Young,  ciipitnlnni  not  redrawn. 
Ic.  Full  sucked  iiidividiiiil,ciipitulum 
projected. 
Capituluui,  dorsal  view. 
Maxillii'. 
Mandibles. 
Stigma. 
Front  foot. 


Fig.  '2d 

.  Cai>ituluni,  dorsal  view. 

2e. 

Maxillif. 

2/.  Stigma. 

2j/. 

Female  sexual  orifice. 

2h. 

Front  foot. 

2i. 

Mailer's  organ  of  hearing. 

Fig.  -A. 

Argas  americaniis,  dorsal  view 

3a. 

N'eutral  view. 

3b. 

Side  view  of  anterior  portion. 

3c. 

Larva,  dorsal  view. 

3d. 

Larva,  ventral  view. 

He. 

Capituliim,  ventral  view. 

3/. 

Mandibles. 

3g. 

Maxilla;. 

3h. 

Stigma. 

3*. 

Front  foot. 

3k. 

Haller's  organ. 

Id. 
le. 
1/. 
i'J- 

n. 

li.  Haller's  organ  of  hearing. 
Fig.  2.  Ornithodoriis  americanus,  dorsal 
view. 

2a.  Ventral  view. 

2h.  Side  view  of  anterior  iiortion. 

2c.  Position   of    capitulum  in    full- 
sucked  individual. 


The  Eak  Mite. 

{Sejus  auria  Leidy.) 

In  1S72  Dr.  Leidy,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy, 
described  a  nnte  from  the  ear  of  an  ox,  which  he  referred  to  the 
genus  Gamasus,  but  Murray  considers  it  a  Sejus.  It  is  evidently  not 
;i  common  form,  as  I  find  no  further  menti(m  of  it  in  American  litera- 
ture and  nothing  to  indicate  an  injurious  attack  from  it. 

The  Pigeon  Tick. 

{Argas  refleiua  Fab.) 

This  is  a  common  species  in  both  the  Old  ana  New  World,  and 
occurs  principally  in  the  more  southern  latitudes,  but  in  Europe  extends 


256 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


north  into  Germany  and  Enyiand.    In  the  United  States  it  ia  common, 
I  believe,  as  far  north  as  St.  Louis. 

It  is  found  mainly  in  itij>eon  houses  and  sucks  blood  for  nourish 
ment,  but  it  is  capable  of  living  an  alnu)st  incredible  length  of  time 
witlumt  food,  instances  being  on  record  when;  it  has  been  kept  in  con 
finement  without  food  for  two  years,  (luring  which  time  the  molts  recur 
at  frequent  intervals. 

The  body  is  pvojected  in  front  far  in  advance  of  the  head,  the  color 
is  a  deer>  gray,  the  form  ovate,  and  the  length  about  one-eighth  of  an 
inc 

A  itei  pecies,  Argan  persicvfi,  is  said  to  be  a  pest  in  houses  in 
Persia,  and  An  >  •  monhaia  \\\  Angola,  and  Ahjus  Udaje  in  Guatemala, 
are  equally  annoying  m  their  respective  habitats. 


The  American  Ae<}AS. 

(JryaK  amcricanux  Pack.) 

This  species  was  described  by  Packard  in  the  Report  of  the  Geolog 
ical  Survey  of  the  Territories  for  JS72  (p.  740),  but  rather  oddly  both 
Murray  and  liailliet  credit  it  to  Kiley.    Kailliet,  however,  cites  Hope  as 
authority  for  its  reference  to  rnMatns, 

It  is  reported  by  Ur.  Francis  as  destructive  to  chickens  in  parts  of 
Texas,  and  in  the  original  description  it  is  said  to  have  been  collected 
with  the  cattle  tick  from  cattle. 

Paitkard's  description  reads: 

Body  very  Hat  .and  thin,  oval,  with  the  liead  and  month  parts  concealed  by  the 
overrea(bin<j[  dorsal  ])ortion  of  the  body,  which  is  lient  upward  aroiintl  the  marfjin, 
though  the  edge  is  not  revoluto.  Uody  above  covered  witli  very  nunu-rous  little 
round  pits,  large  in  the  nii'.dle  and  becoming  smaller  on  the  edge.  There  are  two 
large,  conspituons  pits  on  the  middle  of  the  anterior  third  of  the  body,  just  in  front 
of  the  middle  transverse  curved  row  of  six  smaller  i)its,  three  on  each  side.  Behind 
are  six  proniin<!nt  jiits,  three  on  each  side.  t)n  posterior  thinl  of  the  body  are  rows 
of  these  punctures  radiating  outward.  The  edge  of  the  body  is  roughly  granulated. 
Margin  of  the  body  beneat'i  j)itted  as  above.  Smooth  between  the  legs  and  on  the 
head.  I'alpi  long  jukI  slender  when  stretched  out,  not  reaching  the  edge  of  the  body. 
Legs  large  and  stout,  hind  pair  Just  reaching  edge  of  body.  Claws  long  and  curved, 
as  usual. 

Length,  0.2(5  inch;  breadth,  0.15  inch. 

Shown  in  PI.  Ill,  fig.  .'J,  drawn  by  Dr.  Marx,  the  figure,  however,  not 
indicating  the  radiation  of  the  pits  on  the  posterior  part  of  dorsal 
surface  described  and  figured  by  Packard,  and  which  gives  the  name 
radiatUH. 

Two  related  species,  t'e  Rhj/nehoprinm  sphiosnm  Marx,  from  Texas, 
and  the  Ornifhodorns  americanus  are  illustrated  in  PI.  Ill  by  the 
lamented  Ur.  George  Marx. 


LS. 

lies  it  ia  common, 

lood  for  nourish 
le  length  of  time 
jeon  kept  in  con 
e  the  molts  recur 

e  head,  the  color 
one-eighth  of  an 

pest  in  houses  in 
ye  in  Guatemala, 


257 


rt  of  the  Geolog 
ather  oddly  both 
j^er,  cites  Hope  as 

3kens  in  parts  of 
v&  been  collected 


■8  concealed  by  the 
troijiid  the  marjjtin, 
Hiy  nuituTons  little 
l^e.  There  are  two 
body,  just  iu  front 
each  Hide.  liehiud 
f  the  body  are  rows 
oiifjhly  graimlatod. 
the  le^H  and  on  the 
le  cdf^e  of  the  body. 
V8  long  and  curved, 


ire,  however,  not 
•  part  of  dorsal 
gives  the  name 

irx,  from  Texas, 
PL  111  by  the 


AltACHNIDA. 

Tkk  Catj'le  Tick. 

({{oophlliiH  hoi'in  Hiley.)' 

This  ia  without  question  tlu;  most  important  of  the  Ainoriciin  speciies 
of  ticks  and  has  a  doubh'  iuiportaruni  since  it  has  been  detcnnincd  that 
it  serves  as  a  carrier  of  tiie  destructive  Texas  fever  of  (tattle. 

It  was  dcs(rribe<l  in  l.S«)*.)  by  Prof.  C.  V.  Kiley  '  and  ti<;urcs  extensively 
in  discussions  of  cattle  pests  since.  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  Iwilds  that  the 
Alf^erian  tick,  described  by  Me^i'uin  as  LmtUs  tluijiiiii,  is  identical  with 
the  Ainericiui  form,  with  tlie  ])robabdity  tliat  it  was  introduced  into 
America  on  imported  cattle. 

The  elaborate  report  on  this  species  by  Dr.  Curt'  .v'  will  serve  as  a 
basis  for  a  sununary  of  the  essential  facts  re^jtardin;.  tli>  ■(pccies,  while 
the  nunu'rons  experiments  of  Dr.  M.  rrancis,'of  tl  i  Texa..  Experiment 
Station,  lurnish  the  most  valuable  guide  in  treatment. 

The  species  is  distributed  certainly  tliiough  all  of  the  wavmer  por- 
tions of  the  United  States  and  (juite  «'ertaiidy  i.i  Mexico,  Central 
Anu'rica,  Scmth  AnuM'icii,  and  Cuba,  while,  if  ti  'i  specu's  occurring  in 
northern  Africa  is  identical,  it  would  extend  its  range  tlinmgli  Egypt, 
Algeria,  and  i>robably  all  northern  Afrii^a  and  some  of  the  southern- 
most parts  of  Europe. 

Professor  iJiley's  (U'iginal  description  and  remarks  are  as  follows: 

A  i'»!ddi.sli,  coriiict'oiis,  tlattfiicd  sjn'cics,  with  tln'  liody  oblong-oval,  contracted. just 
beliind  tht^  middle,  iiinl  witli  two  longitudinal  iniiirensions  aliove  tliis  contraction 
and  tbrt'c  below  it,  more  especially  visible  in  tlio  (Iried  sjiecimen.  Head  short  and 
broa<l,  not  sj>ined  beliiii<l.  witli  twodeeji,  round  ))it8.  rali)i  and  beak  together  unus- 
ually short,  tlic])alpi  liciiig  slender.  Labium  short  and  broad,  densely  s|iined  beneath. 
Mandibles  smooth  above,  with  terminal  hooks.  Tlioracic  shield  distinct,  onc-tliird 
longer  than  wide,  smooth  and  polished;  eoinex  with  the  lyrate  medial  convexity 
very  distinct.     Legs  long  and  slender,  pale  testaceous  red;  coxa-  not  spined. 

Length  of  body,  0.15  of  an  inch;  width,  009  of  an  inch. 

Missouri  collection,  ('.  V.  Kiley. 

"This  is  the  cattle  tick  of  the  ^Vestern  States.  Several  hundre<l  spec- 
imens in  diti'erent  stages  of  growth  have  also  been  receive«l  from  Pul- 
von,  west  coast  of  l^icaragna,  taken  from  the  horned  cattle,  and  on  a 
species  of  Dasyproctti  by  Mr.  J.  McNeil.  They  preserve  the  elongated 
tlattened  form,  with  the  body  contracted  behind  the  middle,  by  which 
this  species  may  be  easily  identified.    The  largest  specimens  measure 


'If  Curtice  is  correct  in  connecting  this  witli  the  African  form  iiihI  Itailliet  in  referrinn  it  to  Jiliipi 
ci'jilialus  naiujuinevn  Liitr..  the  svnoiioiiiy  be<'oiiics  quite  coniiilicnted,  esiiccially  if  Curtice's  sti.spicion 
tliat  tlie  rotea  of  Kn<'li  and  the  aitniilatux  of  Sny  also  come  liere.  The  whole  synonomy  would  run 
Konietliiiig  as  follows;  Ixmleii  naiiijiiineiiii  Latr.  (IHOti) ;  Jxodi's  amiiilatnii  Say  (1820) ;  Ixodes  phimhevs 
Du^es  (1834) ;  /jot^c*  (fwr/csi'i  (Jervais  (1844) :  Ihniiaphysalit  ri'ura  Koch  (1844);  Hhipicephahi*  sangui- 
tieus  and  Hicxdax  Koch  (1847) ;  Ixodes  bovis  Hilcy  (IStiU) ;  Jxodis  duyesii  ^6giiin  (18  j9)  ;  Jioophilus  hovU 
Curtice  (1890);  Uhipicephalus  languineua  Railliet  (1895). 

'Government  Report  upon  the  Diseases  of  Cuttle  by  Gamgce  (1869). 

^Bulletin  24,  Texas  Experiment  Station. 

4653— No.  5 17 


i:  i 


m 


2'yS 


INSECTS    AKFECTINO    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


0.50  by  (>.;{o  of  ail  inch.  Wlicii  pormMl  with  hlnod  tliey  are  nearly  ns 
tliic^k  tliroiifjli  as  tlicy  are  broad.  In  tlie  freshly  hatched  hexapod(>ii> 
youiij;',  and  the  youiif"'  in  the  next  sta;;o  of  jxrowth,  tlie  thoracic  shielil 
is  one-third  tlie  size  of  tiie  whole  body,  \vhi<'h  is  pale  yellowish,  witli 
very  distim-.t  creniilations  on  the  hinder  edye.  The  fourth  pair  of  le<>s 
are  added  apparently  at  the  first  molt.  It  is  called  ';;ar  apata'  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Nicaragua." 

Cnrtice  <;ivea  the  life  history  in  considerable  detail,  and  the  follow- 
ing" extracts  will  show  the  essential  jioints: 

On  OctolxT  10  I  placiMl  MHiH'  ut"  tbi'HO  eg^'*  (''!•  ^  >  ''K-  •"•>  ••'  -^  Biiiull,  ^lasB-covere<l 
«lisli  lillcd  with  (l.'iiiip  1111)1(1  and  set  it  aside  in  tli(<  iiicnliat  iii^'  nioiii  ol'  tlin  lalioriitoiy. 
On  Ndvenilier  1  tho  y<tiin>;  ticks  ( I'l.  \',  lijj;.  (I)  had  hoyuii  to  cnii'ij;!',  and  by  N(tveiiili(.'r 
l.'i  th«!  liatclilii);  was  coni])1ctod,  fiirh  t'^jj;  hiiviii<r  jii-odiict'd  a  yoiiiig-  tick. 

At  this  time  tlic  ticks  wcio  takiMi  to  the  ttiireaii  cx]icrinii>iital  fiiriii  and  put  i>n  n 
ralfwLich  w  as  coiilmcd  in  a  sialile,  whose  tciiipcratiiro  was  niiiintainod  at  siiniiiicr 
lit'iit  througbdiit  the  cxpcriiiMiit.  A  call  witli  iv  white  alidonien  was  selected,  tlirowii 
on  its  backus])!  iiikled  with  ticks  directly  on  its  tine,  silky  hairs,  and  time  allowed  lor 
them  to  crawl  into  tin'  skin.  In  this  i^roccodinu  tlie  certainty  of  the  young  ticks 
arriving  at  the  most  suitable  snrroiiiidings  was  nsHiired. 

It  is  well  to  state  here  that  the  iiareiita  of  these  yonny  ticks  were  the  last  seen  at 
the  station  on  any  of  the  cattle,  and  tliat  the  room  of  experimtiiit  and  the  calf  were 
<|nit((  free  from  ticks  before  the  exjieriinent  began.  The  following  table  will  serve 
to  illustrate  the  se(|iieiice  of  events  in  the  experiment  and  present  it  in  rough  but 
compact  form : 


I)utl^ 


Stiii;t>  Mlc\|)i  riiiirnt. 


Tinir  coimunioil  In  vnrionn  stncPs. 


Oct .     ;i  Kirir  l.iyiiii.'  liejnn 

(»cl.    ill  K^;;  layiim  lini^lml  |  Ovipositing  1  wpck, 

Nov.    4  TicUs  iippi- iumI j  IlHtrliiii;;  it  diid  4  wcclis 

Nov.  l,"i  lii'iiniig  III),  nil ....  !  fiiiu'ct  .■«siii\  inlcrvnl  nl   l  week. 

XiPV.  "J'J  I  Kirst  iiiiill,  larvii  til  iiyiiipli    bai  vnl  stiiye  lastcil  1  wock. 

\i)v.  "Jii  Srciinil  limit,  iiyiiipii  111  iiiliill      l.iiMlidl  wi-cU. 

IUh'.    11  Friiiali' hah"  i;i<>"ii  with  male A:ii)iil  'i  weiks  later. 

Dec.    in  I'Api'riliiiiit  rlii'-rtl .\  limit  I  wick 

Kxpciiiiunt  eiiiliiri'U • \  I  unit  'J.J  iimiitlis. 


The  egi^s  were  laid  in  a  little  mass,  were  siibovoid,  dark  brown  and  oiiaqiie,  and 
coated  with  some  protective  substance.  In  alcohol  they  show  a  thin,  shell-like  cov- 
ering, with  a  dark,  opai|iie  ni:i.'~s  within.  In  the  latter  stages  of  incnbation  the  form 
of  the  young  ticks  beraiiie  more  and  more  a])|iaient  until  they  emerged.  The  exit 
from  the  shell  Hcemed  to  be  by  the  sliell  ruptiiriiig  and  the  inqirisoned  occupant 
thrusting  it  otf  with  its  feet.  The  torn  edges  al'terwariisrolled  inward  and  jnodnced 
the  apju'arance  oi'clam  shells,  so  rre(|iiently  meiitioiied  in  wriliiius  on  this  subject. 

The  larva  is  six-footed,  ])08sesses  no  sexual  organs,  ;ind  wants  the  large,  single 
stiiiinata  found  in  later  stages. 

The  next  or  nym]ilial  stage,  as  seen  through  the  skin  of  the  larva,  has  added  a  jiair 
of  limbs  behind  the  others  and  a  pair  of  large  stigmata  behind  them.  The  additional 
legs  lie  along  the  sides  in  a  loop  w  ith  its  convexity  directed  candally.  The  rontents 
of  the  three  front  i>airs  of  li'gs  litive  withdrawn  until  only  their  white  tips  remain 
in  the  testa  itbout  to  be  inolttMl. 

The  ditference  between  the  ticks  destined  to  become  either  male  or  female  during 
their  final  nndt  is  ns-t  marked.  The  tiverage  of  the  males  is  smaller,  but  a  small 
female  may  not  be  an.\  larger  than  an  ordiiniry  male.  In  each  the  nnnitli  ring  and 
month  jiarts,  the  shield-like  headpiece,  the  breathing  jtores,  the  limbs,  aijd  the  body 
are  tilike. 

After  they  emerge,  however,  the  nniles  (PI.  IV,  tigs.  1  to  3)  can  be  quickly  chosen 


L,8. 

vy  any  iioarly  :i^ 
lu'd  hexai)o(lmi> 
''  tlioraric  shield 
yellowish,  wifii 
nth  pair  of  Ic^^s 
ar  apatii'  I)y  tin- 

,  ami  tilt'  foUow 


iiniil],  fjliiss-covered 
II  ol  tli«  laliortitory. 
1',  and  by  Noveiiilior 
ij;'  tick. 

I'anii  and  put  on  a 
ntained  at  Ninnni)-i' 
iiH  solc'cti'd,  tliiown 
nd  tinio  allowid  tor 
111"  the  \onnj»  tiiks 

ere  tin-  last  seen  at 
t  and  tlio  calf  were 
iij;  tabic  will  serve 
nt  It  in  roiijfh  but 


It'll  in  viirloim  ntii 


wock. 

Ill  4    WCfliM 

inliTviU  111  I  week, 
lusted  1  woi'lv. 

k. 

(,s  hitrr. 

ItllH 


and  (i|ia(ino,  and 
liii.  sln'11-like  cov- 
■ul>atii>n  the  form 
iicigeil.  'I'lie  exit 
iiisoned  (X'ciiiiant 
i  iird  and  ]>ri)dnced 

on  this  subject. 

the  larj^e,  siiif^lo 

has  added  a  )>air 

Tlie  additional 

l.\'.     The  i<»ntcii)s 

bite  tips  remain 

or  female  during 
iller,  but  ii  small 

month  ring  and 
lbs,  aijd  tbo  body 


Bui.  5,  ri'w  soriea,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U    S  Dcpt.  of  Agriculture. 


PLATE   IV. 


The  Cattle  Tick  (ffoo/i/u/Ks  hm-ix  Riiev.) 

1,  Mftle,  seen  from  nimve:  ^',  K't'innle.  seen  from  above;  3,  JIale,  seen  from  below;  4,  Female,  seen 
from  below;  .">.  Claw  ami  pnlvillus;  11,  Lower  surface  of  first,  secoml,  and  third  segment  of  leg; 
7,  Spiracle  or  peritreuie.    (.From  Curtice,  Bui.  ^4,  lex.  Ag.  Ex.  Sta.) 


e  <iuickly  chosen 


Bui 


r 


< 


3, 

n, 

V. 

C 


Bui.  S.  now  Mtios,  Di».  of  Entomology,  U    S.  Dept  of  A^'iculturn 


Pirate  V. 


The  Cattle  Tick  (/;<(()yi/<Wi(.s/)«r/.s'Kiii"y.t 

1  Front  foot,  showiiiL'  sintilf  sour:  In,  Shiu'osimI  s.misc  crtfiiim:  «'.  Hind  foot.  sliowiiiK'loiilili>si>ur: 
:[  Il"ul  of  tvIIiHle;  I.  la,  41>.  l.-.  Ke.naU-  ticks,  natunil  si/,.,  sb..w.i  at  .liir.T-nt  stap;s  ot  .v.linK; 
.'i'  Euk:  ti,  YouiiL'tiok:  7.  Dorsal  surfan- of  tlm  mouth  |. arts  of  feiual.'  a.  niandiblo.  1),  l|>iii-iim. 
c-'.  palpus  .1,  mouth  riuK.  e,  sj.ots  covi-r.'cl  with  papilla-:  .s  J.ul.mm  and  luandihU's;  Ha,  1/'I'|I ' 
..iilmrfd:  !l,  .Mandihl.-  X-Husic's  ovRan,  use  unkuown;  10,  Mouth  parts  ot  yoimg  tick.  Urom 
Curticv,  Hul.  -,'4,  Tt-x.  Ag.  K.\.  Sta.) 


ARACHNIDA. 


259 


l>y  their  smaller  size,  by  the  ahseutie  of  a  well-defiued  head  shiehl,  hy  the  extension 
of  the  shiehl  over  the  whole  hack,  aud  by  the  two  ])air.s  of  chitinous  phites  situated 
on  the  abdomen  behind  and  on  eacli  side  of  the  auns. 

Throughont  life  the  male  enlarj^es  but  little.  Ho  betomes  a  little  broader,  hmjicr, 
.ind  thickPT,  but  not  markedly  so.  The  female,  on  the  contrary,  grows  to  a  conipar- 
ativelj'  inmicnse  size  (I'l.  \',  tigs.  4,  •!«,  4h,  Ac),  swelling  day  by  day,  her  body  becom- 
ing so  rotund  and  replete  with  the  food  drawn  from  her  host  that  she  can  scarcely 
l)e  recognized  as  of  the  same  species  as  the  males.  While  her  body  has  inflated,  how- 
ever, her  head,  her  legs,  and  breathing  jiorcs  have  not  undergone  any  changes.  These 
remain  exactly  of  the  same  size  as  in  the  beginning,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the 
head  shield,  arc  '>ut  little  dill'erent  from  those  of  the  male.  The  disparity  in  size 
between  th<j  legs  and  the  body  of  the  fully-gorged  female  is  so  marked  that  the  legs 
aud  head  apjiear  even  smaller  than  at  first.  The  comparatively  small  size  of  the  male 
has  caused  it  to  be  overlooked  or,  if  found,  caused  it  to  be  classed  among  the  young 
of  this  sjTCcies. 

After  molting,  the  young  fenuile  again  attiichesherself  to  her  host  and  seems  rarely 
to  change  her  positiou.  AVhileshe  may  be  able  to  do  so  at  lirst  with  ease,  she  l)ec()mes 
so  heavy  and  logy  later  on  that  any  <  hange  would  cause  her  to  fall  to  the  ground 
should  she  loosen  her  hold  with  her  beak.  The  males,  however,  remain  small  and 
light,  and  it  is  not  impossible  I'or  them  to  change  their  position,  and  iio  (loul)t  do  so. 
After  molting,  they  hunt  for  mates  through  the  dense  growth  of  cattle  hairs  and, 
linding  them,  attach  to  their  host  so  that  they  enu  <'onveiiiently  embrace  them  belly 
to  belly  and  bring  their  external  genitals  in  apposition. 

When  fully  gorged,  when  the  organs  of  geneiaticui  are  fully  prejjared,  and  either 
the  eggs  within  fertilized  or  a  suHieient  (luantity  of  senu'ti  stored  in  the  re<'eptac]e 
for  tlieir  i'ertilization,  the  female  (I'l.  IV,  fig. 4/))  loosens  her  bold  on  her  host  and 
lulls  to  the  ground.  She  must  do  tins  to  lay  her  eggs,  (.'riiwling  otV  to  some  dark 
corner,  her  work  soon  l)pgius.  Any  delay  seems  to  me  to  Ix?  caused  by  the  tick  not 
being  prepared  to  undergo  the  iinal  act  at  the  time  of  reuio\al  from  the  cow.  The 
lemale  nuiy,  if  detached,  lay  eggs  any  tinu;  after  it  is  half  grown,  (PI.  V,  fig.  Ir'. ) 
Most  ticks  under  my  observation  ha\e  waited  ii  day  or  two  before  commencing 
ovipositing,  and  scmie  e.en  nwre.  While  the  tick  prefers  to  act  in  (juiet,  she  will, 
if  retarded  long  enough,  show  her  secret  method  under  almost  any  dillieulties. 

1  must  now  draw  attention  to  an  (Ugan  which,  though  accessory,  jilays  an  impor- 
tant role  in  ovijiositing.  I'etween  the  nu)Uth  ring  and  the  head  shield  is  u  sjiace 
which  beeonu's  very  marked  in  the  f'e(  '.md  tick.  At  this  jioint  o))en  uliinds,  wliich 
are  paired,  riicemose,  and  situated  Just  under  and  within  the  head  shield,  Unring 
the  last  dnys  of  tiie  grow  f  h  of  tli<'  ticks  these  glands  lieconie  distended  w  itli  a  viscous 
fluid  substance  with  whiili  tlie  eugs  are  to  be  co;ited  for  |iroteclion. 

The  lirst  visible  act  in  ovipositing  is  the  witlnirawal  of  the  moutii  ring  and  .•i])iienil- 
ages  ajiparenfly  into  tlie  body,  fliereli.v  le.'uini;'  a  (le|M('s>ion  (ir]pn<'ket,  ,\t  the  same 
time  the  ovijiositer  ])rotru(U's  towartl  the  Imlging  skin  at  the  lunk  of  the  month 
ring  until  they  touch.  The  head  is  now  entirely  eoneealec!,  As  soon  ms  the  ovipos- 
itor touches  the  o]>iM)sinL,  or;;an  at  the  slit  whirh  appears  in  ils  middle,  an  egg 
jiasses  from  it  and  is  inunediately  siii  ronmltd  liy  the  coating  sac.  'I'his  passage  of 
the  egg  is  diflicnlt  to  detect,  Imt  if  the  jiassage  is  interfered  with  <'iin  he  nnide  out 
altera  time.  The  ovipositor  then  withdiaws,  the  iinMith  ]iarts  a])]uar,  and  the  egg 
is  pushe(l  from  its  coating  sac,  which  recedes  from  around  it.  As  the  mouth  jiarts 
are  commonly  known  as  the  head,  it  ap^icars  as  though  th(>  femah  ]iasse<l  the  eggs 
over  her  head  and  laid  theui  from  her  neck,     A  eiuious  affair,  surely. 

Th(!  object  of  coafing  fl..'  egg  has  been  clearly  (lemonstrate<l  by  liertkau,  who 
found  that  eggs  laid  after  destroying  the  coating  s;i(^  and  preventing  the  eggs  I)eing 
covered  dried  up  and  would  not  hatch,  while  others  newly  laid  by  tins  same  female 
and  coated  hatched  iTi  di.  ,  time.  Kgg  a<fer  egg  does  the  little  creature  lay,  her  ])ile 
growing  constantly  largei  while  her  body  constantly  contracts,  until  in  about  a 
week  little  is  left  but  a  yellowisii,  dried-up,  shriveled  skin,  whence  all  life  has 
dejmrted. 


¥^ 


260 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


RELATION   OF   TICKS   TO  TEXAS  FEVER. 

That  ticks  have  a  rehitiou  to  Texas  fever  was  held  many  years  ajjo 
by  people  acquainted  with  Southern  cattle,  but  no  valid  reason  lor 
such  belief  could  be  a<lduced,  and  the  idea  was  looked  upon  by  tin 
scientific  world  as  only  one  of  the  popular  notions  that  come  from 
taking  coincidences  as  meaning  cause  and  ellect. 

AVhen,  however,  the  study  of  the  disease  wis  entered  upon  from  tlic 
standpoint  of  modern  bacteriology,  it  was  leariicd  that  the  ticks  may 
have  a  most  important  rolationshii)  as  carriers  of  the  disease  germ  and 
thereby  serve  as  agents  of  infection,  it  is  now  generally  acceptv^t! 
that  even  if  the  ticks  aic  not  an  essential  means  of  transmission,  they 
are  so  generally  the  scmrce  of  infection  that  their  destruction  constitute."^ 
a  most  important  factor  in  the  [nevention  of  the  disease. 


PREVENTION   AND  REMEDY. 


Since  tlie  ticks  get  access  to  the  animals  mainly  by  being  brushed 
upon  them  from  the  leaves  of  bushy  i)lants  or  trees,  the  keeping  ol 


jz-r-r:::^ 


Vmi.  \'t^.~  Dfriiittci  iiliir  (iiiiirifiniun:  nil  If— t'liluruud  (i)riuiii:ilt. 

cattle  away  from  wooded  pastures  is  recommended  as  oneadvantag<'ons 
nu'thod  of  ])reveiiting  theii'  injuries.  Weed  strongly  recommends  t lie 
feeding  of  sulphur  awA  salt  as  a  preventive. 

For  direct  treatment  there  is  probably  nothing  that  ecpials  the  dip 
ping  process,  by  which  the  whole  animal  is  completely  drenched  with  a 
dipping  solution.  Dr.  Fn^ncis,  alter  using  a  sjiraying  outfit  for  the 
purpose,  says  that  he  has  discarded  it  entirely  for  the  more  satisfactory 
method  of  dipjung,  special  i>reference  being  given  to  a  dip  of  cotton 
seed  oil.  Full  details  of  this  process  and  the  form  of  vat  required  are 
giveu  iu  the  chapter  ou  remedies  and  their  application. 


ARACHNVDA.  261 

The  Don  Tick  oh  Wood  Tk^k. 

( htrmaeenior  americunue  I/iim.) 

The  most  conimoii  tick  tliroush  the  Northern  States,  at  least,  is  the 
8o-(;alh'(l  dv)g  tieli,  tlie  name  being"  associated  with  its  most  common 
host.  It  o(;cnrs,  however,  very  frequently  on  other  animals  and  on 
mail.  Wlien  fully  gorjied,  the  ticks  are  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  and 
they  seem  to  favor  the  ears  of  dogs,  or  at  least  parts  near  the  head. 

The  males,  fig.  158,  do  not  enlarge  like  the  females,  but  are  about  the 
size  of  the  females  before  engorgement,  and  the  body  above  as  well  as 
the  borders  of  the  legs  are  marked  with  bright,  silvery  lines  and 
blotches,  as  shown  in  the  figure. 

As  Avirh  other  species,  the  young  clind>  to  the  outer  parts  of  leav^.-s, 
from  whence  they  are  readily  brushed  to  the  bodies  of  passing  animals. 

TiiK  LoNK  S'l-AK  Tick. 

(Amhhiommn  iinipiiHcta  I'lick.) 

This  species,  next  to  the  cattle  tick,  is  probably  of  the  most  imi)or- 
tance  in  the  !Sonthern  States,  siiaring  with  that  species  the  hospitality 
of  cattle  and  also  attacking 
other  domestic  animals.  It 
is  thought  i)r«>bable  that, 
like  btn-is,  it  may  convey 
Texas  fever. 

It  is  <  asily  known  by  the 
single  bright,  silvery  spot 
on  the  b.'.ik.  When  fully 
gorged,  tlie  female  is  about 
eqiMil  to  the  cattle  tick  in 
si/e. 

Measuresof  treatment  will 
be  till'  sauu'  as  lor  that 
Hi>ecii's. 

TiiK  Hauhit  Tick. 

(  h'hiph  into  Ilia  IfiioriH.) 


ihUliiina  Ifpiii-is-  n,  voiifrnl  view  of  iiiuutli 
'.  b,  larsiiH— L'Ularged  (origiual)' 


This  is  a  rather  common  species  on  rabbits,  and  is  Ibund  i>erhaps 
more  commonly  in  the  ear  than  elsewhere  on  the  host  animal.  It  is  a 
small  species,  and  the  tigure  will  indicate  its  form. 


^62 


INSECTS    AFrEOTING    DOMESTIC    AN3:  .U-W. 


m 


|<i', . 


/ro(1en  ririiiiis  Linn. 

A  very  coininoii  tick  upon  the  little  ground  sciuirrels  in  tlie  Missi-; 

•sippi  Valley  is  a  speeies  which  Dr.  Mar\ 
has  determined  for  nie  as  ricinn.s.  li 
this  be  identical  with  the  Euroi)e;in 
rft7HMN,its  habits  would  seem  to  besonn' 
what  diti'erent,  as  there  it  is  said  to  oc 
cur  on  dogs  and  other  large  mammals, 
but  here  it  is  apparently  conliued  jiretty 
closely  to  small  rodents. 

The  ti^ure  will  serve  to  distinguish  it, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  it  uiay  receive  tlie 
attention  of  students,  so  that  the  full 
<U'tails  of  its  habits  may  be  better 
known. 

/.I (hies  reduriuH,  crhiffceiis,  and  martji- 
iuitiis,    Hiinlomitut  iv<ji!i>fi'mi   and    afri- 

cunum,  and  Dermaventor  rcHcuhttus  are  among  the  species  recorded  as 

troublesome  in  the  Old  World. 


15fi.— Ixodes  rietvtis — enl.irfred  (orig- 


Ol 

h 

k 

at 


Fiunily  SAI^(  "(  )I^TIT).K. 

This  .family  includes  s])('cies  which  are  strictly  i>iH'iisitic,  and  all  may 
be  cousidered  as  normally  infesting  the  skin,  tliose  species  which  occur 
withiu  the  quills  of  feathers,  in  burro'.\s  of  the  skin,  ur  in  the  subcuta- 
ne<ms  tissue,  or  on  internal  organs,  being  extreme  forms  and  doubtless 
iri  all  cases  derivatives  fV-M  species  that  first  lived  on  the  surface. 
In  fact,  the  I'xtieme  forn  •  .>i'  mites  in  this  family  show  in  a  beautiful 
manner  the  gradual  adaptalioii  to  difl'erent  modes  of  living  and  lead  to 
the  worm-like  condition  i)resented  by  Deuiodex. 

The  s])eci('s  are  all  minute,  often  almost  invisible  to  the  naked  eye, 
the  skin  striated  or  furrowed,  usually  wl.dte  or  trans])arent,  the  numth 
parts  fitted  for  biting  or  suctu)n,  the  tarsi  generally  with  sucking  disks 
for  attaclnnent,  itud  tl'u  eyes  wanting. 

Thk  Pigeon  I'mimk  Mitk. 


m 


li- 


These  mites  live  in  the  feathers  of  the  pigeon  and  other  birds,  atid 
some  very  interesting  facts  have  be>-i  brought  to  light  by  the  studies 
of  Megnin  and  Trouessart,  which  sli<  w  that  the  mite  may  undergo  a 
peculiar  transtormation  during  the  immature  stages,  whereby,  instead 
of  veuiaining  on  the  feathers  outside  the  body,  they  migrate  w-ithin  the 
skin  and  live  in  the  subcutaneous  tissue  or  attached  to  the  blood  ves- 
sels of  the  neck.  lu  this  form  they  are  rather  worm-like,  and  were 
originally  described  as  a  distinct  species,  Uypoderas  columbce. 


'^'-\W»"fi-V'' 


^ALS. 


'.>«•  '^''■■■A 


ARACHNIDA. 


263 


irrels  in  the  Missis 
!ies  wbieli  J)r.  Minx 
me  as  rioinus.  ii 
itli  tlic  European 
ildseeiii  toltesoiiH' 
ire  it  i.s  said  to  oc 
Br  large  mammals. 

itly  coiinued  pretty 

Its. 

'e  to  distinguish  it, 
it  may  receive  the 
s,  so  that  the  full 
s   yiay   be    better 

nacens,  and  mar<fi- 
miif'rim  and  (ij'ri- 
pecies  recorded  as 


The  same  form  occurs  r\\  the  bbie  heron,  and  1  have  taken  it  in 
immeiis--  numbers  from  tiie  subcutaneous  tissue  of  this  bird  at  Ames. 

In  the  genus  Dermaleichus  and  albes  we  have  an  immense  nund)er 
(»f  fornui  occurring  on  various  species  of  birds,  scarcely  any  of  which 
have  been  studied  in  this  country. 

They  will  form  a  most  interesting  study,  though,  so  *''>r  as  ])resent 
knowledge  indic^ates,  there  is  little  of  e(;onomi(;  importance  to  be 
attached  to  them. 

The  Cvs'i'K!  Fowl  ]\riTK. 

(Laminosioplcn  cfistivola  Vi/.ioli.) 

This  mite  is  described  as  living  normally  on  tlu^  surface  of  the  skin 
or  under  scales,  but  commonly  working  into  the  subcutsineous  connec- 
tive tissue,  more  rarely  to  the  d«'ei)er  i)ortions,  and  on  its  death  the 
presence  of  the  dead  matter  results  in  the  formaticm  of  a  calcareous 
cyst  or  miliary  body,  which  j;ave  rise  to  the  techniital  name  of  the 
species. 

Chickens,  pheasants,  and  geese  nre  iimong  its  hosts.  I  do  not  know 
of  its  oci'urrence  in  the  I'liited  States. 


isitic.  and  all  may 
)ecies  which  occur 
or  in  the  subcuta- 
nis  and  doubtless 
1  on  the  surface, 
low  in  a  beautiful 
ivnigand  lead  to 

()  the  nak<'d  eye, 
inent,  the  nnmth 
ith  sucking  disks 


L\TKKiNAL  (3hi(MCi;n  Mjtk. 


{Cjltodih'H  iiiidii-i  Vi/idli.) 


These  are  minute  mites  that  live  in  the  air  passages  of  gallinaceous 
birds  i)articularly,  and,  according  to  Kailliet,  they  appear  to  thehakc*! 
eye  like  minute  active  granules  running  over  the  surface  of  the  walls 
of  the  air  cells  and  in  the  trachea  and  bronchi.  They  appear  to  suck 
siujply  the  serosity  of  the  tissues,  and,  .mless  in  great  number,  to 
(!anse  no  great  inconvenience  to  their  hosts,  but  il  in  great  numbers 
to  cause  activt^  irritation  and  asphyxia. 

The  species  has  been  observed  in  this  country  at  Washington,  1).  C.,' 
and  I  have  specimens  from  Dr.  Hassall,  of  Ualtimore,  taken  from  the 
peritoneum  of  chicken. 

MlTKS    iNFEsriNO    MlOK. 


other  birds,  and 
t  by  the  studies 
may  undergo  a 
hereby,  instead 
?rate  within  the 
•  the  blood  ves- 
i-like,  and  were 
umbte. 


We  may  mention  here  two  inteiesting  little  mites,  Mifohia  iiiKsciili 
;ind  Mi/ocopies  iiiKNcuUiiKs.wU'ivh  infest  mice.  The  former  1  have  found 
many  times  on  mice  at  Ames,  and  have  also  received  it  tVoni  Professor 
.liii'.ner,  of  Nebraska  University. 

'  h'iley  Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  WII,  p.  422. 


K'^M'^ 


V,  ■ 


'  fj'r; 


264  INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 

TiiK  Ear  Mite. 

(Chorioplcn  aiirinilariim  Lucas  ft  Nicolet.) 

This  species,  represented  by  viirieties  canis,/t'H.s,  rati,  uiul  fnronis,  is 
described  as  afl[eetiiij»'  particnlarly  the  auditory  canal  of  its  liosts.  1  ;un 
not  aware  of  its  recognition  yet  in  America. 


Fif).  150.— ,V  )/..')('(>    ','niiciil! :     a,  yoiiji!;:  ^.fomalc:  r.minitli  am'   IVotit  lojrs  iiinrr  lii^ilily  nmiiniliod; 
(/,  tiiiMis  ami  eliiw  iii'  ixi.sicriur  It-;;-  iill  mii^iniliid  (coi.iiil  I  mm  M  iii  r;i\  .s  tifiin'-*  :iliii'  ('lii|iai<^ili'i. 

TiiK  Chorioptks  of  the  Horse  am)  Ox  ani»  (ioAT. 

Tliis  mite,  unlike  tlie  itcli  mite,  doe  ^  .lot  burrow  into  tiie  slvin,  but 
adheres  to  the  surface  or  to  hairs  by  means  of  reniiulvable  suclnii<i' 
orpins  attached  to  tiie  lej-s.  I'rom  this  vantage  ground  it  pierces  tlie 
skin  and  feeds  ui)on  tlie  sei-tuis  lluids. 


L8. 


ARACHNIDA. 


265 


/,  and  fitronis,  is 
its  hosts.     1  am 


Iiisliiy  inauniliod: 

H  illllT  ('lilpillV'lk'l. 

t    (ioAT. 


the  skill,  but 

~~|vablt'  siuildiio- 

it  pierces  the 


The  varieties  occurrinjj  on  the  liorse  (<'7«/),  on  cattle  {horin),  and  on 
the  goat  (ctiprcv),  are  considiaed  certainly  as  belonjiinj^'  to  the  one 
species,  while  tliere  is  some  question  as  to  the  form  occurring  on  sheep, 
mentioned  later,  and  on  the  rabbit. 


d 

1<'|().  I'l".  —  .l/.i/"i'ii;i'i'K  iiiHtoiHiniK:     fi.inali-;  />.  IV'iiiiilr;  c,  I'nmt  vii'W;  i/,  iiii>iitl\  (('(ijiiiMl  fnnii  MiiiTuy's 

lifinro  alter  Oiipartili'). 

The  variety  occurring-  on  j;()ats  is    .'edited  with  havin<;-  ravajjed  the 
goats,  in  the  Grisons,  m  tlie  vaUey  of  tlie  I'rattigau,  iSwit/erland,  in 


Fl(i.  I.IK.  — f7iii)i'n/ifc.v  .■Jiiiiiliititc  ■  i\i\»h'):  a.  antt'riof  lou   sliowiiit;  surlici'M  (at'liM-  KiirstiMiluT:;.  mpied 

I'livm  Murriivi 

1851, 18.'»L',  an<l  18."»,'},  when  (»ut  of  2,5(»(»  animals  half  were  attacked  and 
r»(H>  died. 

Evidently  the  dipj>ing  treatnuuit  will  prove  the  most  etfective  for 
these  parasites. 


2G6 


IN8KCTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Foot  Scah  op  Siikkp. 

This  variety  ol' kchI),  \vhi«;li  i.s  (Iiic  tit  i'huriopten  njimhiolcti  Verheyoii,  var.  ((,'(.s,  is 
ol'  rnro  occiiiTi'iuc.     Jt  Las  luu'H  iiotired  iiihI  studied  in  (ieniiany  Ly  Zuni. 

The  seat  of  tlu'  dis(;aso  is  in  thu  Iret  and  limhs.  Tim  dimuiHu  iirojtresHi's  \ci  v 
slowly  from  the  I'cct,  and  little  by  little  iiivadts  the  npiKr  jtart  of  the  lind)s  and 
ailjoiniii^  juirts.     It  is  not  readily  coinnuuiicaMe  to  other  Khecjt,  and  Hprcads  slowlv. 

In  the  heyinninji  •I'i'*  variety  of  scalt  is  characteri/od  hy  the  reddenin^^,  followcil 
by  the  alinn<1ant  scaliny:  of  the  skin,  and  later  by  yellowish  white  crusts.  Tlir 
animals  stani]),  scratch,  and  bite  the  jtarts.  showiiifj  an  intense  itching.  As  (he  d\- 
ease  jtrogresscs  the  crnsts  liecome  thicker,  cracks  (brni  in  the  fidds  of  the  ])UHtcni, 
and  the  limbs  become  quite  unsightly.  Tb<'  jiarasitesswarni  Itcneath  the  crusts,  and 
when  found  form  a  certain  symittoni  of  the  character  of  the  disease. 

I'oot  scab  is  not  a  serious  malady,  as  it  readily  yields  to  treatment  and  is  slow  oi' 
extension.  Any  of  the  remedies  jtrojiosj-d  for  the  treatment  of  common  scab  may  be 
used  with  jfood  elVect.     (Cni'tice.) 

The  S<ai{  ]\Iitk  of  Sjikki',  Houses,  and  Cattle.' 

(I'mniijifin  ioniminih  Fnrst.) 

The  (li.sease  known  as  scab  of  slieej)  is  anion^'  the  few  ])ai-asitic  dis- 
eases wl'icli  is  fnlly  ai)i)r('('iatt'(l  by  tlic  niajoiity  of  sliccp  breeders,  so 
well  known,  indeed,  that  many  of  the  States  iiave  strinjient  laws  in 
foree  for  its  (luarantine  or  extermination.     Cnrtiee  says: 

(If  all  the  diseases  of  sheep  in  this  country  scab  is  the  most  le.-ired  by  tiie  llock 
master.  So  insidious  is  its  attack,  so  rajtid  its  course,  so  destructive  its  etVects,  and 
BO  dillicult  IS  it  to  extcinuiiate  that  it  has  Justly  eained  tlie  distinctutn  of  beiny  more 
injuriouM  than  any  other  disease  causeil  by  external  parasites.  Seali  alone  of  the 
liar.'isitie  diseases  has  lieeonu' llie  subject  ol' lejjislatiou  in  most  countries,  and  yet, 
il  proper  jirecautions  were  taken  and  a  rational  treatment  followed,  this  disease 
conid  soor.  be  completely  vnulieated. 

The  earlier  writ injis  upon  the  di.seas(>  do  not  jiive  its  detinite  infor- 
mation a.s  to  the  iiarasite  in  hand,  but  in  ISU  (iervais  (Ann.  Soe.  Nat.) 
gave  the  spet'ies  a  seientitic  <leseri]»tion  und»'r  the  name  of  Psoroi)t('s 
I'lliii.  and  the  later  publications  of  (ierlach,  Fnrst enberji',  Murray,  and 
iVIeoniu  contain  detailed  di.scussions  of  its  habits,  anatomy,  etc. 


ScAlt    Mll'K    OF    SlIKKP. 

( \'ar.  tiriH. ) 


This  is  the  vitriety  which  ]»rodiices  the  best  Known  form  of  disease; 
indeed  it  iippetirs  that  (he  <'lfects  of  this  parasite  Jir*'  by  no  means  so 
much  dreaded  upon  the  other  hosts,  either  because  those  animals  are 
not  so  seriously  iiilbieneed  by  its  preseiu-e  or  because  their  skins  do  not 


'Then!  has  Iteeii  considerable  eoiifusion  witli  n^garil  to  the  name  of  this  species, 
partly  owing  to  the  fact  that  some  authors  have  given  a  name  for  each  form  occur- 
riny  oil  the  horse,  sheep,  and  cow,  jtartly  because  the  earlier  names  have  not  been 
rebjiected  by  later  writers.  The  names  adopted  here  are  the  ones  that  seem  to  be 
the  rightful  ones,  taking  the;  first  for  the  species  as  a  whole  and  using  the  varietal 
niinies  to  indicate  the  host  animal. 


ARACHNIDA. 


267 


furnish  so  favorable  ii  rosort  for  tlie  inultiplir'sition  of  tlio  pests.  On 
this  iiccouiit  the  history  of  the  species  is  more  i)artieuhirlv  the  history 
of  this  variety. 

Its  (listribntioii  is  at  present  i)ractically  over  the  entire  worhl  where 
sheep  are  bred,  and  while  there  may  be  practical  ininiunity  in  some 
States  where  viyilant  attention  has  been  in  piactice,  no  sheep  breeder 
should  negflect  occasional  examination  for  ir  nor,  esi)ecially,  the  most 
careful  scrutiny  of  all  new  animals  introduced  into  his  Hock. 


]''l(i.  IM.—  P.iiiroiiliiiciiiiiiiiiiiii':  \nT.  '■'/iii.     K'niiicil  IVcmi  Murray's  lij;iirr  al'tii-  Fi.rslriilMri:.) 

The  ell'ects  of  the  parasitt'  on  tlic  sheep  and  the  appearances  by 
which  it  may  be  detected  are  here  (pxotcd  irom  Curtice's  Animal  Para- 
sites of  Sheep: 

Atteutioii  to  the  disecTSo  is  first  !ittriu'tc<l  1)y  the  infected  sheej)  ncratcliiiij;  and  bit- 
iu{^  and  rnbliiiif;'  themselves.  The  <'oats  ot  the  animals  look  i'on,u;li,  taj^gy,  and  felted. 
The  ilebin<j  is  always  most  violent  vhen  tlie  sheep  have  been  heated  by  drivinji  or 
warmiuf;-  in  the  stable. 

l?y  separating  tbo  wool  and  exaniiniuji;  a  recently  infected  spot  ther(!  can  lie  seen 
some  niinnte  elevations  which  ditVer  from  the  snrroiiiidiiig  skin  in  being  slightly 
whiter  or  yellower  and  which  have  been  i)rodu<'ed  by  the  bites  of  the  ])est8.     The 


2(18 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


Hi 


iiiHoctN  tln'iiiHclvcsniM  l»ofouinl  iinioii};  th«  liiiirH  at  but  litMiuliHtunco  Croni  tlieliii.-.. 
Ah  tiiii«  ])iiNNi!.s  and  tlio  iiiHuelH  iiiiilti])I,v  in  nninlx-rs  thrstt  «>l*'Viiti<tnN  Itfcoiint  Ui«\<' 
uiiil  nioro  nnnicicMiH  and  cIomci' and  ilostT  tiigftln  r,  until  (lii-y  llnally  nnito  over  aciin 
Nidi'ral)ii>  oxt*>nt.  From  llio  Huniinitot'oach  elevation  or  ])a))nl«  ii  wntury,  Huroim  llnin 
exndt'H  and  accuniiilatcs,  wliich  tranNlr  uis  them  into  vchIi  I's  and  iMmtnlt^s,  aii>! 
wliitdi  in  drying  cdvci  thoni  over  with  a  tliiii  i  i  ust.  In  ii  lew  days  \h  wli(d«  mirCac. 
irtcoveit'd  \vitliay«'ilo\vi.sli,  jrreMNy.Hcaly  layor,  niider  wliicli  tlio  iiaraHitoH  .fdliiddi-n. 
Am  tliti  disj'ast^  )>ro<'('cds  tiiin  lay<T  f^radnally  incroatsis  in  tlii«d<nn.HM  liy  an  incrraso  i<\' 
tln'  serous  I'xudiiii',  and  in  iir(  innt'crtMicr  l>y  llic  cxtcnHion  xt'inllaniination  iiroduciil 
hy  th(Mivt'r-niulti|dyin;j,  jiaraNitt's  wldcli  live  lioncath  it,  rorniinjf  sealy  <T>iMts.  'i'licsc 
<Tn8tM  in  lit'in;;  toiii  out,  mainly  by  the  rubbing  with  which  Ihe  Hheeji  endeavor.H  \i> 
allay  its  intense  itehinfr,  ejiiiy  with  them  the  ta;;H«d'  the  wool,  the  loss  of  which  i-- 
an  early  symidoni  of  th<<  diseii!*e.  At  a  later  period  the  crnstsare  replaced  by  auoiJuM 
set  of  thicker,  lirnicr,  adherent,  scabs,  which  are  still  lurther  cular);ed  by  theoul- 
war<l  mi;:ratiou  of  the  ])araH;tes.  As  they  abandon  the  center  cd'  the  m  abs  thesis  iiri' 
again  rejdaccd  by  a  peelinjioll' (d"  the  external  layers  of  the  skin,  wliicdi  gradiuilly 
heals,  while  the  disease  slowly  proiiicHses  at  the  outside,  '^llt^  eem|ileto  cure  is  very 
slow,  and  tho  skin  renuiins  thick  and  folded  for  ;i  long  time.  In  sheared  sheep  (he 
skin  becomes  co\-ered  by  a  thick,  dry  crust,  like  ])archnient,  whilo  beneath  it  reniaius 
nuich  swftUcn. 

The  lU'eco  of  scabby  slu'cp  jtrosents  a  churaeterislic  roujjh  look.  In  jdaccs  the 
wool  is  stuck  tofiether  in  masses;  in  idlieis  it  tails,  whiles  in  otlicrs,  which  aic 
apj)arently  sound,  it-  can  be  easily  |dncked  oil'.  The  rubbing  and  scratchiii;', 
indulged  in  by  the  sheejt  not  oidy  tend  to  tear  awav  tlu^  wo(d  but  increase  tho  irri- 
tation of  the  skin,  which  m;iy  be  intensely  iidlamed  and  tinally  end  in  superficial 
death  of  the  part.  Tnlike  f"arcoi>tcH,  tlie  I'soruptt  s  seeks  the  longest,  thickest  ^^  ool. 
It  begins  its  attack  along  the  back  and  extends  to  the  neck,  tlaiiks,  a!id  rump.  The 
l*8oro]des  aie  stddoni  found  in  the  region  of  the  chest  and  abdomen.  They  are  col- 
le<'ted  in  masses  on  circumscribed  surfaces.  Tho  scabs  they  itro<luco  eonstantiv 
increase  at  their  edges,  ami  their  i'und)er  de])cnds  on  the  number  of  ]daces  invaded. 
Owing  to  the  closeness  in  which  the  sheep  congregate  and  lo  their  violent  scratch- 
ing, the  parasites  become  very  generally  ^cattered,  aiul  finally,  the  scabs  nuiy  run 
together. 

Wliile  few  ol'  the  parasites  aic  present  in  tho  (d<lcr  diseased  parts,  at  the  edges  of' 

look   like  little  white  points  with  a 


the  scabs  they  can  be  found  in  swarms.  '1  luy  loou  iiKe  iiiiicwnite  points  wiiu  a 
brownish  extremity.  If  ]iicked  up  by  the  jioint  of  tin',  knife  or  a  sharp  stick  and 
placed  on  tho  hand  they  will  bo  seen  to  nu)ve.  The  six-legged  young,  tho  eight- 
legged  adults,  the  sexes,  coiijtlcs  Joined  together,  and  tho  eggs  of  this  interesting 
insect  can  easily  be  identified  1)y  tbti  aid  of  a  low-jtowcr  nuignifying  glass. 


i)ES(n{ii'Ti(i:r  and  i.iik  iiistouv. 

The  ejigs  of  this  niitc  are  iiiiimte,  ylisteiiiii.t'  white  specks,  loiijijer  thiui 
broad,  aiitl  nearly  tiiiiloriii  in  tbiekiie.s.s;.  Tliey  may  be  fouiid  under 
the  scab.s  as  before  mentioned,  and  their  <h'te('ti()ii,  even  when  mites 
are  not  seen,  may  be  taken  as  evidence  of  the  di.seii.se. 

Tho  larvic  htive  nearly  the  same  shape  as  the  adults,  but  are  to  be 
distinguished  by  the  fact  that  only  si.v  legs  are  a[)parent. 

The  fuU-fiTown  mites  are  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  and  are  <'harac- 
terized  by  their  piercing  mouth  i)arts  and  the  structure  of  the  two 
posterior  pairs  of  legs  (see  flg.  159).  In  the  male,  the  fcmrth  is  much 
reduced,  and  the  third  bears  ti  long  thread-like  appendage  passing 
the  sucker,  Avhile  in  the  female  this  leg  carries  two  long,  threadlike 
organs  and  no  sucker. 


AHACIINIDA. 


2(;i) 


The  only  trciitiiieiit  for  fVis  KjMuiii'.s  worthy  of  r<M'oj;iiiti(iii  is  tluit  of 
dippi !!;;•,  and  tliis,  if  jn-opeily  dono,  will  sccmiit  llir  cxti'rniiniitioii  of 
tlie  pest,  and  ii  llock  once  Irct'd  will  n<»t  beconic  ii^iiiii  infccti'd  t'xrcpt 
by  cxpo.snre  to  iiitccted  aninuils  or  by  tin;  introduction  of  Hcabby 
individuals. 

So  imi)ortant  is  tin's  i)araKit(>  (U'cnicd  that  many  of  the  Htatcs  have 
adojjted  strinp-nt  laws  for  tlic  <|uarantin('  of  iiilVctcd  aiiiin:i!s  :ind  for 
prcscribin;^  (lips  that  must  be  used.  A  summary  of  llu'se  n'^-ulalious 
and  tho  formula-  for  the  various  dips  w  ill  be  found  in  ('urti<-('V  Animal 
Parasiicsof  SluM'p.  which  should  be  in  tho  hands  of  all  sheep  »)wn('r<. 

The  i)articulai'  kind  of  <lip  is  (»f  less  importan<'e  Ihan  tin  lhorou;;h 
use  of  the  one  selected.  The  toba<-co  dips,  sulphur  and  liuu>  dips,  and 
also  several  of  the  patent  dips  ])repai'ed  by  ieputal)le  lirms,  <'an  be 
recommended.  The  main  objection  to  the  hitter,  ])erliaps,  is  the  fact 
that  the  user  nuist  ])a\  a  rather  exorbitant  price  for  a  few  simple  chem- 
icals, and  further,  in  the  case  of  the  arsenical  dips,  that  he  may  not 
know  the  in>;Tedients  or  their  proportions  and  theieby  endan;ier  the 
animals  treated.    (See  details  of  dippinj;  in  chapter  on  remedies.) 

fiiK  I  re II  ."\Irn-. 

The  itch  ndtc^  «»f  num  is  ])erliaps  bet^ondn^a  pretty  rare  iM'stin  <'ivil- 
i7.ed  i'ommunities,  but  since  it  occurs  at  times  on  domestic  animals,  and 
in  certain  varieties  beeonu's  at  times  a  serious  pest  to  such  animals,  it 
deserves  tieatnuMit  here.     Authors  ha\e  diltered  greatly  in  their  treat- 


but  are  to  be 


Fid.  UW.—Snrcojites  seal  ifi:  iiinlii  ami  Iriimli'  (ii'ihutMl  IVoiii  FiirMleiiliiTii  iit'tt'r  Miiriiiv  ). 


ment  of  the  species,  some  making  a  diti'erent  species  for  each  host 
animal,  believing  that  they  could  tind  distinctive  characters  in  the 
size,  arrangement  of  si)ines,  etc.,  but  IJailliet,  who  has  published  the 
latest  full  discussion  of  the  species,  has  combined  most  of  these  under 
the  one  species  scahiei^  though  in  some  casea  retaining  the  varietal 
distinction  for  vncious  hosts. 


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In 


270 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS 


m 


!  si  i 


ll'  = 


The  varieties  so  retained  are  hominis,  infesting  man ;  xcabiei  crMStofKc 
Fiirst.,  for  the  so-called  "^'orway  itch;"  equi,  for  the  form  infesting  the 
horse:  oiv*.s,  on  the  sheep;  rrtjjm',  on  thegoat;  mwic//,  on  the  camel ;  a«r/(- 
enia;  on  the  llama;  ««/«,  on  the  hog;  nniiculi,  for  the  rabbit  and  hare; 

furonis,  on  the  ferret;  cnnis,  on  the 
dog;  lu})!,  on  the  wolf;  r«72)/.s,  on  the 
fox ;  Jeouin,  on  the  lion,  and  iromhati, 
on  the  wombat. 

All  stages  of  the  parasite  occur 
on  the  host  upon  which  it  is  abso- 
lutely dependent  for  existence.  (len- 
eratiou  after  generation  may  occur 
on  the  same  animal.  The  mite  bur- 
rows into  the  skin,  iu  this  respect 
differing  fnmi  the  scab  mites. 

The  adult  mites  are  flattened, 
rather  circular  in  outline,  and  may 
be  separated  from  related  forms  by 
the  character  of  the  feet  and  by  the  i)resencc  of  six  short  spines  or 
thorns  on  the  thoracic  portion  and  fourteen  on  the  abdominal  po''aon  of 
the  body. 

Eggs  are  deposited  along  the  burrow  as  the  mite  extends  its  channel 
into  the  deeper  portions  of  the  skin,  and  as  Ihcy  hatch  the  young  feed 
ujjon  the  surrounding  tissues,  and  it  is  said  molt  four  times  before 


Fia.  IGi.— Sarcujites  tcaliiei;  n,  anterior  leg;  b. 
iiiimtli  parts  (rt'diiced  from  Fnrstfiibcr;;,  lifter 
Miirniv). 


l"l(i.  H)2.—  >Sttri^iijili n  KciibU'i :  (I,  lioslerioi'  1.  ys  (if  liiiili',  li.  |"iHleinii'  lei;H  ol    leiiiale  (alter  KnrMleiilinf;.', 

fniiM  Munayi 

maturity.     When  fully  grown  they  wander  around  and  mate  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  skin,  aitcr  which  the  fenmles  begin  a  I'rcsh  burrow. 

Infection  with  this  parasite  is  accompanied  with  intense  itching  dui- 
ing  the  formation  of  pustules  and  inflanu'd  areas,  and  while  in  man 
it  is  usimlly  confined  to  the  base  of  the  fingers  ami  between  the  knuckles, 
in  aggravated  cases  the  whole  hand  and  arm  may  become  invaded. 


ARACHNIDA. 


271 


The  "seven-year  itch,"  "army  itch,"  suul  "Jackson  itch"  are  simply 
aggravated  cases,  where,  from  hick  of  good  sanitation,  tlie  mites  are  able 
to  thrive  better  than  usual. 


Fio.  ion.  — r.urri)\v  nf  ilcli  iiiitc  in  liiiiiiuii   skin,  with  <'j;j;.s  iinil  mite— enlarged  (after   rurstmiberg, 

t'niin  itnrniy). 

In  the  human  subject  the  application  of  sulphur  ointment,  in  addi- 
tion to  fiH'quent  washing  with  soap  and  hot  water,  and  for  domestic 
animals  the  use  of  washes  or  dii)s,  as  ior  scab  mites,  are  to  be  adoi)ted. 

lT<Mr  MiTK  OF  Tin;  Cat. 


■  (alter  I'liistenln'r; 


(.Sarvoplin  tali  Ilcriiij;  iiiid  (ierliu-li.) 

r  am  not  aware  that  this  species  has  been  observed  in  this  country, 
but  from  the  descri])lions  of  it  in  the  Old  World  it  nmst  be  a  very 
destructive  species  to  tin*  animal  it  inl'ests.  Our  account  is  takeu  from 
Murray: 

On  the  cat  niitl  rabbit  the  sjiecies  is  a  good  dciil  siiiiiUer  than  tho  Sarcoples  scahiei 
Tho  thorns  or  s|iinf8  on  tlic  back  bcjrin  to  alter;  on  the  tliorax  they  arc  absent  or 
tnrncd  into  hairs,  and  tlicro  are  now  twelve  thorns  on  the  back  of  the  ab(b)nieu. 

])Oth  in  the  cat  and  the  rabbit  this  ]iarasite  takes  the  luad  as  its  point  of  attack, 
and  more  particularly  the  base  of  tli('  nose,  llic  lips,  the  ears,  and  the  eyes.  I'.ven 
■when  the  animal  is  inoculated  elsewhen.' by  pntlinj;' mites  ni>on  other  i)arts  of  the 
body,  and  after  they  ha\  e  actually  taken  iiossession  and  begun  to  burrow,  theysoon 
leave  thest*  ])arts  and,  makinu'  for  the  hi'ud,  establish  themseht's  about  the  nose  and 
the  ears.  lu  its  early  stage  the  burrows,  when  sought  for,  can  Ix^  easily  seen,  but 
the  obstruction  caused  by  the  numerous  hairs  makes  them  more  tortuous  and  ol'ten 
interrupteil.  As  the  mites  increase,  so  do  the  burrows  and  th(^  itching,  and  the  cat 
scratches  itself  mid  tears  the  skin.  Then  the  hairs  fall  oiV,  and  the  jiai'ts  around  the 
eyes,  nose,  and  ears  liccome  covered  with  hard  crusts  s]>rcad  oxer  and  adhering  to 
the  sull'ering  i)arts.  The  time  that  the  mischief  takes  to  reacli  this  stage  varies 
a(!cording  to  the  age,  strength,  and  <'ondition  ol'  the  cat.  As  a  rule,  the  young  and 
strong  resist  longer  than  the  old  aiul  I'ceble.  In  Iheni  by  the  twentieth  or  thirtieth 
day  it  may  have  sprea<l  over  the  head,  cars,  nose,  slionblers,  and  even  the  l)ack 
and  loins.  The  crust  becomes  harder  and  gray  and  agglutinated  to  the  hairs,  and 
under  the  crusts  the  sjieciniens  »>f  the  Sartojites  may  be  foiiml.  liy  decrees,  as  the 
malady  progresses  and  the  auinuil  becomes  weaker,  the  skin  increases  in  thickness, 
becomes  hard,  stitf,  and  forms  A'olnminous  folds  round  the  neck.  The  swelling 
of  the  ti88U(!s  increases  anil  their  inflammatiott  extends  to  the  nostrils,  obstructs  the 
respiration,  and  gives  the  liead  of  the  cat  that  elephantiasian  appearance  that  occurs 
in  the  lion,  and  is  indeed  a  constant  ehara<'ter  in  cases  of  itch  anions'  feline  animals. 


272 


INSECTS   AFFECTING    DOMESTIC   ANIMALS 


I 


£1- 


r 


IP! 


!;■ ! 


When  it  has  completely  covered  the  head,  it  extends  by  degrees  over  the  wiml,; 
body;  it  is  theu  impossible  to  describe  the  miserable  condition  of  the  poor  amm  i|. 
which  the  parasites  are  devouring  as  if  it  were  a  dead  carcass — the  fecbleuesH  in  >•> 
great  that  it  totters  on  its  limbs  and  can  scarcely  drag  itself  along.  All  its  skin  is 
a  focus  of  infection,  where  crusts  and  entangled  hairs  form  pieces  like  hideous  shells. 
and  which  pieces  tear  ort  in  ]>lates.  It  is  true  that  they  rarely  reach  this  extrcniu 
stage,  being  usually  destroyed  before  the  disease  passes  through  all  the  stagiis 
of  complication.  Still  i>lenty  of  dead  cats  that  have  had  tlio  disease  bad  eiiou<fli 
may  be  seen  in  the  dust  carts  and  on  the  manure  heaps  of  all  great  towns.  The 
most  of  them  an;  either  killed  or  die  in  cellars  of  houses  where  they  have  taken 
refuge. 

In  the  country  the  complaint  is  mucli  rarer,  the  opjiortuuity  for  contagion  being 
much  less;  but  when  it  appears  there  it  runs  its  course  as  rapidly  as  in  towns.  M. 
Delwart,  of  Brussels,  siiid,  in  1830,  that  he  had  seen  on  large  farms,  where  a  great 
many  cats  were  kept,  the  malady  spread  itself  with  such  rapidity  that  in  four  or 
five  weeks  all  the  cats  had  been  earned  otf  by  the  infection,  and  in  W27  M.  Sajous, 
a  Ncterinary  surgeon,  residing  at  Tarbes,  related  that  a  very  intense  epizootic  itch 
had  raged  in  that  district  among  the  cats  for  8(^veral  years,  and  it  proved  so  mur- 
derous that  entire  villaj,es  remained  wholly  deprived  of  cats.  The  malady  seems  to 
vary  in  virulence  at  difl'eient  times,  and  when  very  bad  it  is  called  epizootir-,  when 
milder  sporadic;  dilVercnces  which  may  be  due  to  the  eharaiiter  of  the  season  or 
general  robustness  of  the  animal's  health  at  ditl'erent  times. 

The  symptoms  are  the  same  in  the  rabbit  when  it  is  infected. 

The  remedies  that  are  used  for  the  itch  in  man  should  be  iiseil  for  this  variety, 
and  of  course  moditied  in  their  administration  to  suit  the  different  characters  of 
the  patient. 

In  the  country  the  cats  may  occasionally  in  autumn  b»(  seen  sntl'ering  from  great 
irritatiim,  and  ])eople  are  a]it  to  Jump  to  the  conclusion  tliat  they  have  got  the  itch. 
But  it  is  always  easy  to  tell  whether  it  is  so  or  not,  for  if  the  itch  it  shows  itself 
about  the  head  an<l  nose  and  ears,  and  if,  iustead  of  tliat,  the  irritation  is  about  tlie 
feet,  ten  to  one  it  is  caused  by  the  liarvest  mite,  Leplus  antiimnaHa,  which  the  cat 
lias  caught  in  wandering  about  the  garden,  and  usually  on  examination  the  matter 
can  be  ])ut  beyond  dtuibt  l)y  tiiiding  the  little  red  mite  in  the  fur  or  between  tiie 
claws  of  the  cat.  If  kept  from  getting  a  fresh  supply,  it  will  soon  get  better,  for 
the  mites  will  soon  leave  it  of  their  own  accord;  but  if  allowed  to  get  a  fresh 
supply  every  day,  it  will  of  course  get  worse  and  worse  as  long  as  the  supply  is 
renewed. 

Another  vaiiety  of  this  si)ecie!S  is  the  rabbit  mite,  var.  (miiictdi,  which 
produces  the  same  symptoms  in  rabbits  aiul  hares. 

The  Itch  Mite  of  Fowls. 

{Sarcopies  miitana  Robin  and  Lanq.) 

This  species  is  a  jiarasite  on  the  domestic  fowl.  We  owe  our  knowledge  of  it  to 
M.  Lanqiietan.  M.  Keynal,  and  Professor  Koiiiii.  A  full  description,  with  careful  iig- 
iires,  will  be  found  in  the  HuUetin  of  the  Society  of  Moscow,  18fi0.  It  is  a  very  Hat, 
broad  species,  and  the  absence  of  spines  on  the  back  at  once  distinguishes  it  from 
all  the  preceding.  The  ailment  i»roduced  by  it  is  ol)serve<l  most  frecpiently  on  the 
hen  and  cock,  appearing  lirst  on  the  feet,  on  the  comb,  and  about  the  beak.  No  pre- 
monitory symptoms  indicate  its  approach.  The  fowls  jireserve  their  appetite  and 
liveliness,  although  sometiuies  a  careful  observer  may  see  that  the  sick  animals  shake 
their  heads,  raise  and  stretch  their  legs  in  a  convulsive  manner.  If  the  examination 
is  followed  up  some  white  points  and  lines  traced  in  zigzag,  covered  by  very  small 
scales,  which  the  least  rubbing  knocks  off,  may  be  seen  ou  the  comb.     The  skin 


ABACHNIDA. 


273 


t!8  over  till'  wimlc 
f  tLo  poorauiiiiil, 
HI  feebleiiesH  is  mi 
^.  All  itsskiti  is 
ike  liideuiiH  shells, 
•t'acb  this  extioiiie 
i;1i  all  tlio  8ta;;('s 
Ht-aso  bad  cnoiiirh 
treat  towns.  The 
)  they  have  taken 

r  contagion  being 
v  as  in  towns.  M. 
ns,  where  a  great 
ty  that  in  Ibnr  or 
I  1^!L'7  M.  Sajous, 
nso  epizootie  itch 
it  proved  so  nnir- 
le  malady  seems  to 
;d  epizootie,  when 
r  uf  the  season  or 


(I  lor  this  variety, 
r'^Mit  characters  of 

1  tiering  from  great 
have  got  the  itch. 
cli  it  shows  itself 
tation  is  about  the 
tlia,  which  the  eat 
ination  the  matter 
fnr  or  between  the 
Kxni  get  better,  for 
ved  to  get  a  fresh 
g  as  the  supply  is 

.  vumcuU,  whit'U 


tnowledgo  of  it  to 
II,  with  careful  tig- 
>.  It  is  a  very  l!at, 
tinguishes  it  from 

freciuently  on  the 
the  beak.  No  pre- 
bheir  appetite  and 
sick  animals  shake 
[f  the  examination 
)red  by  very  small 

comb.     The  skiu 


covered  by  them  is  lightly  chagrined  and  of  a  brown  color,  which  contrasts  with  the 
red  color  of  the  rest  of  the  comb.  At  that  period  no  lesion  of  the  tissues  is  observa- 
ble. The  malady  remains  stationary  for  fifteen  days  or  even  a  month,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  the  base  of  the  comb  thickens  and  becomes  darker,  and  the  linear  trac- 
ings assume  the  appearance  of  true  burrows  of  the  itch  insect,  and  at  the  bottom  of 
them  the  Sarcopies  miitana  is  to  be  found.  At  a  later  period  the  feathers  of  the  head 
and  about  the  beak  undergo  a  remarkable  change.  They  turn  back,  stand  on  end, 
and  lose  their  brilliancy ;  they  become  white  and  atrophied,  as  if  there  were  some 
pex'version  of  the  secretion  of  the  skiu  of  the  bulb.     At  the  point  where  the  feather 


Flo.  Ifi4 Sarroptin  nmtimn:  male  anil  female  (copied  from  Murray's  figures  reduced  from  Robin). 

detaches  i'-"lf  from  the  skin  iuere  is  found  a  mass  of  epidermic  matter  in  a  bed  of 
the  thickncBc  of  some  millimeters,  and  all  around  are  lines  or  burrows  formed  by  the 
raising  of  the  skin. 

An  the  malady  proceeds  the  feathers  of  the  head  and  upper  part  of  the  body 
beome  atrophied;  their  free  extremity  bends,  twists,  and  rolls  upon  itself,  and  ends 
by  u'sappearing  in  the  midst  of  the  epidermal  products  accumulated  at  the  base  of 
the  quiii.  The  head  and  neck  of  the  fowl  have 
at  that  period  a  very  peculiar  aspect.  They  are 
despoiled  of  all  the  feathers  that  decorate  them 
in  their  nor^^ial  state.  Tho  comb  is  brown,  with 
a  ragged  surface,  drawn  back  upon  itself,  broad 
at  its  base,  and  spotted  with  whitish,  mealy 
patches.  On  various  parts  crusts,  of  some  lines 
in  thickness,  appear,  which  when  detached  leave 
a  scaly  surface,  which  recalls  to  mind  the  disease 
named  phthiriasis.  The  complaint  does  not 
always  begin  on  the  head.  It  sometimes  makes 
its  first  approaches  on  the  feet.  Similar  symp- 
toms occur  there,  but  they  proceed  more  slowly, 
but  by  and  by  the  stales  on  the  feet  and  legs 
begin  to  come  oft",  and  a  crust  forms  upon  them, 
more  especially  between  the  toes.  Sometimes 
it  envelops  the  whole  of  the  foot  and  tibia,  forming  a  crust  a  third  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  Bits  as  large  as  a  hazel  nut  or  a  walnut  may  be  broken  otf.  This  atfec- 
tion  has  much  analogy  with  the  Norwegian  itch  above  described.  It  can  be  com- 
muuicated  both  to  man  and  the  horse.  (Murray.) 
4663— No.  6 18 


Fio.  165 Sareoptcs  mutant:  side  \iew 

(copied   from    Murray's  figure   after 
Kobin). 


It  ^• 


274  INSECTS  AFFECTING  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 

The  Smooth  Sarooptes. 

{Sarcoptea  lav'ia  Uailliet.) 

This  species,  described  by  Kailliet  in  1885,  is  represented  by  several 
varieties  that  live  in  the  feather  bulbs  of  birds,  notably  the  pigeon  and 
hen.  It  has  not  been  observed  as  yet  in  America,  but  it  is  quite  likely 
that  it  may  be  found  to  occur  here. 

Family  DKMOOEOID^T]. 

This  family  includes  only  one  genus,  the  description  of  which  will 
indicate  the  family  characters. 

The  Follicle  Mite. 

(Demodcx  folHeiilorinu  Simon.) 

The  follicle  mites  are  rather  degenerate  worm-like  forms  that  occur 
in  the  hair  follicles  of  different  animals,  the  variety  occurring  on  man 
{hominis),  producing  the  little  specks  or  blackheads  so  frequent  on  the 

face,  and  which  are  said  to  be  almost  uni- 
versally present,  though  it  is  seldom  they 
cause  any  special  irritation.  The  variety 
occurring  on  dogs  (Ca/m),  produces  a  se- 
rious disease,  as  does  also  the  one  on  hogs 
(iSuis).  In  both  these  animals  the  affected 
parts  are  the  face  and  nose  and  occasion- 
ally larger  tracts  of  the  body. 

The  variety  on  cattle  affects  the  body  at 
large  and  has  a  somewhat  different  inter- 
est, as  it  is  recorded  as  damaging  the  hides 
for  market.  A  record  of  its  occurrence  in 
this  manner  is  given  by  Walter  Faxon  and 
also  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Stiles. 

The  mites  evidently  undergo  all  stages 
of  development  in  the  follicles,  but  doubt- 
less migrate  over  the  surface  of  the  akin 
when  mature  and  before  laying  eggs. 
The  use  of  dips  and  washes  would  seem 
to  be  the  only  sure  treatment  for  domestic  aniinals,  and  if  it  is  thought 
necessary  a  similar  mode  could  h:*  adopted  for  man. 


m 


Fio.  166 — Demodex  follicvlnriim,  vnr. 
homiiiU:  a,  mite  j;reiitl,v  enlaiced; 
b,  mites  iu  hair  tolliele  and  seba- 
ceous gland— enlarged  (eojiiod  from 
Murray). 


Order  LINGUATULINA. 


This  group,  which  includes  a  few  species  of  remarkably  modified 
Arachnids,  may  be  recognized  by  the  worm-like  footless  condition 
of  the  adult,  two  pairs  of  hooks  at  the  sides  of  the  mouth,  and  the 


LS. 


ARACHNIDA. 


275 


lented  by  several 

ly  the  pigeon  and 

it  is  quite  likely 


on  of  which  will 


forms  that  occur 
centring  on  man 
)  frequent  on  the 
'o  be  almost  uni- 
it  is  seldom  they 
on.  The  variety 
),  produces  a  se- 
» the  one  on  hogs 
inals  the  affected 
se  and  occasion- 
ody. 

fects  the  body  at 
it  different  inter- 
inaging  the  hides 
its  occurrence  in 
'^alter  Faxon  and 

idcrgo  all  stages 
licles,  but  doubt- 
face  of  the  skin 
aying  eggs, 
shes  would  seem 
il  if  it  is  thought 


rkably  modified 

•otiess  condition 

mouth;  and  the 


rudimentary  condition  of  the  circulation  and  respiration.    Only  one 
species  need  be  mentioned  here. 

Litiguatiila  rhivaria  I'ilger. 

The  worm-like  condition  of  this  ])arasit('  may  be  inferred  from  the 
fact  that  it  was  originally  described  as  a  tapeworm  (Tiviita  rhinaria)j 
but  its  Arachnid  allinitics  were 
early  suspected,  and  with  tlie  de- 
termination of  the  early  stages 
were  proven  beyond  questi()n. 

In  the  adult  worm-like  stage  it 
is  a  parasite  in  the  nasal  cavities 
of  various  animals,  especially  car- 
nivores, tlie  most  common  host, 
perhaps,  being  the  dog. 

Tlie  larval  state  occurs  in  the 
viscera  of  different  animals,  but 
more  particularly  those  which  are 
herbivorous — the  horse,  sheep,  ox, 
goat,  and  many  others — as  well  as 
man. 

The  migrations  between  these 
hosts,  which  are  evidently  an  es- 
sential part  of  its  existence,  may 
be  stated  in  brief  to  be  the  discharge  of  numerous  eggs  in  the  nasal 
cavitites  of  the  dog  or  other  host,  which,  in  sneezing  or  coughing,  spreads 
them  over  vegetation  that  latei'  is  taken  as  food  by  some  herbivorous 
animal,  and  following  this  ingestion  the  embryos  escai)e  into  the  glands 
and  viscera  of  the  new  host,  occupying  especially  the  mesenteric  glands, 
liver,  etc.,  wheve  they  remain  in  an  inactive  condition  until  fragments 

of  the  viscera  containing  them 

rt^\^\\^I^\\IliY^VTmvryw  '"'*^  eaten  by  a  carnivore,  when 

SlV'  '*    '^'M\VPrrrrwTcrwv<:<;VS^^^     they  gain  access  to  the  nasal 

cavities  and  become  mature. 
In  case  they  have  not  the  for- 
tune to  be  eaten  by  a  carnivore, 
it  is  believed  tlie^^  may  migrate 
within  the  body  of  their  herbivore  host,  reencyst  themselves  in  other 
organs,  and  even  in  S(mie  cases  reach  the  nasal  cavities  by  way  of  the 
lungs  and  air  passages,  thus  accounting  lor  the  rare  occurrence  of 
the  adult  form  in  a  herbivorous  host, 

Curtice  ^  records  the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  America,  the  larval 
stage  (dcnticulatMni)  having  been  taken  from  rabbits  in  two  instances, 
once  by  Dr.  F.  L,  Kilborue,  in  1887,  and  once  by  himself,  in  1888. 


Fi(».  Ifi7. — Liii'ivatnla  rhinaria:  larva  io  ser- 
rata  Htajto— uiilarsed  (copied  from  Van  Ben- 
idcii). 


Fia.  WS.—IAnqvatvla  ihiiiaria:  adult  (after  rn<kai(li. 


'  Animal  Parasites  of  sheep,  p,  69. 


I:  ! 


1 


CHAPTElt  yil. 


RBMEDIES— PREVENTIVE  TREATMENT.' 

There  are  so  iiuiny  of  the  external  parasites  of  (loniesticiited  animals, 
which,  even  thoujfh  very  widely  ditlerent  in  structure  and  aftinities, 
have  very  sinular  liabit  and  can  be  readied  by  i)racti(!ally  the  same 
treivtnient,  that  a  chapter  devoted  especially  to  general  treatment  will 
be  of  special  importance.  We  may  consider  the  subject  under  the 
heads  of  "Preventive  ineasures,"  " Insecticidal  substances,"  and 
"Methods  of  application  of  remedies." 

PREVENTIVE   MEASTTRES. 

Prevention  is  for  a  large  number  of  parasitic  forms  by  far  the  most 
desirable  plan.  For  some  it  is  the  only  plan  that  can  be  of  any  service 
in  avoiding  injury. 

The  attacks  of  semiparasitic  forms,  as  mosquitoes,  flies,  buifalo- 
gnats,  etc.,  iray  be  abated  by  operating  upon  their  breeding  places 
and,  further,  their  direct  attacks  upon  animals,  where  the  number  to 
be  protected  is  not  too  great,  may  be  prevented  in  some  degree  by 
smearing  the  hair  of  the  animfils  with  preparations  of  flsh  oil,  tar,  train 
oil,  and  axle  grease.    Pennyroyal  is  also  recommended  as  beneficial. 

For  the  bot-fiies  it  is  important  to  destroy  the  eggs  before  the  larvae 
hatch  by  shaving  or  clipping  off  those  noticed  on  horses,  or  washing 
them  with  kerosene  emulsion,  carbolic  acid  solution,  dipping  solution, 
or,  if  a  dipping  vat  is  available,  by  swimming  the  animals  through  the 
vat. 

For  the  constant  external  parasites,  as  lice,  itch  mites,  etc.,  quaran- 
tine of  all  animals  introduced  into  a  herd  or  thorough  treatment  of 
such  animals  to  prevent  infection  of  a  herd  that  is  free  cannot  be  too 
strongly  urged.    It  is  the  most  practical  protection  against  these  pests. 

INSECTICIDAL   SUBSTANOES. 

In  this  enumeration  of  substances  which  may  be  used  in  treating 
insects  affecting  domestic  animals,  the  aim  siiall  be  to  include  all  that 
have  a  real  value  in  this  direction,  either  individually  or  in  combination, 
and  to  indicate  their  valuable  properties  and  very  briefly  the  forms  to 
which  they  may  be  applied. 

Arsenic,  a  deadly  poison,  is  used  in  some  of  the  dipping  solutions  and 


'Dr.  D.  E.  Salmon,  Chief  of  tho  Biiropa  of  Auinial  Industry,  hiis  very  kindly  read 
and  revised  this  chanter. — L.  O.  II. 

277 


278 


INSECTS    AFFECTING   DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 


m 


ll 
m 


[«!»' 


kills  (ixiickly  when  tsikcii  into  the  iilinunitary  cainil  or  penetrating  tlic 
tissues  of  Ihe  insect.  It  is,  however,  too  danjierons  a  poison  to  be  used 
except  with  the  ;;ieat«'St  care,  and  the  possibility  of  tlu^  animal  trcutcil 
lickinjjf  itself  or  catinj^  food  npon  which  the  solution  has  di-ipped  to 
snch  an  ext«'nt  as  to  jjet  a  poisonons  dose  is  too  j^'reat  to  {ifive  il  strong 
indorsement.  It  hiis  its  gri'atest  value  in  this  connection  in  treatment 
of  sheep  scab,  wliicli  often  resists  more  simpler  renu^dies. 

Carbolic  acid,  one  of  the  jnost  etl'ective  of  agents  against  ])arasites 
and  especially  in  certain  combinations,  is  to  be  highly  recommended. 
In  many  cases  the  crude  article  can  be  used  to  as  great  advantage  as 
the  relineil  and  at  great  saving  in  cost.  Used  externally  without  other 
combination  than  with  water,  it  shonhl  have  a  dilution  of  about  l()l> 
times  its  bulk  of  water.  If  used  too  concentrated  or  npon  very  sus- 
ceptible animals  such  as(h)gs,  it  may  bo  absorbed  and  cause  poisoning. 
Dr.  Francis  recommentls  it  very  highly  in  combination  for  cattle  ticks, 
and  the  I'oultry  World  gives  it  the  highest  praise  as  a  conddnation 
witli  slaked  lime,  to  be  used  in  buildings  for  I'hicken  lice. 

Calomel  is  used  in  some  cases,  but  is  for  tiie  most  part  superseded  by 
more  satisfactory  remedies. 

linizine  nuiy  be  used  in  the  Ibrju  of  a  spray  or  wash  against  bed-bugs 
and  fleas,  and  in  chicken  houses  Jigainst  ticks,  though  for  this  purpose 
it  Las  no  advjintage  over  kerosene  emulsion. 

OaHoline  may  bo  used  in  the  same  way  and  for  the  same  imrpose  as 
benzine.  Both  must,  of  course,  be  used  with  due  regard  to  their 
inrtamnnible  properties. 

Cotton-Nccd  oil  is  strongly  recommended  by  Dr.  Francis  for  treatment 
of  ticks  in  the  Southern  States,  especially  in  connection  with  dipping 
solutions.  Its  a(!tion  is  similar  to  that  of  other  oils,  and  while  it  kills 
some  of  the  ticks,  there  are  others  on  the  same  animal  which  apparently 
are  not  injured  by  it.  In  the  States  where  cotton  is  jiroduced  and  the 
oil  can  bo  secured  at  low  cost 't  has  special  advantages,  either  alone  or 
combined  with  other  remedies  as  an  application  for  various  external 
parasites. 

Kerosene  has  a  wide  range  of  usefulness  in  the  treatment  of  parasites 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  does  not  seem  to  have  fultilled  the 
requirements  for  a  good  dipping  solution.  It  may  be  used  free  for  the 
spraying  of  the  interior  of  chicken  hcmses,  for  tiie  destruction  of  bed- 
bugs, and  for  filming  the  surface  of  small  i)onds,  water  tanks,  etc.,  in 
order  to  destroy  mos<iuitoes  or  their  larva'  and  abate  the  mosquito 
nuisance.  In  emulsion  it  is  very  etfective  against  lice  on  cattle,  killing 
both  adults  and  eggs,  for  use  as  a  spray  to  kill  horn-flies,  and  as  a  wash 
to  kill  eggs  of  bot-flies  or  lice. 

Emulsions  iiay  be  made  with  either  soap  or  milk  and  according  to  the 
following  well-known  formuliw: 

Milk  emuhion. — To  one  part  milk  add  two  parts  of  kerosene,  and  churn  by  a  force 
pninp  or  other  agitator.  The  creaniy  emulsion  which  reaults  is  to  be  dilated  with 
water,  using  eight  or  ten  times  the  bulk  of  water. 


LS. 


KEMBDIES — PREVENTIVE  TREATMENT. 


279 


penetratiii};  tin' 
)()iHon  to  be  used 
o  animal  trcattd 

has  di'ipped  to 
to  {fivtj  it  strong 
ion  in  troatnifnt 

'S. 

gainst  i)arasit('s 
y  rccoiiinuMKled. 
at  advantajje  :is 
ly  witbont  other 
on  of  ahont  lOO 

upon  veiy  siis- 
ijanse  poison in<jf. 

for  eattle  ticks, 
s  a  eombination 
ee. 
•t  sni>erse«le«l  by 

igainst  bed-bngfs 
for  this  pnrpose 

«une  jMirpose  as 
regard  to  then- 
is  for  treatment 
m  with  dipping 
ul  while  it  kills 
hieh  apparently 
odnced  and  the 
,  either  alone  or 
a'ions  external 

lent  of  parasites 
ive  fnltilled  the 
ise<l  free  for  the 
trnction  of  bed- 
T  tanks,  etc.,  in 
e  the  mosqnito 
>n  cattle,  killing 
s,  and  as  a  wash 

iccording  to  the 


d  churn  by  a  force 
to  be  dilated  with 


Soap  «mu{«ion. —DisHolve  «>ii«-hulf  pound  hiird  soap  in  1  Kiillon  of  liot  water,  and 
wliilu  still  at  near  Iioilinj^  point  add  2  ^'alloiiH  kt^roHonn,  and  emulsify  liy  use  of 
force  pump  or  a^^itator  of  hoiiio  kind.  Dlluto  with  water  one  part  eniulHiou  to  eight 
or  ten  parts  water,  and  uhu  aHHpray,  wanh,  or  dip. 

Oil  o/turiu'ittine  is  recommended  as  an  application  for  external  ])ara- 
sites,  bnt  should  not  bo  applied  to  the  skin  of  horses,  though  when 
suitably  mixed  it  is  sometimes  prescribed  for  bots  in  these  animals. 

Coal  tar  is  usefnl  as  a  barrier  to  mites  and  lice  in  the  poultry  house. 

DuHt  and  aslu's  are  natural  remedies  used  by  fowls. 

lAme  iu  form  of  line  slaked  dust  mixed  with  carbolic  acid  and  scat- 
tered throughont  the  buildings  or  applied  as  whitewash  is  one  of  the 
best  remedies  for  chicken  pests,  as  well  as  for  the  lice  and  mange 
insects  of  other  f.iiintals  wlii<*h  infest  stables  and  fences.  It  is  also 
used  as  one  of  the  ingredients  in  sheep  dips. 

I'yrethruni  poicdrr,  known  also  as  Persian  insect  powder,  "JJuhach" 
(the  California  brand),  and  Dalmatian  insecjt  powder,  is  a  most  excel- 
lent parasiticide,  anu  the  powder  dusted  in  rooms  troubled  with  fleas, 
lice,  or  bedbugs,  on  dogs,  eats,  ehi<tkens,  etc.,  is  very  effective.  It  has 
been  found  to  be  the  only  satisfactory  remedy  for  lice  and  ticks  on 
sheei)  in  winter,  when  the  long  wool  prohibits  other  treatment. 

Sulphur  as  a  fumigating  material  or  dusted  on  the  skin,  in  ointments 
and  in  dipping  solutions,  has  a  groat  range  of  usefulness. 

Tobacco  is  a  very  effective  agent  against  i)arasites  and  in  fumigation, 
in  dipping  solutions,  and  in  form  of  snuff  dusted  among  hairs  or 
leathers  is  applicable  to  many  external  ])arasites. 

METHODS   OF    APPLICATION    OF   BEMllDIKS. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  different  i)arasites  there  is  room  for  much 
choice  both  as  to  the  material  used  aiul  the  manner  of  its  application. 
Treatment  that  is  possible  on  a  few  animals  or  in  a  (;losed  room  maybe 
absolutely  prohibited  on  a  large  scale,  or  with  herds  of  animals  in  pas- 
ture or  ranch,  and  that  which  may  be  applicable  in  summer  may  be 
dangerous  or  out  of  the  question  in  winter;  so  it  will  be  seen  that  in 
giving  methods  it  is  expected  that  each  individual  is  to  study  the 
conditions  and  adapt  the  treatment  to  his  particular  case. 

KIltElT   C'APTIJIJK    OR  DKSTIU'CTIOX  OF   INSKCTS. 

There  are  many  occasions  when  the  use  of  a  little  dexterity  may 
accomplish  the  destruction  of  an  annoying  bot-tly,  horse-fly,  or  swarm 
of  mosquitoes.  Picking  the  cattle  tick  by  hand  and  burning  it  is  the 
most  reliable  method  which  has  yet  been  proposed  for  its  destruction. 
A  stroke  of  the  hand  or  a  wisp  of  grass,  a  strap  or  even  a  whip  may 
accomidish  the  desired  end,  wliile  sprays  of  kerosene  emulsion  may  be 
used  to  destroy  clusters  of  flies  and  mosquitoes  on  cattle  as  they  come 
from  the  pastures  in  evening. 

A  trap  arranged  at  a  stable  door  for  catching  flies  from  the  backs  of 
cattle  has  been  described  in  many  agricultural  papers,  and  the  following 


280 


INSECTS   AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


m 


(leHcriptioii  applies  evidently  to  u  Huiuewhut  more  coujplUtiitcd  arnviiin! 
inent  for  tliiw  puriMise: 

A  nmchino  for  cat'liing  IlicH  rroni  tlio  Itiif.kH  of  ciittlu,  and  ho  uD'onliti^  tho  iininijil-. 
rpliof  anil  comfort,  lian  liccn  iiivontrd  by  a  farmer  in  MuiliHon  County,  Ky.  'I'lic 
flycatflior  i»  ii  kind  of  covcrod  ]i(>n  or  ])aHHa>;i'\vay,  tliron^li  wliirh  tlio  animal  niiisl 
walk  to  HeiMiro  ndiof.  A  fmv  foct  from  tin*  t'litranco  tlioro  in  a  cupola,  or  dome,  in 
tlio  roof  of  tliu  pasHa^jeway,  madr  of  ^la^s  and  arran|;ed  as  a  llytrap.  Iloyond  IIiIh 
tint  passaK*<way  ih  in  darkness.  Tlio  ani'mil  walks  tliron^di  tiio  mii(Oiino,  andjnsl  i  s 
it  jMiHHi'H  the  dome  and  enters  tlie  darkened  jiart  a  set  of  ItruHhes  Mwcejis  olf  tlu!  Ilivs, 
wiiieli  naturally  riso  into  the  lighted  dome,  and  tliosteor  passes  out  at  liie  ofiierHidc 
free  from  IlieH.  The  Hies  are  rotaineil  in  the  dome  trap.  The  in\entor  has  experi- 
mented with  his  nnieliine,and  finds  that  animals  soon  learn  the  value  of  the  macliini' 
ami  know  enough  to  walk  thronjjii  it  when  tlie  Hies  l)e;!;in  to  bile.  'I'hedeviee  is  saiil 
to  be  patenteil,  but  a  plan  involving  tiiu  same  ]irineipleM  has  been  in  ;iso  amon;; 
farmerH  lor  tho  destruction  of  horn-llios  for  a  year  or  two  jiast, — Iteiinr  I'lelil  ami 
Farm,  .iptil  .'■'>,  isun. 

According  to  The  llomesteud,  "the  device  above  referred  lo  was 
invented  by  a  Canadian  fanner  named  (inthrie  in  ISjtl  and  was 
described  very  fully  in  the  .luly  number  of  the  Canadian  Live  Stock 
and  Farm  Journal.  A  description  of  it  also  a]»peared  in  these  columns 
in  the  same  month,  the  horn-tly  beinfjf  a  very  serious  pest  that  season." 

KKNOVATION'   or    IIKNUoraKS, 

The  treatnjent  of  henlumses  that  have  become  infested  with  li<!e, 
mites,  and  ticks  is  often  a  vexatious  matter,  and  tho  writer  thinks  that 
if  tho  structure  is  not  too  valuable  the  best  jdan  would  be  to  burn  the 
whole  cmtfit,  submit  the  fowls  to  a  thorough  (|uarantine,  with  apidica- 
tions  of  i>yrethruin  powder  or  other  etfective  iiisecti(!ido  to  free  their 
bodies,  and  build  a  new  heidiouso  on  fresh  {ground  as  far  as  may  be 
from  the  site  of  tho  old  one.  Where  such  a  method  is  injpracticable, 
and  of  course  it  may  usually  be  so,  a  thoroujih  fiunifiation  with  sulphur, 
if  the  walls  are  tight  enough  to  retain  the  fumes,  or  the  application  ot 
a  spray  of  kero.sene  or  gasoline  to  the  interior,  the  drenching  of  all 
roosts  with  kerosene  or  hot  water,  followed  by  whitewashing,  and  the 
use  of  tar  on  t'le  ends  of  the  poles  and  wherever  they  come  in  contact 
with  supports  are  pretty  sure  to  bring  success.  The  addition  of  4 
ounces  of  crude  carbolic  acid  to  the  gallon  of  whitewa.sh  increases  its 
eltiuiency  for  this  i)urpose.  Itepeated  applieatuins  may  be  necessary, 
but  due  attention  to  reaching  all  points  to  which  the  pests  resort  will 
keep  the  nuisan<e  in  (iheck  at  least. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  well  to  include  a  paragraph  from  Poultry 
World  detailing  a  method  which  appears  to  be  valuable,  although  the 
writer  has  not  personally  experimented  with  it. 

Dr.  Spaulding  says: 

I  promised  you  a  spocific  against  all  manner  of  miscbiovous  insoetfl  th.at  infest 
tlie  poultry  house  and  nests.    Something  surer  auil  nioro  convenient  than  fnmiga 
tion  and  whitewash,  and  so  speedy  and  simple  that  when  once  employed  the  poultry- 
man  fuateus  his  hold  upon  it  as  an  entirely  satisfactory  speciiic.    I  take  for  GOO 


REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE   TREATMENT. 


281 


Htjiiure  fnot  of  lioiino  room  onn-liiilf  hiiHliil  of  liiiio,  pliico  it  in  ii  liox  in  tho  n]><>ii  uir 
an<l  Hpriiiklo  witli  wator  HndNcciiruconiiilt-topuIvt'rlxiitloii;  in  otb<-r  \v(ii'<ls,slit('1(  tiio 
lini(>  ]iorfect]y,  let  it  tn't  i<ntir*>ly  n>o|,  ami  tlioii  to  tliis  liiiif  IhihIkI  of  ]Milvori/uil 
linifl  iiild  10  ponntlH  of  Hnlplinr  and  1  ouikmi  Ijiiid  tarliolio  atid,  iin<l  Ntir  tliu  wiiolo 
witli  M  Htirk  nntil  wvU  ndxod.  Tlu-n  it  can  litiHafoly  liandlcd  witli  tiio  liand.  After 
Nwui'])in);  ont  tlic  licnlionso,  drive  out  all  tlio  birdH,  <'iosn  all  tho  doors  and  windows, 
and  be^in  at  llio  Itii'tlnT  end  and  walk  backward,  NcattiTln!'  tlin  nii\tiin<  fri'cly  all 
over  tho  lloor  and  tliroui;!!  tho  air  onto  tho  porchcH  and  into  tho  nests  e\erywliere 
thoron^hiy,  and  it  is  dillienlt  to  eoneoiv  o  how  dense  tlieeloud  of  niodie.ittMl  dnnt  that 
will  han^  HnNpeiiiled  through  tlio  wholu  interior  of  the  lioiiso.  (iradnally  it  Huttles 
ONcrywhere,  in  every  eraek  aiul  erm ire,  and  wherever  't  reacdies  a  hcnlonse  or  otluir 
iiiHuet  ho  rotires  from  ImsinesH  jx^rmaiuMitly.  It  ]inrilios  as  if  by  firv,  I  think  there 
is  nothing;  o<|nal  to  it  for  thoronfrhness,  eheapncss,  and  oxjtuditiun.  If  thoeliieks 
have  ronp,  leavo  thom  in  tho  hoiiHO  and  let  them  stem  theNtorni;  it  won't  kill  nor 
hnrt  tliem,  but  'tho  Hiieit/iiifr  will  bo  t(<rrilie,  and  ovory  partielo  of  ninend  that  haa 
aecunnilated  in  the  air  jiasHaKcs  and  throat  will  bo  expelled. 

Stockiii}^  the  ixmltry  yard  at  tho  stiirt  by  reiiiiii};  offfjs  in  an  iiicii- 
batof  ami  nev«'r  iiitiodtidu}^  a  fowl  to  briup  parasites,  .should  avoid 
many  of  tlie  worst  poultry  parasites. 


KIMKIATION. 

Fumifjatiou  as  a  method  of  treatment  Inis  a  limited  value,  but  there 
are  circumstanees  under  whi(!h  it  may  be  of  great  service.  It  involves 
too  much  exi>enditnre  of  labor  and  time  to  prove  of  general  value.  In 
winter  tiuu',  when  washes  or  dips  are  unsafe  from  dauger  of  eliilling 
the  animals,  it  <'an  be  used  to  advantage.  As  a  general  plan,  liowever, 
the  writer  wouhl  recommend  the  use  of  other  measures  at  times  of  the 
year  wlien  this  objection  will  not  hohl.  Kitlier  sulphur  or  tobacco  nuiy 
be  used,  but  the  latter  seems  in  some  respects  preferable,  ruinigation 
with  sulphur  is  sometimes  available  in  vacant  buihlings  or  rooms  to 
clear  them  of  bed-bugs,  fleas,  and  other  pests,  and  may  be  sidopted  for 
henneries  that  can  be  tightly  closed.  Sulphur  should  always  be  burned 
in  an  iron  vessel  to  avoid  danger  from  fire,  and  if  ]»reviously  moistened 
with  alcohol  nuich  trouble  will  be  avoided  in  causing  it  to  burn. 

A  simple  plan  of  fumigation  for  cattle  ami  horses  is  to  covt  r  the  ani- 
mal with  a  blanket  or  air-tight  canvas  kept  tis  free  from  the  body  as 
possible  and  to  putt"  fumes  of  tobacco  from  ii  bee  smoker  under  the  edge. 

A  permanent  box  stall  may  be  made  just  large  enough  to  accommo- 
date the  larger  animals,  with  an  opening  for  the  head,  the  animal 
being  held  by  a  stancliion.  The  opening  nuist  be  provided  with  a  close 
<'anviis,  sirranged  so  that  wlien  the  aninuil's  liead  is  in  place  the  edge 
of  the  canvas  can  be  drawn  down  tight  just  behind  the  eyes,  thus 
inclosing  every  part  but  the  moutli,  nose,  and  eyes.  A  tight  door  must 
be  arranged  to  close  behind  the  animal,  and  the  fumes  nmy  be  Intro- 
duced by  i)ufling  from  si  bee  smoker  or  by  burning  tobacco  or  sulphur 
in  a  tin  or  sheet-iron  tube  passed  tlirough  at  someimint  on  the  side,  the 
outer  end  being  closed  and  the  heat  applied  by  using  a  small  oil  stove, 
with  due  precautions  to  avoid  communication  of  fire  to  the  building. 
It  has  been  found  that  by  this  plan  cattle  lice  could  be  killed  by  au 


282 


INSECTS  Ai^PECTING  DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


exposure  of  fifteen  to  twenty  minutes,  but  in  some  trials  on  sheep  it 
was  ineffective  even  with  an  hour  or  two  of  dense  fumes,  the  lonj,' 
matted  wool  evidently  protecting  the  parasites.  In  the  experiments  the 
sheep  had  wool  G  inches  or  more  long.  When  out  of  the  wool  tin; 
insects  succumbed  quickly  to  fumes. 


SI''    'I 


ir;f 


f' 


I'll 


WA8HKS   AND   DIPS. 

Applications  of  liquid  remedies  are  the  main  reliance  in  the  treat 
meiit  of  external  parasites,  ami  the  choice  between  methods  depends 
largely  upon  tlio  amount  of  work  to  be  done. 

The  most  iivailable  substances  are  the  solutions  of  tobacco,  diluted 
carbolic  acid,  kerosene  emulsion,  infusion  of  stavesacre  for  lice,  or  souui 
of  the  regular  sheep  dips. 

For  lice  on  cattle  a  wash  of  kerosene  emulsion  rubbed  on  with  a  raj^' 
or  tht,  hands  to  the  parts  where  eggs  and  lice  are  most  abundant  can 
be  used  even  in  winter,  with  some  care  to  avoid  exposure,  and  while 
not  usually  reaching  every  louse,  wdl  suffice  to  keep  tlie  pests  in  check. 

Tobacco  decoction. — A  simple  tobacco  decoction  is  made  by  steeping 
tobacco  leaves  and  stems  in  water.  Such  decoctions  are  poison«ms  to 
most  animals  and  should  not  contain  more  than  2  to  5  per  cent  of 
tobacco.  With  horses  they  should  only  be  ai)plied  to  a  part  of  the 
body  at  one  time. 

Tobacco  and  sulphur  dip. — A  combination  especially  favored  in  Aus- 
tralia, given  by  Curtice,  consists  of  tobacco  and  sulphur,  of  1  pound  ea(!h 
to  every  4  gallons  of  water  to  be  used,  the  tobacco  solution  and  sulphur 
being  stirred  together  till  of  a  creamy  consistency  and  then  diluted  with 
required  amount  of  water. 

Sulphur  and  lime  dip. — Flowers  of  sulphur  25  pounds,  quicklime  20 
pounds,  water  100  gallons.  Lime  is  first  slacked  in  usual  manner,  then 
the  rest  of  the  water  and  the  sulphur  are  added.  Boil  for  twenty  min 
utes  and  strain  well.  Hold  the  sheep  in  the  mixture  until  the  scabs  are 
thoroughly  soaked.  Immerse  the  head  at  least  once.  Use  the  dip  at 
100°  to  110°  F.  Dip  twice,  with  an  interval  of  ten  days.  The  ingredi 
ents  should  be  carefully  sifted  before  mixing,  and  the  sediment  should 
not  be  thrown  into  the  tank. 

Tobacco,  sulphur,  and  hje  dip. — Thirty  pounds  of  tobacco,  7  pounds  of 
sulphur,  3  pounds  of  concentrated  lye,  dissolved  in  100  gallons  of  water. 

Lau''s  dip. — Tobacco  K5  })ounds,  oil  of  tar  3  pints,  soda  ash  20  pounds, 
soft  s«)ap  -k  pounds,  water  .W  gallons.  Sufficient  for  HO  sheep.  The 
tobaeco  should  be  steeped,  afterwards  the  other  ingredients  added  at 
70°  F. 

Cottonseed  oil. — This  is  claimed  by  Dr.  Francis  to  give  on  a  large 
scale  the  most  satisfactory  results  for  ticks.  The  oil  is  simply  poured 
on  a  vat  filled  with  water,  the  cattle  being  drenched  with  it  as  they 
emerge. 

For  a  few  animals  a  small  vat  is  sufficient,  and  pigs,  lambs,  dogs,  etc., 


s 



m 

7 

REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE   TREATMENT. 


283 


ds,  quicklime  20 


may  be  dipped  in  a  b  or  barrel.  There  is  a  patented  dipping  device 
for  lowering  animals  into  a  tank. 

\\  herever  dipping  is  to  be  practiced  to  any  great  extent  the  con- 
struction of  a  i)ermanent  tank  or  vat  for  the  purpose  will  be  a  matter 
of  economy.' 

The  following  description  of  the  method  of  constructing  a  dipjiing 
vat  is  from  an  article  in  the  Texas  Farm  and  l^anch,  by  Dr.  M.  Francis, 
of  the  Texas  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College.  It  is  so  clear  in 
explanation  that  anyone  should  be  able  to  construct  a  vat  fitted  for  the 
purpose.  If  the  vat  is  intended  for  dii)i)ing  sheep  or  small  animals 
only  it  may  be  made  smaller,  but  it  would  evidently  be  in  proportion, 
and  if  it  is  intended  to  keep  the  vat  constantly  filled  ready  for  use  it 
might  be  preferable  to  have  one  for  horses  and  cattle  and  a  smaller 
sized  one,  with  the  proper  dipping  solution,  for  sheep,  hogs,  dogs,  etc. 
It  is  thought,  however,  that  by  the  use  of  a  false  bottom,  so  as  to  i)re- 
vent  any  possibility  of  the  smaller  animals  i'ailing  to  get  out  of  the 
larger  vat,  that  all  animals  could  be  treated  in  one  of  large  enough 
size  to  accommodate  the  largest  animals. 


Fio.  109, — Section  of  diijpiiij?  vnt. 


iimbs,  dogs,  etc., 


Dr.  Francis's  description  was  in  the  form  of  a  reply  to  Mr.  James  M. 
Niall,  Kockhampton,  Queensland,  xVustralia: 

Mr.  Jamics  M.  Niall, 

Rovkhampton,  Queensland,  Australia. 

Deak  Sir:  Yours  of  December  24  is  before  me.  Ticks  have  becoine  smili  a  curse 
in  this  country  that  we  have  b<it'u  compelled  to  devise  some  means  for  their  destruc- 
tion. After  various  unsuccessful  attempts  in  this  direction,  we  have  adopted  the 
dipping  process  with  very  gratifying  results. 

We  use  a  large  vat  of  r),0(X)  gallons  capacity  and  force  liie  cattle  to  swim  through 
it.  Without  further  remarks,  I  will  now  describe  the  arrangement  and  its  operaticm. 
(Seeflg.  169.) 

'  Many  of  the  patented  or  registered  dips  are  valuable  ami,  if  the  user  docs  not 
object  to  paying  a  higher  price  for  the  ingredients  used,  may  be  utilized. 


284 


INSECTS  AKFKCTINO   DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. 


Ill  Holooliiift  II  Iticniiiiii  Cor  ii  viit  I  woiilil  iiilvimi  a  point  to  wliicli  >viiti«r  Ih  ion 
voiiiiMit.     'I'liiN  limy  Im«  rnrniHluMl  h,v  li  wind  iiiiiiip,  ]ioiiil,  or  Htrtniiii.     I  would  iiAmd 
wiitiM'H  ('t)iittiiiiiiiK  iiiiiii«i'alH  or  iilliali.     I  iviiow  ol'  no  oliJtMition  to  Hiilt  wator. 

I'.xcavato  a  triMuli  7  toot,  iloop,  I  tVid  wido  in  Uottoin,  and  L'l  Coot  loiif{,  in  wliirh  l<i 
liiiiltl  tln«  val. 

In  doiii^  MiiH  considoraldo  ol'  tlio  work  can  lio  <loiio  liy  plowing  and  Hi'rapin;r  IIki 
dirt,  out  at  ono  i>nd  an<l  dumping  il.  ho  uh  to  lorin  a  iiiound  on  wliiidi  lo  liiiild  (Im^ 
dri|>piii;;  platt'orin. 

'I'liK  tronch  iniiHt.  Iii<  roniplt^tod  liy  liand  lalior  l>,v  llirowiii^  tho  dirt  out  in  alxiiH 
oipial  i|uan(ili)H  on  oacli  Hidu. 

Lay  in  bottom  of  tr«Muli  2  ^doccM  ol'  I  by  I  inciics  by  l.'l  l'<M<t  lon^  :il  iiiclum  aparl ; 
lay  llioni  parallel  and  l«>v<'l.  On  tbcso  nail  cross  pieces  li  liy  I  by  4IJ,  IS  inches  rrom 
centers  bei;innin;j  at  Ni|naro  end  oflreiicli.  'I'liis  will  rciinire  17  pi»(c-eM  '2  by  l  by  Is. 
Ciit'iM  piecoM  -  by  t  by  10  for  iipri<;lits.  Nail  lowor  ends  of  iijtri^lits  into  Hills  ami 
eroNH  |ii<<ces,  and  slant  upper  ends  onl  ward,  making;  upper  ends  S  feet  apart. 

Having  done  this  eontinne  tlie  I  b\  I  inch  bottom  sills  It!  f<<et  up  the  incliiKwiml 
make  the  outer  imuIh  <>'{  f(<et  apart  so  that  the  uprights  to  be  atlache<l  will  come  in 
line  with  those  already  in  place. 


Zl 


^ — "T^i^ia^x     "»'^-":\ 


I? 

«*       J 

»•  •■ 

CU«tr 


Ti  :i 


V.-» 


-at-J^ 


».«■ 


i''-t- 


Vui.  J70.— lUanram  of  slici'i)  pens,  Hliowiii^lncntionof  <li])|ihit;  vat  Imlow. 


Put  cross  pieces  on  sills  as  in  bottom,  Kach  cross  piece  will  be  longer  as  you  ^o 
up.  and  uprights  will  be  shorter. 

Fill  and  tamp  around  the  sills  and  cross  jiieces  thoroughly.  For  floor  and  sidiiif; 
we  use  1'  by  4  by  10  pine,  dressed  and  matched,  laid  in  white  zinc  jiaint,  both  secret 
and  face  nailed  with  sixteeupenny  wire  nails. 

Mr.  R.  .T.  Kleburg,  who  built  tho  first  vat  I  know  of,  used  2  by  12  cypress  floor 
and  siding,  ami  calked  joints  with  oakum. 

Extend  the  siding  8  feet  high  to  prevent  wa«te  of  dip  from  splashing.  Box  up 
8»iuare  eml  of  vat  6  feet,  cleat  the  incline  with  2  by  4  pieces  18  inches  apart  for  cat- 


iLH. 


RKMKDIHS — PRUVENTIVK  TUKATMKNT, 


285 


which  \vul.((r  Ih  com 

tlllll.       1    NVOIllil  ii\(ii,| 

I)  Hlllli  waliM-. 

Hvf.  lon^,  ill  Wllirli  In 

11^  mill  Hcrnpiii;;  ^h<^ 
I  wliioh  Id  Itiiilil  Uw 

lio  tlil'l.  Dill,  ill  iiImiiiI 

oii^  :il  iiiilioH  iipiirl ; 
)y  m,  1><  iiu'hi'H  iVoiii 
'  |iiiM!t'H  li  by  1  liy  \x. 
I'i^lits  into  Hills  anil 
S  I'cofc  II part. 
it  lip  tlit>  iiK'liiio  anil 
tiai'lutil  will  conic  in 


4''* 

It 

1  ** 

J' 

111  licliiw. 

bo  longer  as  you  jin 

'or  lloor  and  Hidiii;^ 
o  ]iaiiit,  both  oecret 

by  12  cypress  floor 

splashing.     Box  np 
cheH  apart  for  cat- 


110  to  Hociiro  a  CooUiik-  Kraco  l.ho  vat  ('IohhwIho  liy  iisinK  ^  by  '^  ''.V  *>'  hIuH',  witlj 
nailed  into  lop  of  II pright.H.    'I'IiIhIh  very  linportantaHif.  iirovoiif.H  Ini lf<iiif{  and  <!ol lapse. 

Tlio  drip|dii){  lloor  is  built,  at  tlio  oxit  tVoiii  \\w  viit  and  Hlopcs  I  foot,  diainiiij^  into 
vat.  ItHhoiild  bo  cloatod  t(»  prcvoiit  Hlippin^  of  cattb^  It  Ih  important  tliiit  tlio 
exit  and  dripping  idatfurni  l)o  1  loot  abovo  wator  lino  to  (diock  wavcH  and  jirovcnt 
wasto. 

Wo  liavn  not  found  a  draina)i;n  ))ipo  noccsHary.  I''ill  in  around  tlio  vat  np  to  gronnd 
line  and  tamp  well.     lncloH(t  drippin){  lloor  with  a  Htroiig  leiKto  and  provide  a  gate. 

dhule  and  (mpiloor. — MaUea  lonj;  narrow  elnite,  It  Cect  wide,  leadiii)^  to  vat,  and  iiox 
lip  sidoH  ti>;ht,  no  <'attlo  can  not  see  out.  Hink  two  pimtH  (!  by  (i  liy  K  at  end  of  cliiito 
lis  close  toend  of  vat  as  ]iosHiblu  and  boru  U  inch  aii){erliolcH  tliroii){li  the  posts  at 
(ground  line,  and  put  a  l]iii(di  iron  ]dpo  through  on  which  to  balance  tll(^  trapdoor. 

Allow  box  iiifr<d' chute  to  project  It  fitet  into  vat.  Make  trapdoor  of  heavy  material, 
7  feet  long,  lij  feet  wide,  and  attach  saiiio  to  axle  ho  iih  to  allow  I  feet  to  iiiii.jeet  into 
chute  and  U  feet  into  vat.  TIiiih  arranged  it  will  fall  back  into  place  after  being 
tilted.  It  is  desirable,  though  not  iieccHsary,  to  f.-ii^e  trapdoor  with  boiler  iron,  as 
it  will  caiiHo  cattle  to  slip  readily  and  becaime  wooi!  hooii  wears  out. 

Coimtriict  pciiH  Honietlilng  like  diagram.  (Sco  tig. 170.)  Vou  may  find  <tvcr(low 
pipes  tlcsirablc  in  ciiho  of  heavyraiim.  These  coiiHist  of  l-ineli  or  l|-inch  iron  jiipc,  2 
feet  long,  one  el  bow  and  another  pipe,  say,  K  or  10  inches.  I'lit  long  end  in  vat  and 
short  end  through  hole  in  side  of  vat  about  5^   feet  from  bottom,  or  at  water  line. 

111  caso  of  tloodiiig  this  will  allow  the  water  to  cscajie  and  will  hold  the  oil.  'I'liu 
arrangoniunl'desctribed  abovo  has  been  in  operation  at  this  statirni  two  years  and  has 
proved  so  satisfactory  that  I  have  no  change  to  HiiggcHt. 

(Jul'  vut  cost  about$JUU.     I  think  it  ouuld  bu  duplicated  almost  anywhere  for  $150. 


f 


ml 


CHAPTER  VTII. 

LIST  OF  PARASITES  ACCORDING  TO  HOSTS. 

In  the  following  list  of  insects  affecting  domestic  animtils  no  atteinjit 
is  made  to  enumerate  siilcU  as  lead  an  inde2)endent  existence  and  niako 
their  attacks  on  a  great  variety  of  animals. 

The  moscjuitoes,  flies,  bugs,  ticks,  etc.,  which  have  no  definite  host 
could  be  included  under  almost  every  species. 

The  only  exceptions  made  are  in  cases  where  species  of  .special 
imi)ortauce  have  a  decided  preference  for  certain  animals,  as  the  horn- 
fly  and  cattle  tick  for  cattle. 

Further,  the  list  is  intended  to  be  a  key  to  the  species  treated  in  this 
work  and  not  to  enumerate  every  species  that  has  ever  been  recorded 
on  any  species  of  animal. 


AFFKCTINQ  MAN. 

The  OX  bot-flies  (Uypoderma  Uneata  and 

bovis)  (accidental). 
Bot-fly  (Dermaiohia  noxialis). 
The  bot-fly  (Dermatobia  cyanivcntrw). 
The  Bcrew  worm  ( Compsomyia  macellaria). 
The  house  ilea,  (Piilex  irritans). 
The  dog  flea  {Pulex  serraticepa). 
The  jigger  flea  (Sarcopsylla ptnclrana). 
The  crab  lonae  {Phthiriua  ingiiinalis). 
The  head  louse  {Pediciihis  capitis). 
The  body  louso  {Pedictdua  vestimenU), 
The    itch    luite    (Sarcoptea    acabiei    var. 

houiinia.) 
The  follicle  niito  (Demodex  folliculoriim 

var  homitiia), 

AFKECTING  APES  AND  MONKEYS. 

The  ape  louse  (Pcdiculiia  conaobrinua). 
The  nionkt'y  lico  (Pedicinua  spp.). 

AFFECTING   THE    DOO. 

Bot  flies  (Dermatobia  noxialia  and  cyani- 

rentris). 
Screw-worm  Hy  (Compaomyia  macellaria). 
The  dog  flea  ( Puhx  aerrativipa). 
The  suckingdog  louse  {Hamatopitiiis  pili- 

ferua). 
The  biting  dog  louse  (  Trichodectea  latiia). 
The  dog  tick  or  wood  tick  {Dermaveitlor 

amcricanua). 
The  itch  nnte (Sarcoptea acabieiviir.  cania). 
The  follicle  mite  (Demodex  folliculorum 

var.  cants). 
Linguatula  rhinaria. 
286 


AFFECTIN(i   THE    CAT. 

Bot-fly  (Dermatobia  noxialia). 
Screw  worm  ( Compaomyia  viacellaria) 
The  dog  or  cat  flea  (Pulex  acrraticeps). 
The  cat  louso  (Trichodevtia  aubroalratnx). 
The  itch  mite  of  the  cat  (Sarcoptea  minor 

var.  cati). 
The  cat  chorioptes  or  ear  mite  (C/iorio^'/'S 

auriculorum  var.  felia). 

AFFECTING  THE    FEIIRET, 

Ferret  louse  ( TrichodecteaJ). 
The  ferret  chorioptes  (Chorioptea  auricn- 
lornmfuronia). 

AFFECTING  THE  HORSE,  ASS,  AND  MULE. 

Common  bot  fly  (Oaatrophilua  eqiii). 
Ked-tailed  bot  fly  (Gaatrjphilua   hwmor- 

rhoidalia). 
The  chin  fly  (Gaatrophilna  naaalia). 
Gaatrophilua  jiecorum  and  Gaatrophilna  sp. 
The  horse  tick;   forest  fly   (Hippoboaca 

equina). 
Tlio  suctorial  horse  louse  (Hmmatopinm 

macrocephalus). 
The     biting    horse    louse     (Trichodecten 

parumpiloaiia). 
Trichodectea  piloaiia. 
The  itch  mite  or  mange  insect  (Paoroptcn 

communia,  var.  c^.J). 
The  itch  mite  (Sarcoptea  acabiei,\a,v.  equi). 
The   horse   symbiote    mite  (Chorioptes 

aymbiotea,  var.  equi). 
Linguatula  rhinaria  larva,  adult  (occa- 
sional). 


Screw  won 


LIST  OP  PARASITES  ACCORDING  TO   HOSTS. 


287 


uo  definite  host 


ecies  of  special 


THK   CAT. 


IB   I'KUKKT. 


IE,  ASS,  AND  MULE. 


ilu8  nasalia). 

nd  Gastrophilua  sp. 

it  fly   {Hippobosca 

)ii80  {HamatopinuH 

luso     {Trichodeciet 

o  insect  {Paoropten 

18  8ca6iet,var.  equi). 
mito  {Chorioptes 

rva,  atlult  (occa- 


AKKECTINCJ   CATTLE. 

Ox  bot-fly;  warWe  fly  (Europe),  Hypo- 
derma  bovia. 
Ox   bot-fly;    warblo    ily    (in   America), 

llypoderma  lincuta. 
The  horn  fly  (Homntobia  Si-rrata). 
The    screw    ■vvorni    {Compmmy'm    macel- 

lariii). 
Short -nosed     ox     louse     {Hamatopinua 

euryaternun). 
Long-nosed      ox     hmse     (Ifamatojiinua 

tenuifoatrix). 
Biting  ox  louse  (Trichodcctea  sralarla). 
Itch  mite  of  cattle  (Choriopiea  aymbiotea, 

var.  bovia). 
Itch  mite  of  cattle  {SarcopU-  acabivi,  \iir. 

bovia). 
Scab  mito  of  cattle  {I'Horoptea  communla, 

var,  bovia). 
The  cattle  tick  {Hoiiphihia  bovis). 
The  lone  star  tick  (Ambtyomma  nnipunc- 

tala). 
Follicle  mite  {Demodex  foUiviilorum,  var. 
bovia). 
Linguatula  rhinaria  (larval  stage). 

AFFECTING   SHEEP. 

Sheep  bot-fly  ((IJatrua  oria). 

Screw  worm  {Compaomyia  maceUaria). 

Sheep  tick  (Mehphagua  oriiiua). 

Sheep  foot  louse  (nirvaiopiiiua  pedal  in). 

Sheep  louse  {Trichodcctea aphwrdcrphnliia.) 

Sheep  scab  mito  (Paoroptca  covimunia,  var. 

ovia). 
Sheep  foot  scab  mite  {Chorioptea  aymbiotea, 

var.  oris). 
Sheep  itch  mite  (Sarcoptea  acabiei,  var. 
ovia). 

AFFECTING  THE   GOAT. 

Goat  louse  {Ilmnatopinua  atenopaia). 
Biting  goat  louse  (Trichodectea  ditmi.r). 
Louse  of  the  Angora  goat   {Trichodectea 

limbatua). 
Goat  scab  mito  {Paoroptea  commitnia,  \nr. 

capru). 
Goat  itch  mite  (Chorioptea  aymhiotex,  var. 

capro^). 
Itch  mite  (Sarcoptea  acabiei,  var.  caprn). 

AFFECTING   SWINE. 

Screw  worm  (Compaoniyia  inacellaria). 


Hog  louse  ( JFwmatopinua  uriua). 
Follicle  mite  (Demodex  folliculoriim,  var. 

8«i8). 

AFFECTING   RAUBITS  AND  HAUES. 

Uabbit  bot8(C'M/er«/>r«  cuniculi,  horripilum 

iuid  fontinella). 
Ka)>bit   fleas   {Pulex  yoiiiocephaUia,    inw- 

qiialia). 
Kabbit  lice  {Hmnatopinua  rentricoaua). 
Itch  mite  {Sarcoptea  acabiei,  var.  8i(i8). 

AFFECTING   CHICKENS. 

(,'liicken  flea  {Sarcopnylla  yallinacea). 
Flea  ( lermipaylla  alakurt). 
Chicken  bug  {Acanthia  inodora). 
Chicken  lice  {Goniocotea gigaa,  hologaater, 

hurnetti;   Goniodea   diaaimilia;  Lipeurna 

rariabilia,  heterographua;  MenoponpMi- 

diim,  biaeriatum). 
■  Chicken  tick  {Dermanyaaua  gallinw). 
I  Chicken  tick  {Argaa  americanua). 
Chicken  mites  {Cytoditea  niidiia,  Laminoai- 

opteacyaticola,  Sarcoptea  mutaua,  S.  laevia 

var.  gallina). 

AFFECTING  TIIK  TURKEY. 

Turkey  gnat  {Slmulium  meridioiiale). 
Turkey    lice    {Goniocotea    rectangulattts, 

Goniodea    atylifer,    Lipeurua  polytrape- 

siua). 

AFI'ECTING  THE   PEAFOWL. 

Peacock  louse  {Goniodea  falcicurnia). 

AFFECTING   PIGKONS. 

Pigeon  bug  {Acanthia  columbarina). 
Pigeon  lice  {Goniocotea  comi     ,  Goniodea 
minor  auCi  damicornia,  Lipeurua  baciilua). 
IMgeon  tick  {Argaa  rejlexua). 
Pigeon  plume  mito  {Falciger  I'oatratua). 

AFFECTING  DUCKS,  GEESE,    AND   SWAN. 

Duck  lice  {Docophorita  icterodea,  Lipeurua 

aqualidua,  Trinoton  luriduw). 
Lice  of  geese  (  Trinoton  Jejunum,  Trinoton 

conapurcatum). 
Swan  lice  Docophorua  nigni,  Ornithohiua 

bucephalua). 
Lice  of  the  guinea  hen  {Goniodt-n  nunii- 

dianua). 


CITArTEK  IX. 


LITERATURE. 


The  following  list  of  works  upon  the  subject  of  parfisitism  incliulos 
those  of  greater  importance,  and  esi)ecially  those  containing  original 
matter  referring  to  American  species.  The  enumeration  of  all  papers 
bearing  on  the  subject  whicli  was  at  first  contcmplateil  would  have  so 
enormously  increased  the  si)ace  required  that  it  was  deemed  InexjM'- 
dient.  The  titles  coUecited  in  the  progress  of  the  work  would  alone  iill 
a  volume.  JVIoreovor,  it  is  assumed  that  any  student  xeho  would  need 
such  a  complete  bibliography  must  have  access  to  some  of  the  general 
records  of  zooh)gy  and  entomology  which  would  answer  his  special 
purpose : 

Pauasxtks  in  Gknekal. 


Ai.Hlx,  Eleaza;:. — A  Natural  History  of  Spiders,  and  Other  CiiriouH  Insects.  Lon- 
don, Moiitajiu,  1730,  ]i.  7(),  p.  8. 

Childukn,  Joiix  CiKi)K(iE.  -Catalogue  of  Aracbnida  and  InBccts.  liaek's  Voyage 
an  polo  dii  nord.     1H36.     Pg.  11.     Appd.,  p.  532. 

DesiTipticm  of  tlie  nrtlculiitod  aniiiiiilB  collected  in  the  iiortliwest  expodiUon  of  Cnptnin  Back. 

ClTUTiCE  CoOPEK. — Tho  Aniiual  I'arasitos  ot  Sheep.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.     1890. 

GuKLT,  EuxsT  ruiEDiJ. — Verzeichulss  dor  Thiere,  auf  welehen  Sclnnarotzer-Insecten 
leben.     Wiegni.  Archiv.     1857.     T.  23,  pp.  27*^311. 

GuiiLT,  E,  F. — Die  auf  HauBvIigeln  uud  Siiugethleren  hsbeuden  Sclnnarotzer-Insec- 
ten. Mag.  f.  d.  gesainnite  Thierheilkunde  18^2.  Jah.g.  YIII.  St.  4,  p.  109. 
Jahrg.  IX,  St.  1,  p.  1,  tab.  1. 

Geuvais,  Taui,. — Hist  >iro  naturelle  des  insectes  aptcrea.    Paris,  1844.    3  vols. 

KoLLAH,  Vincent. — A  Treatise  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Hardeners,  Foresters,  and 
Farmers.     1840. 

C'li.i])tor  oil  parasites. 

Ml^H.NiN,  P. — Les  Parasites  et  .^es  Maladies  Parasitaires  chez  I'honmie,  los  Animaux 

donif  stiques,  etc.    478  pp.,  65  figs.,  and  26  pi.     Insectes,  Arachnides,  Crustac^s. 

Paris,  1880. 
Neumann,  L.  (1. — A  Treatise  on  the  Parasites  and  Parasitic  Diseases  of  the  Donu's- 

catedAninuils.     Translated  by  fieorge  Fleming.    London,  18!)2.    800  pp.,  364  figs. 
G.'iieral  ivoik.     Very  complete.     Less  full  'ir  inaects  tliaii  venues. 
OsnoHN,  II. — External  Parasites  of  Domestic  Animals,    h'ept.  Stock  Hreeders' Assoc. 

Reprint  Hull.  la.  Ag.  Col.;  Dept.  Ent.  1884. 
Packauo,  a.  S. — Certain  Parasitic  Insects.     (Hlustr.)    Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  IV,  i>.  83. 
Packahd,  a.  S. — Our  Coipmon  Insects. 

Includes  mcmtion  of  many  insects  aft'ccliug  d»    .estic  auimala. 

Packaud,  a.  S.— Guide  to  Study  of  Insects.    Fourth  ed.     Salem,  1874. 
Tncludes  mention  of  many  species  of  insects  affecting  domestic  animals. 
288 


LITERATUSE. 


289 


Packaui),  a.  S. — llalf-llour  RorreatioDs  in  Natural  History.  DiviHioii  First — Half 
Hours  with  Insects.  JJoston,  1871-75.  Relations  of  Insects  to  Mand)]).  ()r)-it6, 
flfjs.  .')t-70).  Unity  of  Creation:  Act  onnt  of  some  Human  I'arasites,  some  sting- 
ing, some  poisonous),  and  somti  useful  insects  and  Arachnids. 

Haii.likt,  a. — Traitc  do  Zoologio  Mi'dicale  et  Agricole.  I'aris,  iirst  ed.,  Part  1, 1885. 
I'art  II,  1880.     Second  ed.,  I'aris,  18!)5.     Pj..  1303. 

UlLEY,  V.  V. — Insects  in  Ifelation  to  Attriculture.  Stoddard's  Encyclopedia  Ameri- 
cana, 188:^  Vol.  I.     Pp.  135-112,  li^s.  1-L'!t. 

Iimects  injiiriiiiis  to  livestock;   botfly  of  I'attlu  (llyiioderma  bovix);  Hlieep  botfly  {(Ettrui 
ovin);  liorso  hot  fly  ((insti'iphlliin  njui). 

Van  Benedkn. — Atiimal  Parasites  and  Messmates.    International  Science  Series. 
Vei'.uiij,,  a.  E. — The  External  and  Internal  Parasites  (d"  Man  and  Ponu'stic  Animals. 

Hartford,  (.'onu.,  1870,  T- (?),!>•  140.    Reprint  from  Report  of  Connecticut  State 

Board  of  Agriculture. 
WiLUSTox,  S.  \V. — Diptera,     Statidard  Natural  History,  Vol.  11,  pp  403-133. 
DisciisMej'  nuinuroiiM  spocics  of  Diptern  tliat  iitft'cf  iiiiiii  and  domeHtic  niiinialH. 

ZCrn,  v.  a.— IJio  Schmarotzer  aiif  und  in  dem  Korper  unserer  Haussiiugethiere. 
Erstor  Theil :  Die  thiorischen  Parasiteti.    Weimar,  1882. 

IMl'TEIiA. 


chmarotzer-Insecteu 


COQUEUEL,  CHARI.E8, — Nouveau  cas  do  mort  produite  par  la  Lucilia  homiuivorax  et 

description  do  salarve.    Ann.  .Soc.  Ent.  rr.,ser.  3.    1859.    T.  7,  pp.  233-237,  fig. 
KiLPATRic'K,  A.  R. — The  Sere"-  Worm.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  III.,  j).  275. 
Riley,  C.  V. — Screw  Worm.     Its  jjarentage  in  doubt.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  203. 
Riley,  C.  V.— Abnormal  Prevalence  of  Plow  Flies.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  21. 

Note,  and  copy  of  account  of  injuries  by  blow  flios.    Referred  to  Lucilia  maeellaria  as 
probable  cause. 

Riley,  C.  V. — Prevalence  of  the  Strew  Worm  in  Central  America.    Anier.  Nat.,  April 
(Mar.  15),  1883,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  123. 

Extract  from  letter  of  >T.  < '.  Zeledtm  on  tlio  abundance  and  ravages  of  Lucilia  maeellaria  and 
related  flies  in  Costa  IJica, 

RlLEY,  C.  v.,  ami  Howard.  L.  (».— The  Horn  Fly.     Insect  Life,  \ol.  II,  pp.  93-103, 

1889. 

Full  account  tif  life  liistory,  habits,  and  investigations  as  to  renu'dies. 


SIMULIID.i:. 


Barnard,  W.  S. — Notes  on  the  development  of  the  Black  Fly  (Simiilinin),  common 
in  the  rapids  around  Ithaca,  N.  V.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  191,  1880.     (Figure  of 

eggs.) 
Dodge,  C.  R.— Field  and  Forest,  Vol.  I,  ]>.  2,  1875-7t:. 

Unusually  great  killing  of  horses  and  mules  in  the  8t)uth  central  TTnited  States  by  "buffalo 
gnats  "  in  the  si)ring  of  187"). 

Howard,  L.  O. — Notes  on  a  Siniulium  common  at  Ithaca.  N.  V.     Insect  Life,  1, 99-101, 

Oct.  1888. 
.McBride,  Sara  .T. — The  so-called  Web  Worm  of  Young  Trout.     Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  II, 

p.  365. 

Followed  by  editorial  note  by  C.  V.  Kiley. 

OSTEN  Sackkn. — On  the  transformations  of  Simulium.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  II,  p.  1'29. 

Figures  after  Verdat  anil  Osten  Sncken.    Kef'erences  to  authorities. 
RiLEY,  C.  V. — Report  of  Entomologist.     Ann.  Rept.  IT.  S.  Comm.  Agr.  for  1880,  pp. 
459-592,  11  pi. 

Buffalo  gnats,  etc.  (pp.  492-515).    Dctoilcd  account  of  life  history,  habits,  etc. 

Riley,  C.  V. — The  Southern  BuH'alo-Gnat  {fSimuUum  pecuarum).    Ann.  Rept.  Dept. 
Agr.  for  1884,  p.  340-3-15. 

4653— No.  5 19 


290 


INSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


Hi 


h 


KiiKV,  C.  V. — The  nnllalo  Onii t  Problem  In  the  Lower  IMissiasippl  Valley.    Al).si i u,  t, 
Proc.  Aincr.  Assoc.  Ailv.  Sci.  for  1««7,  May,  1888,  Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  362. 
KcMultuf  lute  iiiri'stlgntiDiiH  on  Hp<«fit'H  of  SiiiiMliiiiii. 
Rll.KY,  C.  V. — .Siiimliuiii  Iroiii  Lake  Superior.     Aiiier.  \at.,  November  (28  Oc^t.), 
1881,  Vol.  XV,  p.  Kit!. 

Niiti(')>  (it'fiaiiiT  liy  II.  A.  Uikfjeii;  larvii'  iiiitl  ]iiipii>  Croni  Luk«  Siipcrinr  NJiiiilar  to  tlioHc  u\' 
S. pictipes,  liiit  tint  iiiinKo.s  I'i'diii  llio  hiiiiii'  localitins  aio  (lltrerciit. 

Rir.KY,  C.  v.— Death  ofMules  Caused  by  Insects.     Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  I,  ]).  148. 
Kii.r.Y,  C.  v.— The  Death  Web  of  Young  Troiit.    An;.  Knt.,  Vol.  II,  j).  171. 
('(ipy  of  an  irticlo  from  Wilkes's  Siiirit  of  tlio  Tiniea,  wiUi  ciiitoriul  comnii'iit. 

Rli.EY,  C.  v.— The  Death  AVeb  of  Young  Ti  mt.     Am,  Knt.,  Vol.  II,  p.  211. 
KiLKY,  C.  v.— The  Death  AVcb  ..f  Young  Tro  it.    Am.  Knt.,  Vol.  II,  j).  227. 
Kli.fiY,  C.  V. — Kditorial  nota  on  article  by  8ara  .1.  Mcllride,  entitled  "'The  Ho-call(!(l 
Aveb-worm  oi  young  trout."    Am.  I'nt.,  ^'ol.  II.  i)p.  3(56-367. 
Doscribt's  siiiiuliiim  iiiscifiiliiim. 

Vekdat,  G.  ,1.— Meiuoire  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  des  Simulies,  genru  d'inseeto,-^^  ili' 

I'ordre  des  Dipteres,  famille  des  Tipulairea;  lu  a  la  reunion  de  la  Soeif'tt-  lielvi  - 

ti(i)io  des  Sciences  naturellcs  a  Hale,  le  25.     .luillet  1821. 
Vkkuat,  («.  J. — Gcsc  hichted.  Siiunlien  in  Naturwiss.  Anz.  d.  allg.  Schweiz,  Gesellsch,, 

1822,  No.  9,  and  in  Tium's  archiv.,  Vol.  II. 
Wr.nsTKii,  F.  M. — Keport  on  ISull'alo  Gnats.     Huli.  No.  It,  Div. Eut.U.  8.  Dejit.  Agric, 

p„  29.     1887. 

<i;sTKii).i:. 

Allkn,  Ciiahlks  II. — Dcmonstral ion  of  locomotion  in  the  larva-  of  the  (Kstrid;r. 
I'roo.  Amcr.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Vol.  XXH',  pp.  230-2.)6. 

Staif   it'iit  of  iv  Ciim^  ill  ■wliicli  liiivir,  of  iirt)l)ably  Ihjinnh'innt  hnvii',  iiiovod,  n-Npcctivcly,  I,  fi, 
ami  110  inclifx  iintlrr  tlio  Nkiii  of  a  boy.     Notes  on  otber  bir.  i'  of  (Kstri(bi'. 

Arture. — Observations  sur  I'espeee  de  ver  nomm(^  Maea(iue  {<I\8trHx).     Mem.  A.i'ad. 

Paris,  17.53.     Hist.,  p.  72,  ed.  in  8.    Hist.,  p.  106  (cf.  Percherou  1,  p.  11). 
BlocH,  Maiu'IS  Kmazau. — l?eitr."ige  zur  Naturgeschiehte  der  Wiirmer,  wolche  in 

audern  Thieren  lebeu.     ((Kstrus.)     IJeschiifi.  Kerl.  Gesellsch.  Natnrfor.,  177!>, 

pp.  531-561. 
Braukr,  F. — Die  (Kstriden  des  Hochwildes,  nebst  einerTabelle  zur  Heatimmnng  allev 

europiiischen  Arten  dieser  Faniile.     Verhamll.  AVien  Zool.  Hot.  Gesellsch.,  18,")8. 

pp.  385-414. 
Braukk,  F. — Nene  ISeitriige  znr  Keuntniss  der  europiiischen  (Kstriden.     Verhaudl. 

AVien  Zool.  Hot.  Gesellsch.,  1858,  i)i>.  44!»-478. 
Brauer,  F. — Monograpliie  der  (Kstriden.     Ilerausgegeben  von  der  K.  K.  Zool.  Hot. 

Gesellschaft  in  Wien.     AVioi"    1863. 
COfjl'icRKl,,  Chahles. — Noti;  sur  une  larve  d'CKstride  extraite  du  bras  d'unhonmie  h 

Cayenne.     Revue  et  Magaz.  Zool.,  ser.  2,  1859,  T.  11,  pp.  3.56-361. 
C()Qi;EUia,,  CiiAHMCs. — Note  sur  les  larves  d'CKstrides  dt'veloppees  chez  I'liomme  an 

Mexiijue  et  a  la  Nouvelle  Orleans  (avec  SjiII^^).     Revue  et  Magaz.  Zool.,  ser.  2, 

1859,  T.  II,  pp.  361-3()7,  iig. 
Cl.ARK,  Bkacy. — <  )bservations  <m  the  genus  (Kstrus.     Transact.  Lin;..  See.,  Loudon, 

1797,vol.  3,  pp.  289-329. 
Clark,  Bkacy. — An  essay  of  the  Bots  of  liorses  and  other  animals.    London,  1815, 

p.  72.     Supplementary  sheet.    Discovery  of  the  Fly  of  the  White  Hot,  p.  4. 
Clark,  Bracy. — Of  the  Insects  called  (Kstrus  by  the  ancients,  and  of  the  true  spe- 
cies intended  by  tliim  under  this  appellation,  etc.    Transact.  Linn.  See.,  London, 

1827,  pp.  402-411. 
Clark,  Bkacy. — Note  on  (Jistrna  equi;   the  Bot  of  Horses.     Entom.  Magaz.,  1838. 

Vol.  V,  pp.  336-338. 
Clakk,  Bracy. — An  Appenuis  or  Supplement  to  a  treatise  on  the  (Estri  and  Cuterebric 

of  various  animals.    Transact.  Linn.  Soc,  London,  1843,  VI.  XIX,  pt.  2,  pp.  81-91. 


I.ITEKATUR'  . 


291 


nu  «)f  the  (Entridii'. 


C)  ARK,  Bracy. — Addondii  1848,  1  p.,  llg.  (2  nov.  Hpec).     <>n  tlm  liirvti  (»f  (Kslrun 

cirvi.    Zoologist,  1«4»S,  pp.  lo(j))-1570,  fig. 
Davih,  a.  ir.— Vitiility  of  (I-Jstnin  bovis.    Entoni.  Magii/.,  ISUf).  Vol.  Ill,  p.  lOU. 
I'lTCii,  A. — Kinasciilating  hot  fly  (Ciiterehra  emajvulalor).    Tliinl  l{«'pt.  N.  Y.  Kiitorn., 

p.  478,  No.  210. 
GoUDor,  .Fi'siiN. — 01)serviitioiis  «ur  iin  diiitt  re  ('xoti<|Uu  dont  In    Jiiivo  unit  mix 

hiwwi'H  (('iilirehra  iioxitillit).    Ann.  St;.  Nat.,  ser.  H,  ISI,'),  'I'.  li,  pp.  L'l'l-L'.'iO. 
(lAHMAX,  H.— ']'!io  bot  ilies  of  tlic  I'liited  States.    Ann.  Kept.  Ktntiiclty  Ag.  ICxp. 

Station. 
(jHEEN,  U.— Natnri.i    History  of  tlic  Hot  Fly  {(lagtrnn    reterinim).     New   Kngland 

Fanner,  1826,  T.  4,  pp.  ;{»5-:M7. 
llKNNKi,!'.  l'\ — Uolier</'.8<)H8  ei/iii  oris  nnd  cetri  vaiireoli.    Allgeni.  Dcutseli.  Natnrh. 

Zeit,,  1855,  T.  1,  pp.  2!I7-:}0V,  tab.  2.     (irrstat(  kor.  Itoriciit,  lS."iti,  ]>.  IK!. 
Mil. I.,  Natiiamki.  'riK)MAS. — Accoiuit  of  till)  larva  of  a  hii])]io.simI  (Kstrim  huminis  or 

gad  lly  wliich  dKj)o8itH  its  eggs  in  tlio  body  of  the  liiiuian  species.     Kdinb.  Now 

I'hil.  .'jor.rn.,  I8:H0,  pp.  284-288.    Isis,  18:{2,  p.  J»17. 
.loi.Y,  N. — Kechcrclies  /oologiqiios,  anatoniii|ni>8,  physiologiqucs,  et  niodicalcssur  les 

(Kstrides  en  general  et  partieuliercnient  snr  les  (Fstnis  (|ui  attu(|uent  riioniine, 

le  clieval,  le  boeiif,  et  lo raonton.  Ann.  Soe.  d'Agric,  Lyons,  184(5,  T.  it,  pp.  l.">7-30o. 

Separate,  Tonlonse,  184(i. 
LABori.Bi;NK,  Am'.xandkk. — Description  et  iignred'uiu^  lurvo  d'd'atrido  do  Cayenne 

extraitodc  la]iand'nulioninie.   Ann.  Soc.  F.nt.  Fr.,ser. 4,  IStil.T.  l.jij).  24!)-2r>;j,lig. 
liElOY,  .losK.i'ii. — KeniarkH  on  the  larva  of  a  sjteiies  of  (I'.strus.     Proceed.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sc,  I'hilad.,  18r)7,  p.  204. 
OuMKUoi),  Ei.KAXoij, — Observations  on  the  Warble  I'ly,  or  Ox  Hot  I'ly.     Third  ed., 

London,  188;" 

From  Kopiiri  on  Iiijiirioiia  IiiflectH  for  1H84. 
Uathvon,  S.  S.— The  Sipiirrel  Bot.    Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  1,  p.  117. 

Notes  on  ^l(^'^■('^^•a  fc!icca<rt  Fab. 
Kii.KY,  C.  v.— The  Sheep  Bot  Fly,  or  Horse  Magg()t.    I'irst  Ann.  liei)t.  on  the  noxions, 

beueticial,  and  other  insects  of  Missouri,  ]ip.  l(il-l(>5,  ligures. 


ruuciD.K. 


iLin:;.  Soe.,  London, 


litem.  Magaz.,  1838. 


Bakkr,  C.  F. — Preliminary  Stndies  of  the  Siphonaptera.     Canadian  Entomologist, 

Vol.  XXVIl,  1895. 
Bkrtoi.otto,  L. — Histoire  de  la  Puce,  avec  notes  et  observations  precodee  <^'     e  Migo- 

nient,  <ju'il  a  obtenu  contre  lo  sieurMai'Strootsnivio  deCadot-Biiterx  it  )'!';;'iibi- 

tion  des  Puces  industrieuse.s,  Paris,  18154.    Ed.  II.     Engl.  Trausl.     Thrt     istory 

of  the  Flea,  with  Notes  and  Observations.     London,  IKil,  lig. 
Bo.sc  D'Antic,  L.  a.  G. — Description  d'uno  Espice  du  Puce  (/'.  faaciaiua).    Bull. 

Soc.  Philom.,  1801,  T.  2,  p.  l.-)t5. 
BoucuK,  Peter  Frieorich. — Beitriige  zur  Insecten  Kunde.     1.  Benierkungen  iiber 

die  Larven  der  zweifliigligen  Insecten.     2.  Bernierkungen   iiber  die   Gattuug 

Pulex.     Fig.     Nov.  Acta.  Acad.     Leopold,  183"),  T.  17,  Pt.  I. 
BruMEisTER,  Hermann  Carl  Conrad.— Ueber  Puhx  penvtrans.    Lotos,  1854,  T.  4, 

pp.  167-  .68. 
Di;(ifc8,  Antoine  Louis. — Recherches  sur  les  characteres  zoologiciues  du  genre  Pulex 

et  sur  la  multiplicitc  des  insectes  qui'il  renl'erme.    Ann.  Sc  Nat.,  1832,  T.  27> 

pp.  145-164. 
DuFOUR,  Leon.— Des  cocons  de  la  Pnco.      Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr..  ser.  4,  1861,  T.  1, 

pp.  255-258. 
HoWAEi),  L.  O. — The  cat  and  dog  flea  (Pulex  serraticejm  Gerv.).    Bull.  4,  new  series, 

Div.  Entom.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  (1896),  pp.  24-31,  2  figs. 
Taschenbero,  Otto. — Die  Flohe;  Die  Arten  der  Insecten  Ordnuug  Suctoria,  nach 

ihrem  Chitinskelet  mouogruphisch  dargestellt.    Halle,  1880. 


292 


TSECTS  AFFECTING   DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 


I'RDKiri.llM.;    ANI>   MALLOI'IIAOA    (UCK). 


ALnitKCiiT,  .ToHANS  rKTF.H. — D«  podioiilis  nbortiiiTi  pricRagientlbuH.    K]i1ioiii.  Acml, 

Nat.  Curi.m.,  UiOO,  I  »«•<•.  II,  Aim.  St,  Ol.mjrv.  8H,  pp.  151-151'. 
Ai.T,  IIkinuicii  Ciikihtian.— Do  IMitliiriiiHo  disHort.  iiiiing.  Donn,  l^lM,  p.  IH,  tab.  I. 
HruMi;iHTKU,  H.  C.  C— Hiinillmch  drr  Kntomoln^tic.     Mi'iliii,  1HH2-1X55. 
liiKMKisTKit,  H.  C.  ('. — (ittiiom  liiHcrtoriini  iconiliiiH  illiistravit  et  deticripHit  II.  Km 

nwister.     Vol.  1,  liiiyiuhotii.     Kerolini,  IKW. 
HiUNi'.TT,  W.  I, — On  the  reliition  of  the  rediciiU  ti)  tlm  dith-reiit  I'miiiu'.     I'lur 

MoHton  8of.  Nat.  Hist.,  IH.')(),  T.  >'»,  pp.  324-H2<'.. 
UruNKTT,  W.  I. — On  tlic  relation  of  tlio  iliHtributioii  of  Lieu  to  the  ditlorent  ruiiii;i . 

Proc.  Aiiior,  Ahmoc.  Adv.  Wei.,  1H.")1,  T.  4,  pp.  IIW-IIW. 
CuiNDK,  .1.    I*. — Noti'H   pour  Burvir   u   I'liistoire   des    Kpi/oiqucB.     Description  dc 

qut'liiUfB    eHpi't't'H    noiivclleH  apparttMiant    aiix    ^curt-.s:    D<>ro]ihoruH,    Nirnius, 

l.ipourns,  c'tc.     Hull.  Moh.ow,  lW!t,  T.  X',  pi>.  UK-ll'7. 
Dknny,  IIk.nkv. — Mono^rapliia  Anopliirornin  itritanniii',  or  an  KsHay  on  tliu  KritJNli 

Hpeciua  of  Parasitic  InNtutB.     London,  liohn,  IM'J,  ]>p.  l'<)3. 
Dknny,  IIknhy. — UiHcription  of  hIx  Hiipposed  new  spci-ies  of  imrusites  (I  I'ulex.i 

Ann.  of  N.  H.,  1«4:»,  T.  VJ,  pp.  •M2-M7. 
DUKOUR,  Lko.n. — DeHcription  et  niono^ra))hie  de  trois  espicos  nonvelloB  du  genre 

Philoplfnis,  paraHitt<  d'Albatros.     Ann.  .Soc.  Knt.  Fr.,  18H5,  T,  4,  pp.  669-68I. 
Fl.A(i(i,  GlUHKiK  VV. — Lice  on  Sheep.     No.  !>.     Trichodiclea  sphnrocrphaliia  {z=^Pediculiin 

ovh):  description,  habit.s,   remedies.     UyphoboKia  irina  {-^IlippohoBca  ovinaf): 

habits, deBcrijition.     N.  K.  Farmer,  v.  53. 
KEU,()(iO,  V.  \j. — New  Mallo|)ini);a.     Pioc.  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  ser.  2, 

Vol.  VI,  and  I.eland  Stanford,  jr.  Univ.,  18!t«. 
GlKUKL,  CiimsToiMi.— Inseeta  Kpizoa.     Die  auf  Saiinetbiereu  nnd  Vogeln  sehmarot- 

zenden  Insekten,  naeh  Zeichniingen  von  C.    1...  Nitzseh's  Nacblass  bearbeitet. 

Leipzig,  1874. 
Van  Leei'Wkniioek,  A. — Pedicnlos  nou  esse  berniaphroditos.     Fornucro  non  eon- 

strnuut  luccam ;  nou  mordent  ac  puugunt.    VI.     Vervolg  der  Hrieveu,  Delphis, 

1697. 
Lucas,  II. — Deseriittion  du  Pedicnlus  Phoea'.    Guerin.  Magaz.  Zool.,  1834,    T.  4, 

No.  121. 
Lucas,  H. — Notice  snr  uno  nonvelle  especo  d'epizoique  appurtenant  an  genre  de 

Hamiatopinus  et  (pii  vit  itarasite  sur  I'antelope  des  ludes.    Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr., 

ser.  2,  1847,  T.  5,  pj).  .531-540. 
Lucas,  H. — Description  «'t  figure  de  rHa^matopinus  tuberculatum  Burm.,  qui  vit 

parasite  sur  le  bu-uf  (f)  d'ltalie.    Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,  ser.  2, 1852,  T.  10,  Bull., 

p.  5. 
Murkay,  Andrkw. — On  the  pcdlculi  infesting  the  different  races  of  man.    Trans. 

Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  1860,  T.  22,  p.  3,  p.  567. 
NiTZ8(;ii,  C.  L.— Die  Familieu  nnd  Gattungen  der  Thierinsekten  (Insecta  epizoica) 

uls  ein  Prodroiuus  der  Naturgeschichtc  derselben.    Germar's  Magaz.     Entom., 

1818,  T.  3,  pp.  261-316.     Separat,  Halle,  1818,  pg.  58. 
NiTZScH,  C.  L. — Anleitung  ziir  IJeobachtuug  von  Thierinaccten.     Aus  seinem  Nacb- 
lass v(m  Giebel  mitgethcilt.    Jabresber.  uaturw.  Vereins  in  Halle,  1851,  T.  4,  pp. 

113-135. 
NiTZSLH,  C.  L.-^ZurGeschichteder  Thior-Insecktenkunde.    Zeitschr.  f.  d.  gesamuit. 

Naturwiss.,  Halle,  1855,  T.  5,  pp.  269-287. 
NiTZScn,  C.  L. — Cbaracteristik  der  Federlinge  Philoptorus  von  Giebel  verofFent- 

licht.    Zeitschr.  f  d.  gesamuit.  Naturwiss.,  Halle,  1857,  T.  9,  pp.  249-263. 
OsBOKN,  Hrrkekt. — Notes  on  Mallophaga  and  Pediculidw.     Canadian  Entomolo- 
gist, 1884,  \  ol.  XVI,  pp.  197-199. 
List  of  FodicuUdw  aud  MuUoi)hagidte. 


LITERATURE. 


293 


IH.     K]ih(Mii.  Aiatl. 


of  Sciences,  eer.  2, 


ForniicaB  non  roii- 


?H  of  mau.    Trans. 


OnnoRN,  llKKiii'.itT. — Tho  Pcdicnli  and  MiillopliiiKiv  IiifeHtinK  Man  and  tlin  Lower 
Auiiimls.     Kiill.  7,  Div.  Knt.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Aki'.,  ".ti  pp.,  42  liKiires,  1«U1. 

Ti-riitH  H|it<rlt'H  III'  I'eiliciilittiii  mill  Matlo|iliaea  known  to  iill'i'it  iiiiin  ami  iloiiirMtir  anlnmlH, 
with  nii'iition  III'  HiiiiiK  N|ii'riuH  uoiirriu);  un  wilil  auiiiiuU.  UrHi'i'i|itUiuH  nl  mi-vituI  uuW 
HjH'cluH  anil  on«  ni'w  ^iniiit. 

Ohdokn,  lli'.ititKUT. — l.ireiitVoctiiit;  (ImneHtic  uiiiinals.     Hiilh'tiii  No,  16,  lowii  Kx])ori- 

ni(<iit  Stiition,  AiiicH,  la.,  1H\V2. 
OsitoiiN,  IlKitiiKur. — Kc.vH  to  the  (ioiiorii  of  rodiciilida'  aixl  Miillupha^ida'.    Aiu. 

Monthly  Mi<ioH.  Journal,  \iA.  XV,  i>p.  :UI-;M(J,  Nov.,  ISlll. 
O.siioiiN,    Hi'.iiiii'.ur. — Note  on  the  Period  of  Devclopiiieiit  in  Mallopliaga.     Insect 

Life,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  II.".,  Nov.,  18!M». 

OliHi'ivatlon  on  inruliativi«  lu-rioil  In  Mtiirhia  iniliearin. 

PlAtiKT,  K. — Li'H  rrdicnlliicH.     Loide,  1S80.     SiippleiiienI,  1885. 

Tli«  niuHt  ronipli'to  work  on  t1ii<  reiliriiliilii'  nnil  .Mallopliafsu  |inli||Hliei1. 

IJiLKY,  (J.  V. — AdiaastroiiH  Hbcep  parasite.  Amer.  Nat.  (3),  December,  1881,  Vol.  XV, 
p.  1011. 

A  par«8ito  [Trichotlectei  i-rii/)  doini;  groat  injury  to  Rlicop  In  lIllnolH. 

TASCiiKNDKiui,  0.--J)ie  MallopliaKcii,  init  iMMonden-r  Heriuksiclitiginif;  iler  von  Dr. 

Meyer  gesainiiielten  Arten.     SyNteniatisch  liearbeitet.     Malic,  1882. 
Ulli.EK,  P.  n.— ParaNita.     .standard  Natural  History,  Vol.  II,  jip,  200-212. 

DldcusHfs  varions  wpi'i'leu  of  pura«ltic  ili'nilpti>ra  I'arasita. 

Uiii.KR,  P.  R.— Mallopliaga.    Standard  Natural  II       -ry,  Vol.  II,  pp.  2!»4-21»fi. 
Gt'uoral  tri-atnii'ut  of  tli(>  (irunp. 

AltACIINIDA. 

CsoKoR,  .loiiAN.N.— I'ebcr  Iliirsackinilben  iind  eine  iieiie  \arietiit  dt^rsolben  bei 
Schweimn.  (hemotivs  ph;/lloidis.)  Yerbandl.  «l.  >!ool.-bot.  Oesellscb.  in  Wieu, 
29  Pd.  1880. 

Detnodex/ollieiiloriitn  var.  suis. 

F1.XCIIKR. — Memoir  on  the  Argas  of  Persia.     Ito,  with  plate.     Moscow.     1823. 
Packaki),  a.  S, — A  ('ha])ter  on  Mites.     Am.  Nat.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  UGl. 
KIM.Y,  C.  v.— Vitality  of  the  Sheep  Scab.     Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  I.  p.  12()  (note). 
K11.EY,  C.  v.— An  internal  mite  in  fowls.    Amer.  Nat.,  Apr.  (15  Mar.),  1883,  Vol.  XVII, 
pp.  122-423. 

LnngH.  bronrhln.anil  liningMortliorarlcanil  alxloniinal  cavities  of  a  Hli'k  chlckrn  covenMl  with 
Cytoleiclitit  narcdptinden  Mognin ;  liabitat  of  tliu  8aino  in  fowls  In  £uropo ;  (liaeaHCM  caiiHi-*l  by 
it.    Cytoditi-iiniidiit'Vii. 

Trouessart,  K.  L. — Les  Sarcoptidcs  Plnmicoles.  Revision  dti  groupe  des  Analgesinte 
et  description  des  espt-ces  ot  genres  nouveaux  de  hi  collection  du  Musee  d'Angers. 
.lourual  de  Micrographie,  T.  VIII,  1884.  p.  92, 150,211,257.331,380,428,527,572. 

Walsii,  B.  D.,  and  Riley,  C.  V.— Ticks  and  Texas  Fever.    Am.  Ent.,  I,  p.  28. 


jchr.  f.  d.  gesammt. 


UEMEDIKS. 

The  New  Encland  Farmer. — No.  1.  Means  against  wood  lice;  bots  in  horses,  and 
remedies.  No.  5.  Remedies  for  lice  on  cattle.  No.  7.  Disappearance  of  lice  on 
calves  in  presence  of  sheep.  No.  10.  Calomel  as  a  cure  for  lice  on  cattle.  Vol. 
I  (new  series,  Vol.  XXIX). 

FuANCi.'*,  M. — Remedies  for  Ticks  ( ?).     Bull.  Texas  Exp.  Sta. 

OsiiOHN,  Herih'.rt. — Methods  of  Attacking  Parasites  of  Domestic  Animals.  Insect 
Life,  Vol.  VI,  p.  163.  Paper  read  before  Assoc.  Econ.  Ent.,  at  Madison,  Wis. 
Smniuary  of  niuthiKls  of  attacking  parasitic  insects. 

Riley,  C.  V. — Sheep  Parasites :  Pyrethrnni.     Am.  Ent.,  Vol.  I,  p.  278. 
Note  from  letter  from  Alex.  Mitcliell,  iliscussing  use  of  pyrctbrum. 

Riley,  C.V. — Pyrethrum  for  the  screw  worm.  Amer.  Ent.,  November,  1880.  Vol.  Ill, 
p.  276. 

Notice  of  paper  by  A.  K.  KIrkpatrick,  directions  for  tbe  use  of  pyretbruni  powder  against 
the  "  screw  wonu  "  (Liieilia  maceUaria) ;  objections  to  the  use  of  other  roiuedies. 


h? 


Acniitliiiicii 
lilriiiHlii 
liiiitliira, 
Itictiilon 
|ii]iistrol 
Aciiiitlilidii', 
AniiitliisUii 
Acrlplttir  vc 
Acnrldic,  14. 
Aci)ritm,2r>l. 
.KKinlitis  vol 
A|;rlaiiiM  ]i1i> 
Alloiifinllt',  'J 
Anililyninniii 
Anipt'llH  coili 
AuitH  aiiicrlci 
bimi'ImH. : 
t'uruUni'ii 
clyiKiHto, 
AnciHtroiin  u 
Aimer  nlliifni 
Cnnili 
TtltU'oUiH, 
Aiitolo|)i>  lice 
Antllopaccn 
itiai)ri,  17( 
Hiibciittii 
Apo  loiiHu,  lA 
Appendix  to 
Aqiiila  impel 
Arachiiiila,  l: 
Arilea  ogrott 
ArgaH  aniorii 
inoubata, 
perHicng, 
radlatiis, 
relU'xus,; 
talivjii',25i 
Arnouio,  277. 
Arvicola  arvi 
peuiisjiv 
Hpp,  181. 
AaboB,  279. 
Asio  wilsouii 
AsB,  louse  of 
Avocett,  224. 
Banded  breez 
Barn-8wallo\« 
Bartramia  loi 
BassariBCus  e 
Bat  hippoboB 


INDUX. 


(NoTK.— SyiionyiiiH  iirc  i>\|iri>MHi'il  in  tlaltcXtUvn,] 


Acanthia  cnlnmlmrhiR,  l.M),  lO'J. 

liiriiiHiinix.  IM),  tni,  102,  lua 

iiiiKliini,  Kill. 

ImtiilBna,  \.<7  ina. 

Iiiplstrelli.  ir>U,  102,  ion. 
Armitliiidii',  1,'>7. 
Acmitlilsliiiarlii  '.".'4. 
AtTlpittirvtlox,'Jl«,'J23. 
At'arldii'.  14. 
Ai'arlna,2ril, 

.i;j{lallll8vo.lfera,  220, 2110. 
AKi'laiii.'*  pliii'tllreiiH,  220, 224. 
Alloiigalli'  224. 
Anililyoniiiiit  iiiii|>iiii('tn,2fll. 
Ampi'liH  codriinim  22:i. 
AnaN  aiiKM-icaMii,  248. 

hoHcliaM.  24H. 

rurolini'imiH,  24H. 

olypoata,  214. 
AnciNtroiia  Kiuai«,240. 
AiiBor  alliifrniiH,  214. 
):anilH'li,  2;i4. 

rutlc'olliH,  214. 
Ant(>lopi>  lice,  170. 
Antllopa  c'crvlraprn>,  170. 

nmori,  170. 

Hiibciitlurnsa,  170. 
Apo  loiiHu,  108. 

Appi'ndix  to  AIaUoplmga,210. 
Aipiila  iniporialiH,  210. 
Aradmida,  11, 13,251. 
Ardea  cgrotta,  247. 
ArgaH  aniorioanuH,  250. 

inuubata,  2.')6. 

perHions,  256. 

radiatiis,  256. 

rolU'xiis,  255. 

tulajii',250. 
ArHouic,  277. 
Arvicola  arvalis,  153. 

peunsylvauica,  180. 

Hpp,  181. 
AhIios,  279. 

Agio  wilsonianuH,  216. 
A88,  luuee  of,  207. 
Avocptt,  224. 
Bauded  breeze  fly.  69. 
Barn-Bwallow  bug,  161. 
Oartraniia  lougicauda,  21, 236. 
Bassarisciis  astuta,  243. 
Bat  hippobosoid,  139. 


Ilrar  loimi',  2ii4. 

Hid  IdiK,  1.^7. 

Ili>lnittoiiia  aiiirrii'aiiiiiii,  13. 

Ili'iiai'iiH  uriHouH,  13. 

Il<'ii/.iiii',278. 

Bird  Ilea,  147. 

lioo,  180. 

tiekH,  137.2.'i3. 
Illark  tlii'.s,  31. 4U. 

gild  lly.flO. 
IIIiMid  Hill  king  ciiiiii  luiau,  103. 

gnat,  30. 
Itlow  lly,  123. 
ItlimbotllKtly,  123. 
Itiiily  liniHi'.  107. 
Iliiopliilii.s  liovis,  2,')7. 
Hon  buMali,  177. 

catVr,  177. 

griinnionR,  177. 
Itot.|lien,72. 

oloatfli>,R7. 

of  mail,  nnmkoyg,  dogs,  otr.,  110. 
IlotauruH  liMitigiiiosiis,  234. 
ni'n<:iiyrlinni]))iiiH  niannuratns,  223. 
Ilranta  rauudeimig,  230. 
lircfzo  tlios,  0(1, 72. 
ImndtMl,  00. 
Bubo  vii'glniauuH,  210, 246. 
Biill'a]iigiiatrt,31. 

iiataral  (>iii'iiiif.s  of,  38. 

loiiso  of,  177. 
Bugs,  157. 

I'.uriiott'H  gonincoteR,  104. 
Biitoolin('atns,218. 

swaliisonii,  210, 223. 
Carcabi.sriil'a,  244. 
(Jallii)liora  vomitoria,  123. 
Caloiiiol,  278. 
Canu'l  louHi',  170. 
CaiiiolopardaliH  girall'a,  170. 
C'aiiiH  lagopuH,  148. 
Carbolic  acid,  278. 
Oariacus  virginiantiR,  241. 
Cat  flea,  150. 

roiModiea  for,  151. 

louse  of,  203. 
CattlP  tick,  257. 
Ceplialorayia,  larvip  of,  75. 
Cophcnomyia,  larva)  of,  74, 76. 
Ceopbleus  pileatus,  228. 
Ceryle  alcyon,  216. 


39tl 


296 


INDEX. 


m 


;%! 


CerorhiDca  monocerata,  223, 
Cervus  elophus,  170. 
Cbtctiira  pelnsgia,  158. 
CharailriiiH  dnniiuicus,  230,  247. 

squatarolu,  223. 
Chicken  goiiiodva,  105. 

lipourus,  197. 

louHe,  202. 
Cliiggere,  251, 
Chigoe,  142. 
Cluufly,85. 

Cliiimiunk,  louse  of,  185. 
Cliirononiidn',  30. 
Clioloraan(lflie«,20. 
Cborioptes  auriculoriiiii,  284. 

synibiotes,  284. 
vt\r.  ovis,  200. 
Chrysops  costaius,  70. 

fiigax,  70. 

nicer,  70. 

quailrivittatus,  70. 

Hiiivittntiis,  70. 

vittatiis,  69. 
Coal  tar,  279. 

Coccygiis  erytlirophthalmuH,  224. 
Colinus  yirginianiis,  229, 230, 244. 
Colpocephalum  asHimile,  246. 

flavesreus,  246. 

fnnebre,  247. 

fuscipes,  246. 

laticeps,  247. 

longicauiluiii,  214, 246. 

niinuriim,215. 

ochracpiira,  246. 

pingue,  247. 

puatuloRnin,  240. 

gu'ipachygaater,  246. 

timidum,  247. 

nnciferuni,246. 

uniforme,  247. 
Columbalivia,230. 
Coliimbacz  midge,  38. 
Colymbus  nigricollm  californicnB,223. 
Corapsomyia  macellaria,  123. 
Conoirtiinus  sangiiisuga,  103. 
Coiitopns  virens,  221. 
Corvus  araericanuB,  221, 226, 227, 245. 
Corupo,  160. 
Cotton-,   ed  oil,  278. 

dip, 282. 
Cottontail  bot,  no. 
Crab  louse,  165. 
Cricetns  frumentarius,  148. 
Culex  daninosus,  28. 

excitans,  28. 

excrucians,  28. 

Impatlens,  28. 

Implacabi'.is,  28. 

molestus,  28. 

provocans,  28. 

pnnctor,  28. 

pungons,  28. 
CuUddas,  25. 
Cuterebra  buccata,  110. 

cnnindi.lOS. 

emascnlator,  105. 


Cuterebra  Tontinclla,  110. 

horripiluni,  109. 

noxialis.  111. 
Cygnus  bewickii,  214. 

niu8icu8,214. 

olor,214. 
Cynomis  ludovicianns,  149. 
Cystic  fowl  mite,  263. 
Cy1odite8nudus,203. 
Datila  acuta,  248. 
Dcflnitions  and  arrangenii'nt,  9. 
Dcmodocida!,  274, 
Dcmwlex  folliciiloruni,  274. 

var.  cani8,274. 
Iioniinis,  274. 
Buis,  274. 
Dendrocygna  arborea,  214. 
Deor  bote,  105. 

lice,  170. 

tick,  137. 
Dermacentor  aniericanns,  261. 

reticulatns,  262. 
DernianysHUs  avium,  253. 

giilllna>,253. 
Dormatobia  cyaniventris.  114. 

DoxialislU,  114. 
Diomi'dea  albatrus,  230, 235, 247. 
DiplydiuiU  caninuni,20. 
Dips,  washes  and,  282. 
Diptera,  11,25. 
Distribution  of  parasites,  17. 
Docoplioroides  brevis,  2311. 
Docopliorns  acutipectus,  223. 

agelaii,220. 

atricolnr,  223. 

bassanas  217. 

bisignatus,  217. 

bubonis,2in. 

buteonis,  218. 

calvus,223. 

celilcbrai'liys,  216. 

cnccygi,  222. 

colymbinus,217. 

comniiinis,  216. 

conipar,  217. 

corvi,220. 

cursor,  216. 

cygui,  102,  217. 

fissiforiiii,-,  ?17. 

fnliginoHus,223. 

fus<  oventralis,  221. 

gravicp])s,  223. 

hnlieti,218. 

icterodi's,  192, 217. 

iu8olitii8,223. 

kanscnsis,  223. 

larl,217. 

mclnnorephalus,  218. 

minutu-trabeculatiis,  221. 

montercyi,223. 
occidontalis,  223. 
])ertusus,  217. 

plataleip,  217. 

plat)  stomns,  216, 218, 

<|uadraticep8, 223. 
quisoali,  219. 


JNDEX. 


297 


Decophomn  rostratas,  218. 
Bialii,  220. 
Bpeotyti,  222. 
Bphenophorus,  '.'17. 
supercilioHiis,  216. 
syrini,  219. 
testudinnrins,  217. 
Dog  flea,  150. 

louse,  suctorial,  169. 

bitiug,203. 
tick,  261. 
Doliclionyx  oryzivorus,  245. 
Dove,  loiiHeof,  210. 
Dryobates  villoHus,  216, 
Ducks,  lice  of,  192, 213. 
Duat,  279. 
Ear  fly,  69. 

mite,  255, 264. 
EchinophthiriuH  setoans,  188. 
Efl'ects  of  parasites  on  host,  18. 
Elephant  lou.se,  188. 
Emasculating  bot-fly,  105. 
Eniconetta  stellori,  233. 
Equus  asinus,  239. 
burchelli,  209. 
caballus,  239. 
Eretbizon  dorsatum,  239. 
Erismatura  rubida,  217, 248. 
E  Jboimatopinus  nov,  geii.,  187, 

abnormis.  187. 
Euroi)enn  gad  fly,  68. 
Eurymotopus  brevis,  233. 
Falciger  rostratus,  262. 
Field  mouse,  louse  of,  181. 
Fleas,  141. 
Flesh  fly,  121. 
Fill's,  25. 

Flying  nquirrel,  louse  of,  182, 
Follicle  mito,  274. 
Foot  scab  of  sheep,  200. 
Forest  flies,  136. 

fly  or  horse  tick,  137. 
Fox  squirrel,  louse  of,  183. 
Fulica  amerieana,  217, 221, 223, 230, 2.30, 244, 247. 
Fulmarus,  223. 

glacialin  glupischa,  235, 244, 246. 
rodgersii,235,244,246. 
Fumigation,  281. 
Gad  flies,  68, 08. 
GaleoscoptCH  carolinensis,  228. 
GalluH  gallus,  246. 
Ganiasida',  253. 
Gasoline,  278. 
Gastrophilus  cqui,  76,  86,  87. 

life  history  and  haltits  of,  78. 
nature  and  extent  of  iujury  of,  77. 
prevention  of,  82. 
remedies  for,  84. 
Laemorrhoidalls,  84,  85,  87. 
extent  of  injury  of,  84. 
life  history  and  habits  of,  85. 
remedies  for,  85. 
larvH)  of,  73.  75. 
nasalis,  85,  86,  87. 
pecorum,  87. 
yeterinuB,  80. 


Geese,  lice  of,  192. 

Geoiiiys  bursarius,  154,  239. 
Giebelia  mirabilis,  230. 
Girafl'e,  louse  of,  170. 
GloBsina  iik<)rsitaiis,  133. 
Glossophaga  soriciim,  139. 
(Jiiat,  blood-auckiug,  30. 
Gnats,  25. 

buffalo,  31. 
Goat,  louHe  of,  170,  204. 
GoniocotcH  iilidouiinalis,  193,  230. 

hurnettii,  194,  231. 

clirysoceplialus.  194. 

eompiir,  193,  230. 

giijas,  193. 

hologaster,  192,  230. 

rcctaiigulatus,  194.  230. 
Goniodes  colcliit'Urt,  197. 

cupido  231. 

daniicornig,  195,  231. 

dispar,  230. 

dissiiiiilis,  195. 

falcicornis,  197,  231. 

f/i;;«».  197. 

mephitidis,  23,  231. 

merriamanuH,  231. 

minor,  196. 

nuMiidiauus,  105. 

ortygis,  231. 

styllfcr,  196,  231. 
Goniops  hippoboseoides,  71. 
Go])h«r,  pocket,  louse  of,  187. 
(loose,  Lipeurus,  2»0. 

loose  of,  Trinoton,  213,  214. 
Gray  squirrel,  louse  of,  184. 
(ireenhead  horse  fly,  83. 
Grus  amerieana,  246. 
Guinea  fowl,  Gouiodes,  195. 
louse  of,  198,  213. 

pig,  louse  of,  215. 
Gypa'tus  barbatus,  223. 
Gyropus  gracilis,  215,  249. 

oralis,  216,  249. 
H;.bia  ludoviciana,  227. 
Hivmiiphysali.s  rosea,  257. 
Uiematobia  sorrata.  114. 
Hiematomyzus  ])rol)oscidou«,  188. 
HiBuiatopinoides,  187. 

squamosus,  187. 
Ilaimatopinu.s  acaiithopus,  181. 

autennatus,  183. 

atini,  ISO. 

brevicornis,  170. 

caniell,  170. 

ccrvicapno,  170. 

crassieornis,  170. 

erraticus,  186. 

eurysterniis,  172. 

hesperomydis,  184. 

uiacroceplialuH,  180. 

nuintaiius,  184. 

pedalis,  170,  171. 

piliferuB,  169. 

Bciuropteri,  182. 

spinulosus,  181. 

stenopsis,  170. 

Buturalis,  185. 


298 


INDEX. 


i 


HiEmnto])inun  tenuiroitris,  170. 

tibialis,  170. 

tiiberculatUH.  177. 

uriua,  178. 

■ventricosurt,  182. 

vitiili,  176. 
HiT'iiia1o])ota  pliivinlis,  69. 
HiPiiiorrboidal  hot-lly,  84. 
HalietuH  leucoeeplialus.  210,  223. 

voi'it'or,  219. 
naibor  aenl,  louso  of,  188. 
Hare,  loiisf  oi',  182. 
Harvest  iiiitfs,  251. 
Head  iiia^^ot,  102. 
Heel  tly,  07. 

lilobistoryot',  98. 
II(iiiii]iti>ra,  12. 157 
lieu  lli>a,  144. 

luiisi',  21l>. 
Hcsperoinys  liMicopiis,  185. 
Ht't«'ni|itcra,  157. 
llexnpoila,  11. 
Hipiielatcs  (lavipes,  134. 

flifs,  134. 

]il('hejii8,  134. 

])ii.><iii,  134. 
llippolmscn  ('(luina,  137. 
Hipiioboai'id  cit'bat,  139. 
]tippiib(isi'i(]lil<e  tabanid,  71, 
Ilippcilxist'ida',  12,  17. 130. 

ilistrilmlioii  of,  17. 
Hop,  louso  of,  178. 
Horn  fly,  114, 

liabits  and  life  history  of,  116. 
iiitrodiu'tion  and  Hjiroad  of,  115. 
imtiiro  and  oxtciit  of  injury  of,  115. 
popular  names  of  and  i)opular  errors,  116. 
remedial  measures  for,  120. 
Horse  bottly,  70,85. 

flies,  .W. 

louse  of,  180,  207. 

ticl<,  137. 
House  flea.  147. 

flies,  114. 
Hyalomnia  a'gyptium,  262. 

afrieanuni,  202. 
nyineMo])1era,  11. 
Hypoderas  eolumbir,  262. 
Hypodenna  liovis,  88,  95. 

larva'  of,  74. 

lineatn,  97. 
Ibis  alba,  217. 
le.terus  galbula,  244. 
Tiiseets  as  aulliors  of  opidcraics,  10. 
Inseetieidal  substauees,  277. 
Internal  chlekon  mite,  263. 
Tntroduotion,  9. 
Itch  mite,  269. 

of  eat,  271. 
of  fowls,  272. 
Ixodes  annulntus.  257. 

boviB,  2r)7. 

dugesii,  2.')7. 

erinacens,  262. 

i..nrginatus,  262. 

plumboua,  257. 


Ixodes  reduvius,  262. 

ricinus,  262, 

sanguineus,  257. 
Ixodidrt,',  14, 255. 
Jigger  flea,  142. 
Kerosene.  278. 

for  ino.squitoes,  29. 

milk  ennilsion,  278. 

soap  omnlsion,  279. 
La'mobotbrium  atrum,  247. 

giganteum,  247. 

hasfiiH's,  247. 

luistice/is,  247. 

nigrum,  247. 

similis,  247. 

trident.  244. 
Lnminosio])tea  eysticola,  263. 
Laiiins  borealis,  216. 
Lams  bona|)artii,  ISO. 

eanua,  214. 

gbmeescens,  244,  247. 

Philadelphia,  217. 

sp.,  240. 
Law's  dip.  282. 
Lepidoptera,  11. 
Leptida',  71. 
Leptusamerieana.  252. 

autnmiialis.  252. 

irritans,  2.'il. 
Lejius  eami>eslris,  182. 

sylvaticus,  1,">3. 
Lesser  cbiekeu  louse,  192. 
I.iie,  1,17. 

Life  histories  of  parasites  in  general,  14, 
Lime,  279. 

Liniosa  binmastiea.  228, 244. 
Linguatnla  rhinaria,  275. 
LIngnatulida',  distriiiution  of,  17. 
Linguatulina,  274. 
Liotlieda',  13,210,243. 
Lipenrns  anserls,  200. 

I)arulus,  199,232. 

bifasclatus,  233. 

botauri,  234. 

brevieornis,  233. 

brevis,  233, 

buee))lialus,  236, 

eeler,  23,'). 

con8tri<'tus,  236. 

coi'Di,  221. 

deiisus,  235. 

diversus,  236. 

forlieulatus,  233. 

lieterographus,  197,231, 

infuscatuH,  234. 

.iejunua,  200,  234. 

bii'tens,  198. 

leucopygus  var.  fasciatus,  234. 

Umitatus,  230. 

lougieornis,  233. 

longipllns,  236. 

luridus,  232. 

numidie,  198. 

}i('dcr^for»i»»,  233. 

pictnratus,  236. 

polytrapezius,  201, 234. 


Lipenrus  pti 
squalidn 
ttaphylln 
subaugu! 
tadomiB, 
taunis, 
temporal 
testaceus 
toxocero! 
variabilis 
varius, ; 
Lipoptena  de 
Literature, 
Little  jiigeon 
Lists  of  para 
Llama,  louse 
Lone  atartiel 
LopbopharuH 
Losses  due  t 
Loxia  e-minii 
Lueilia  ea-sa 
Malacopoda,  1 
Mallophaga,  1 
appendix 
distributi 
Meat  fly,  123, 
Megistojioda 
Melanerpes  ei 
Meleagris  gal 
Melopbagus  < 
Menojion  lust' 
cnrduelis, 
conaaugu 
crassipes. 
crocatum, 
expansun 
fulvomaei 
fulvofasei 
fuseoniarj 
giganteui 
indistinct 
iufre<iuer 
interrupt 
loomisii,^ 
navlgana, 
numorosi 
nuniidie,! 
pallescen 
pallidum, 
perale,  241 
perdicix, ! 
plnestom 
rustieum 
gciijmlaco 
strnuiine 
titan,  243 
trideiis,  5 
Menurasupi 
Mephitis  me 
Merganser  s 
Methods  of  i 
Mexican  I'hii 
Midges,  30. 
Milvtis  Bp.,5 
Mite,ey8tie 
ear,  264. 


INDEX. 


299 


■J47. 


I,  2«3. 


12. 

OS  ill  gciiornl,  14. 
244. 

ion  of,  17. 


31. 


atu8,234. 


LipeuruB  pullatu!),  234. 
squaliiliiB,  20U,  2:^). 
tlaphylinoidet,  234. 

Biibaiigu8tirep»,  235. 
tadorniB,  198. 

tatirv.1,233. 
tcmpornlia,  233. 
te.staceiis,  233. 

toxocoros,  233. 
vniiuliilis,  202, 234. 
viiriiis,  SS.I. 
Lipoptcnn  (Icprcssa,  137. 
Litfraturo,  2H8. 
I.ittlo  pigeon  (loniddt's,  196. 
I.iHts  of  para.sitos  act  .mliiij;  to  hosts,  28C. 
I.lainii,  loiiNC  of,  2U4. 
I, one  sfartifk.'Jfil. 
Lopliiipliai'iiR  rosplciitleiia,  212. 
l,n3.s('H  due  to  ]i»raRiteH,  2U, 
Loxia  r.-iiiiiior,  217. 
Liicilia  cirsnr,  123. 
Malacopoda,  11. 
Mallopba(:a,13,17, 189. 

appendix  to.  216. 

distrilmtion  of,  17. 
Meal  ll> ,  123. 
Mcgistopoda  pilatci,  140. 
Melanerpeii  carolinus,  224. 
Meleagris  {;allo|iavo.  231. 234. 
McIopliapiR  (iviiius,  138. 
Monopon  liiHciiatuni, 212, 243. 

cardnclis,  244. 

consangiiiiioiini,  243. 

cra88i]M'8, 244. 

cr(icatiini,244. 

expanaiim,  245. 

fiilvoinacnlatiitn.  212. 

fiilvofaHi'iatiini,  244. 

fiKsroniarginatus,  245. 

gigaiitt'11111,210. 

iiidistinctuni,  244. 

iiifri'(iiien8,244. 

intcrniiitns,  245, 246. 

loiinii.sii,  244. 

navigans,  244. 

iiiimoroHuni,  244. 

niimidip,  213. 

pallt'scens,  243. 

Iiallidiim,210,248. 

perale,  243. 

pertiieU,  243. 

plia'stiinium,  212. 

rii8ti(Miiii,243. 

scdjiulacnrne,  244. 

Rtraiiiinciiiu,212. 

titan,  243. 

tridons,  244. 
MiMiura  siiperba,  223. 
Mi'pliitisnieiiliitica,  242. 
iliTganstT  st'iTator,  233, 248. 
Methods  of  application  of  remedies,  279. 
Mexican  chicken  bug,  ICO. 
M  idgcH,  30. 
Mi1viiHsp..244. 
Mlte.cvstie  fowl,  263. 

ear,  204. 


Mite,  infesting  mice,  263. 
internal  chicken,  263. 
itch  of  cats,  271. 
offovls,272. 
pigeon  plume,  262. 
Mole,  parasite  of  (Pcaiculirt),  186. 
Monkey  lice,  168. 
Mosquitoes,  25. 
Mouse,  field,  louse  of,  181. 

white-footed,  louse  of,  184. 

Ilea,  148. 
Mules,  louse  of,  20". 
Mus  decuiiiauiis,  181. 

niuHCuIiis,  148. 

sylvaticus,  153. 
Mnseidas  12,  114. 
Myoliia  musciili.  263. 
Myocoptes  iiiusciilinus,  263. 
Myoxus,  148. 
Myriopoda,  11. 
Neuroptera,  13. 
Nirnius  abniptiis,  229. 

alctf,  224. 

boiiphilus,  230. 

brachytliorax,223. 

candidiis.  224. 

elariforniis,  199. 

citrinus,  224. 

cordatus,  228. 

cyclotliorax,224. 

di8co('e]ihalu8,223. 

cu/.oniiis,  223. 

faralhinii,230. 

fonestrat  118, 224. 

fili/onnit,  232. 

furvus,  225. 

fuaciis,  223. 

giganticola,  2.30. 

gracilis,  225. 

hastierjin,  247. 

bobes,  230. 

lineulatus,  224. 

marginatus,  228. 

W(';iHrflB-/j/ra»,223. 

minutiis,  230. 

ohscnrus,  225. 

ornati8Binius,224. 

var.  xanthocephalus.  224. 

«f)inti(.if,  224. 

orpliens,  227. 

pallidu8,227. 

paralleliis,  229. 

pileus,  224. 

liictiiratus,  225. 

priestans,  230. 

rotiindatiis,  226. 

secundarius,  227. 

Hignatus,  224. 

siibmarginellus,  223. 

telragtmocrphalus,  231. 

triijonncephalut,  243. 

tyrannus,  228. 
Nitzscbia  pulicaria,  1.5, 158,  247. 

hurmeuteritUT. 
Note  prefatory,  4. 
Nomenias  arquatus,  217. 


u 


300 

Nninoniiis  longirostris,  217. 
Nyctoribiidip,  12, 140. 
(Edeiiiagena  tarandi,  105. 
OEstriite,  12, 17, 72. 

■listribiitiuu  of,  17. 

larvic  of,  73. 
ffistruH  }t<iminis,  110. 

ovis,  102. 
Oiili'iiiia,  248. 

(loglamli,  244. 
Oil  i>f  turpentine,  279. 
Olor  buccinator,  217,  230. 
Oncoiilioriis  ailvenn,  236. 

niiuiitus,  230. 
OpoHHuni  Hoa,  140. 
Ornithobius  bneophalus,  202, 2,16. 

cygni,  202,  236. 

(jouioplcurus,  236. 
Oruitboiiorus  americanuH,  256. 
Overtiows  and  bufi'alo  gDats,  50. 
Ox  bot  fly,  95. 

louse,  sbort-uoged,  172. 
long-uo»ed,  170. 
I'arasita,  U,  164. 
I'arasite!*,  diBtribution  of,  17. 

eir»'<!t8  on  iiost,  18. 

Lost  list,  286,  287. 

poiMilar  notions  about,  21. 
Parasitic  babit,  origin  of,  16. 
Parasitism,  results  of,  16. 
Passer  domesticus,  224. 
Passerella  iliaca,  248. 
Pavo  cristatus,  212. 

javanicus,  212. 

spiciferus,  212. 
Peacock  Goniocotes,  194. 

Goniodos,  197. 

Mcnopon,  212. 
Pedicinus  spp.,  168. 
Pediculidic,  164. 

distribution  of,  17. 
Pcdiculus  ana(i»,  233. 

bovis,  238. 

capitis,  166. 

caponU,  234. 

cicci,  247. 

consobrinus,  168. 

ci/ynf,  236. 

equi,  239. 

ei(njtternu$,n2. 

gallince,  243. 

marinus,  247. 

meleagris,  231. 

oxyrhynelmt,  176. 

setonn,  236. 

<aH)-i,  238. 

tinnuncvlvi,  247. 

vestinienti,  107. 
Pelecanus  californicus,  243, 246. 

orythrorliynchus,  283. 
Pcrdix  cinerca,  244. 

Plialacrocorax  diIo]ihus  albociliatus,  230, 233. 
Pbalaropus  tricolor,  225. 
Phanurus  tabanivorus,  63. 
Fhaslanus  colchicus,  212. 

pivtus,  212. 


INDEX. 


Pheasant  Ooniocotos,  19i. 

Ooniodus,  197. 

Lipeurus,  197. 

^enopun,  212. 
Pliilobela  minor,  235, 244. 
Philoptcridte,  13,  liU,  210. 
Fhilopterun  brevis.  233. 
riitbiriu.s  inguinalis,  165. 
IMiysostomum  frenutum,  248. 

liiu'atuni,248. 
Pigeon  Goniodes,  195. 

Lipeurus,  199. 

Iou80of,193,214. 

plume  mite,  262. 

tick,  255. 
l'll)ilo  erythrophthalnuiH,  248. 
Pocket  gopher,  louse  of,  187. 
Prefatory  note,  4. 
Preventive  treatment,  277. 
Procyon  lotor,  237. 
Prognt!  subi.-j,  225, 243. 
Proniacbus  bastardii,  65. 
Fsoroptes  communis,  266. 
var.  ovis,  266. 

equi,  266. 
Ptycliorlianiphus  alouticus,  223. 
PuilinuR  opistholnielas,  23::.  236. 
Pulex  avium,  147. 

bruneri,  149. 

canis,  150. 

capi,  243. 

coloradensis,  149. 

columhce,  148. 

majorit,  232. 

cygni,  236. 

fasciatus,  148. 

/elit,  150. 

fringillcv,  148. 

fulicie,  247. 

gallinw,  148. 

gigas,  1!>2. 

gillettei,  140. 

^•vniocephaluH,  152. 

hirsutus,  149. 

hirundimi,  148. 

howardi,  148. 

ignota.  154. 

iniequalis,  153, 

irritans,  147. 

longispinua,  149. 

raontanus,  149. 

palhdonim,  145. 

JIODOJltS,  231. 

penetrans,  142. 

sciurorum,  148. 

serraticeps,  150. 

sinuilauH,  146. 

sturni,  148. 
Pulicidiu,  12, 17. 

distribution  of,  17. 
Pyrethrum  powder,  279. 
lUbbit  flea,  1S2. 

louse  of,  182. 

tick,  261. 
Bat  flea,  148. 

louse  of,  181. 


iRrcnrvirostrtt 
Tii.duvlidro,  16; 
Ini'indeorbot,  1 
,  modies,  277. 
i;.  novation  of 
liipicophalus 
llliipistonia  It'll 
p;liynchoprium 
|l;i('inus  cauis, 
galHnw,  23( 
pavouis,  23 
todents,  lieo  of 
sucophag.acar 
psarcopsylla  gal 
l)eiu!trans, 
J^arcoptcH  eati, 
Iwvis,  274. 
mutans,  27 
scabiei,  269. 
var.  cru 
eqr 
ovi 
cap  I 
cam 
auc 
fun 
can  i 
Icon 
iupi 
vul| 
won 
smooth,  274. 
I  .Sarcoptida>,  262. 
distribution 
I  Scab  mite,  cattli 
of  horse 
of  sheey 
I  Scalops  nrgenta 
aquaticus,  1 
I  Soiuroptcrus  vo 
1  Sciurus  alberti, 
canadensis, 
cinereua,  18. 
var.  ludi 
Screw-worm  tly 
as  i)est 
distribv 
habits, 
life  hist 
renuMlif 
summai 
Sheep  bot-fly,  1 
pre 
scab,  2C 
louse  of,  20( 
tick,  138. 
Slu^ldrake,  loue 
Sliort-nosed  os 
Sialia  sialis,  22i 
Simorhyuchus 
pusiUus,  22 
pygnircus, 
Simuliida;,  12, 
Simulium  cane 
columbatci 
meridional 


INDEX. 


•   301 


iKrcnrviroatra  americnnn,  244,  240,  247. 
R((liiviidn),  163. 
|l!('iudeor  bot,  105. 
cmedies,  277. 

•  ■novation  of  Iieiihousrs,  280. 
hipicophalug  saiiguiui'UH,  257. 
[iliipistonialcporis,  261. 
Ijyucliopritim  Hpinosiini,  256. 
CiciiniH  cnuis,  236. 
giiDintP,  230. 
pavouis,  231. 
iodeiits,  lico  of,  181. 
iii'cophagacariiaria,  121. 
iircopsjllagalliiiacea,  144. 
l)eiiotran8,  142. 
[Sarcopti'M  cati,  271. 
Irevis,  274. 
nintanH,  272. 
scubiei,  269. 

var.  crustosa',  270. 
yqiii,  270. 
ovis,  270. 
capni',  270. 
camel  i,  270. 
auchcDJii',  270. 
fiinmis,  270. 
can  is,  270. 
leoiiis,  270. 
iiipi,  270. 
vulpis,  270. 
wombati.  270. 
smootb,  274. 
Sarcoptida',  262. 

distribution  of,  17. 
.Scab  mite,  cattle,  266. 
of  horses,  266. 
of  sliee]),  266. 
Scalopg  argentatns,  1.53,  186. 

aquaticus,  153, 
Scinropterus  volnna,  149,  183,  186. 
Sciurus  alberti,  140. 
canadensis,  149. 
cinereus,  184. 

var.  ludovicianus,  184. 
Sorew-worm  Hy,  123. 

as  post  of  domestic  animals,  128. 
distribution  of,  125. 
habits,  as  post  of  man,  125. 
life  history  of,  130. 
remedies  for,  132. 
summary,  133. 
.Sheep  bot-rty,  102. 

prevention  and  remedy  for,  104. 
scab,  266. 
louse  of,  206. 
tick,  138. 
Slicldrake,  louse  of,  198. 
Short-no.sod  ox  louse,  172. 
Sinlia  sialis,  220. 
Simorhynchus  cristatellus,  224. 
pusilhis,  224. 
pygmrcus,  224. 
Simuliidfe,  12,  31. 
Simulium  canescen  s     " . 

columbatozens.       ,  38,  39,  40. 
meridiouale,  52. 


Simulium  molcstum,  40. 

occidontale,  55. 

ornatum,  30,  40. 

pecuarum,  41. 

pictipes,  32,  58. 

piscicidium,  31,  56. 

reptans,  39. 

rivularo,  57. 

sericeum,  40, 

spp.,  57,  58. 

venustum,  57. 
Slphonaptera,  141. 
Snipe  flies,  71. 
Sorex  vulgaris,  153,  155. 
Southern  butl'alo  gnat,  41. 

area  infested  liy,  42. 
character  of  swarm,  48. 
early  history  of,  41. 
effect  of  bites  of,  44. 
habits  of,  44. 
lifo  history  of,  44. 
losses  by.  43. 
mode  of  attaek  of,  49. 
remediea  for,  ■'9. 
Spalax  typlilus,  155. 
Spatula  clypeata,  248. 
Speotyto  cunioularia  liyiioga-a,  223. 
Hpermophilo  tlea,  149. 
Siieimophilus  franklini,  149,  186. 

13-liiieatus,  149,  186. 
Spilogale  iuterrupta,  242. 
Spinus  tristis,  244. 
Squalid  duck,  louse  of,  200. 
Siiuirrel  fleas,  148. 

fox,  louse  of,  183. 

flying,  louse  of,  182. 

gray,  louao  of,  184. 

ground,  lice  of,  185. 
Stable  fly,  122. 
Sterna  maxima,  218, 230. 
Stonioxys  I'aleitrans,  122. 
Strix  pratinrola,  218. 
Strebla  vespertilionis,  140. 
Sturnelia  magna,  226. 
Sula  alba,  234. 

bassana,  234. 
Suctorial  lice,  161. 
Sulphur,  279. 

.md  lime  dip,  282. 
Sythliborhamphus,  224. 

antiijuus,  223. 
Swan  louse,  202. 

little  red,  102. 

louse  of  (Triuotcm),  213. 
Tal)anida>,  12,  58. 
Tabanus  annulatus,  66. 

•itratus,  60. 

bovinua,  59, 68. 

costalis,  65. 

lineota,  63,66. 

molestus,  68. 

stygiuB,  66. 
Talpa  europea,  153, 155. 
Tamias  striatus,  186. 
Teraestlies  torrens,  30. 
Tetraophthalmiis  chilensit,  243. 


302 


INDEX. 


ft  n 

H 


Thollasidronia  wiUoui,  2.'<5. 
Tberioplectcs  cinctus,  f  0. 
Tliomomys,  239. 

talpoidot),  154, 188. 
Thysannra,  13. 
Tick,  Lono  Star,  201. 

of  cattle,  257. 

of  (log,  261. 

of  rabbit,  201. 

of  sheep,  138. 
Ticks,  25. 136. 

prevention  and  remedy,  200. 

relation  to  Texas  fever,  260. 
Tobacco,  279. 

decoction,  282. 

and  8ul|)Iiiir  dip,  282. 

snlphur,  and  lyo  dip, 282. 
Tricliobius  diigesii,  139. 
Trirliodectes  breviceps,  204. 

caprro.  205, 237. 

castcris,  241. 

climax,  204, 237. 
var.  ?/iajor,  237. 

crasaus,  237. 

dubitis,  237. 

equi,  207, 238. 

gponiydis,  239. 

latua,  203, 236. 

lii.ibatns,  206, 237. 

niephitidia,  ..'42. 

parallelus,  240. 

pnruniDilosus.  208, 238. 

pilosus,  207, 208,  238. 

pingiiis,  204. 

putillut, 237. 

rctasus,  237. 

scalaris,  209, 238. 

setostis,  239. 

sphiuroiiephaliis,  206, 237. 

Bubrostratus,  203, 237. 

tibialis,  240. 
Tringa  nviculata,  240. 
Triiiotou  co)c8purcatani,2l3. 


Trionton  gracilo,  248. 

Uturatum,  214. 248. 

loridiim,  213. 248. 

minor,  248. 

squaliduni,  248. 
Trocbilns  cnlubris,  240. 
Tronibididas  14. 
Tsetso  fly  133. 
Turdtis  minor,  246. 
Turkey,  Goniodea  of,  19C. 

gnat,  52. 

life  history  of,  52. 

lonao  of  (Lipeuru8),201. 
Turpentine,  oil  of,  279. 
Tynipauiichus  aniuricaniis,  231. 
Typlilopsylla  alpiua,  155. 

aniericana,  154. 

assimilis,  153. 

cancasica,  l.'>5. 

dii'tcnns,  l.'iS. 

fratt'rna,  155. 

gracilis,  155. 

hexiictonuH,  155. 

octatciiiis,  155. 

]ientactenus,  155. 

iinipectinata,  155. 
Tyrannna  atra,  21K. 
Uria  troilo  callforuica,  223 
Urinator  lunime,  .'17. 
Variable  chicken  louse,  2U2. 
W.irblo  fly,  95. 
Warble  flies,  87. 

extent  and  manner  of  in.iury  of,  88. 
loss  on  hides  from,  88. 
loss  in  milk  and  beef  from,  89. 
occurrence  in  man,  91. 
remedial  measures  for,  93. 
Washes  and  dips,  282. 
Western  buffalo  gnat,  55. 
White-footed  mouse,  184. 
Xauthocephahis  xanthoceplialus,  224. 
Xulla  niautola,  226. 


9C. 

52. 
I),  201. 

>niiH,  2U1. 
55. 


.'2:1 

2U2. 


uer  of  injury  of,  88. 
iiti,  88. 

beef  from,  89. 
an,  91. 
•es  for,  93. 


cephalus,  224. 


